Gerbert (sometimes Herbert) Aleksandrovich Yefremov (, born March 15, 1933) is a Soviet and Russian scientist,

design engineer A design engineer is an engineer focused on the engineering design process in any of the various engineering disciplines (including civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical, textiles, aerospace, nuclear, manufacturing, systems, and structural /buil ...

and Professor of Technical Sciences. Since 1984 (after the death of

Vladimir Chelomey Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey or Chelomei (russian: Влади́мир Никола́евич Челоме́й; 30 June 1914 – 8 December 1984) was a Soviet engineer of Ukrainian ethnicity and designer in missile program of the former Sovie ...

) - General Designer, from 1989 to 2007 - General Director, General Designer

NPO Mashinostroyeniya NPO Mashinostroyeniya (russian: НПО машиностроения, lit=RDA of machine manufacturing) is a rocket design bureau based in Reutov, Russia. During the Cold War it was responsible for several major weapons systems, including the UR-1 ...

. Directly involved or supervised the creation of * Cruise missiles and rockets ( P-5, S-5, «

Kh-80 The Kh-80 Meteorit-A ( GRAU-code: 3M25A, NATO: AS-X-19 Koala), the RK-75 Meteorit-N ''(GRAU:'' 3M25N, ''NATO:'' SS-NX-24 Scorpion) and the P-750 Meteorit-M ( Russian: П-750 Гром, ''GRAU:'' 3М25, ''NATO'': SSC-X-5) was a Soviet cruise missile ...

»); * Anti-ship missiles ( P-35, «

P-70 Ametist The P-70 ''Ametist'' (NATO reporting name SS-N-7 Starbright, GRAU designation 4K66; russian: П-70 «Аметист» ' Amethyst') was an anti-ship missile carried by Soviet and Indian Project 670 submarines, as well as the Soviet Project 661 An ...

», «

P-120 Malakhit The P-120 Malakhit (russian: П-120 «Малахит» 'Malachite'; NATO reporting name: SS-N-9 Siren, GRAU designation: 4K85) is a Russian medium range anti-ship missile used by corvettes and submarines. Introduced in 1972, it remains in service ...

», «

P-500 Bazalt The P-500 ''Bazalt'' (russian: П-500 «Базальт»; en, basalt) is a turbojet-powered, supersonic cruise missile used by the Soviet and Russian navies. Its GRAU designation is 4K80 and its NATO reporting name is SS-N-12 ''Sandbox'', its up ...

», «

P-700 Granit The P-700 ''Granit'' (russian: П-700 "Гранит"; en, granite) is a Soviet and Russian naval anti-ship cruise missile. Its GRAU designation is 3M45, its NATO reporting name SS-N-19 ''Shipwreck''. It comes in surface-to-surface and subma ...

»,

P-800 Oniks The P-800 Oniks (russian: П-800 Оникс; en, Onyx), also known in export markets as Yakhont (russian: Яхонт; en, ruby), is a Soviet / Russian supersonic anti-ship cruise missile developed by NPO Mashinostroyeniya as a ramjet version ...

»); * Supersonic cruise missile

BrahMos The BrahMos (also designated as PJ-10)UR-100 The UR-100 (russian: УР-100) was an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed and deployed by the Soviet Union from 1966 to 1996. UR () in its designation stood for Universal Rocket (russian: links=no, Универсальная Ра ...

UR-100N The UR-100N, also known as RS-18A is an intercontinental ballistic missile in service with Soviet and Russian Strategic Missile Troops. The missile was given the NATO reporting name SS-19 Stiletto and carries the industry designation 15A30. Deve ...

; * Military space station program

Almaz The Almaz (russian: Алмаз, lit=Diamond) program was a highly secret Soviet military space station program, begun in the early 1960s. Three crewed military reconnaissance stations were launched between 1973 and 1976: Salyut 2, Salyut 3 an ...

; * Orbital carrier rocket Strela; * Hypersonic glide vehicle Avangard. The recipient of state awards from the former

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...

and elsewhere, including the

Padma Bhushan The Padma Bhushan is the third-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, preceded by the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan and followed by the Padma Shri. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service ...

from

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

, he co-founded the Indo-Russian joint venture

BrahMos The BrahMos (also designated as PJ-10)space station A space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time, and is therefore a type of space habitat. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. An orbital station or an orbital space station i ...

s, and his identity and role in these projects was treated as a state secret for several years.

Notes

1933 births 20th-century Russian engineers 21st-century Russian engineers Living people Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Academic staff of Bauman Moscow State Technical University Academic staff of Moscow Aviation Institute Heroes of Socialist Labour Lenin Prize winners Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering Recipients of the USSR State Prize Russian aerospace engineers Soviet aerospace engineers Soviet mechanical engineers {{Russia-engineer-stub