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The Henschel Hs 297 Föhn or 7.3 cm Raketen Sprenggranate was a small German surface-to-air rocket of the Second World War. The associated
multiple rocket launcher A multiple rocket launcher (MRL) or multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) is a type of rocket artillery system that contains multiple launchers which are fixed to a single platform, and shoots its rocket ordnance in a fashion similar to a volle ...
was known as the 7.3 cm Föhn-Gerät.


Design

The Henschel Hs 297 Föhn (The
Foehn wind A Foehn or Föhn (, , ), is a type of dry, relatively warm, downslope wind that occurs in the lee (downwind side) of a mountain range. It is a rain shadow wind that results from the subsequent adiabatic warming of air that has dropped most of ...
is a warm, dry fall wind) was intended to be used in large barrages to defend targets against low-flying ground attack aircraft. Several launchers were also found at likely river crossing sites at Satzvey,
Unkel Unkel is a town in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, near Remagen, about 20 km southeast of Bonn. Unkel is the seat of the '' Verbandsgemeinde'' ("collective municipa ...
and Hahn to provide ground fire. The use of dual-purpose sights on the launchers confirms this role. For mass deployment in the
Volkssturm The (; "people's storm") was a levée en masse national militia established by Nazi Germany during the last months of World War II. It was not set up by the German Army, the ground component of the combined German ''Wehrmacht'' armed forces, ...
, the launcher was officially termed the ''Volks-Fla-R-Werfer'' - an abbreviation of ''Volkssturm-Flugabwehr-Raketenwerfer'' ("Volkssturm anti-aircraft rocket launcher"). By February 1945 fifty units were delivered, which were provided to troops for testing. Twenty-four of the launcher racks were assigned to the ''3./ FlakLehruVersAbt 900 (o)'' ("3rd Battery of Anti-Aircraft Training and Testing Battalion 900 (stationary)") in the
Remagen Remagen ( ) is a town in Germany in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, in the district of Ahrweiler. It is about a one-hour drive from Cologne, just south of Bonn, the former West German capital. It is situated on the left (western) bank of the ...
area and were used for the first time on 2 March 1945 against Allied fighter-bombers. A few days later, after American forces captured the
Ludendorff Bridge The Ludendorff Bridge (sometimes referred to as the Bridge at Remagen) was in early March 1945 a critical remaining bridge across the river Rhine in Germany when it was captured during the Battle of Remagen by United States Army forces durin ...
at Remagen, some of the launchers (classified as secret) fell intact into the hands of the Americans. The specimens found were either emplaced statically, with the pedestal bolted to a foundation or were mounted on a circular folding platform which was carried on a two-wheeled trailer. The projector could be fired from the trailer, but its traverse was limited. To achieve full 360° of traverse it was necessary to remove the launcher from the trailer, support it on the jacks, then unfold the circular platform and fasten the pedestal to the foundation. The elevation scale was marked from -10° to +90° but the launchers that were evaluated post-war could not be depressed below 0° or elevated above +30°. An elevating hand-wheel controlled both the launch rack and sight with the two moving in unison. The launcher could also be locked in both traverse and elevation. Two styles of sights were provided; the main sight was a pivoting-ring type that was graduated for both ground and anti-aircraft targets. While the secondary sight was an open sight with a rear V notch and triangular front post sight. The range limits were for anti-aircraft use or for ground fire.German and Japanese Solid-Fuel Rocket Weapons, pg.27-28 & 50
/ref> The launcher consisted of a square framework holding 35 launch racks, a pedestal mount with a shielded operators station, plus traverse and elevation mechanisms. The launch racks were supported on pipes which run both horizontally and vertically and are fitted to a metal framework trunnioned to two vertical arms extending upwards from the pedestal base. Each launch rack was provided with a firing pin for a
percussion cap The percussion cap or percussion primer, introduced in the early 1820s, is a type of single-use percussion ignition device for muzzle loader firearm locks enabling them to fire reliably in any weather condition. This crucial invention gave rise ...
which ignited its rocket. A single cocking handle on the left-rear of the launcher cocked all 35 firing pins and all rockets were launched at the same with no provision for single fire. Two safety devices were provided; the first was a button on the trigger handle which had to be released before the weapon could be fired, the second was a safety lever on the rear of the racks which when set to safe caused a metal surface to block the trigger linkage.


Rockets

The ''Raketen Sprenggranate'' was a spin-stabilized rocket with a length of and a weight of . The projectile was similar to the 7.3 cm Propagandawerfer 41 but instead of being filled with propaganda leaflets the Raketen Sprenggranate had an explosive warhead with dual fuzes. The first fuze was a nose-mounted percussion fuze that would explode on contact with a target while the secondary fuze was a time-delayed base fuze that was initiated during ignition of the rocket motor. When the fuze burnt out it would flash through an orifice in the base of the warhead which would detonate the main charge. The warhead for the rocket was ogival in shape and was threaded internally to receive the rocket motor. The explosive filling was a preformed charge of of
RDX RDX (abbreviation of "Research Department eXplosive") or hexogen, among other names, is an organic compound with the formula (O2N2CH2)3. It is a white solid without smell or taste, widely used as an explosive. Chemically, it is classified as a ...
/
TNT Trinitrotoluene (), more commonly known as TNT, more specifically 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and by its preferred IUPAC name 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3. TNT is occasionally used as a reagen ...
/wax pressed in a block and wrapped in wax paper. The rocket motor consisted of a cylindrical body and a cup-shaped base plate. The body was screwed into the warhead at the forward end and into the base plate at the rear. The body contained a single stick of solid fuel propellant which was ignited by a percussion cap which fit in a pocket drilled in the center of the base plate. Exhaust gasses were forced through seven straight inner venturis and seven angled outer venturis which imparted spin. In addition to its anti-aircraft and surface to surface roles the Raketen Sprenggranate also armed the Bachem Ba 349 ''Natter'' manned vertical take-off rocket
interceptor Interceptor may refer to: Vehicles * Interceptor aircraft (or simply "interceptor"), a type of point defense fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft * Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor, a police car * ...
. Twenty-four rockets were housed in the Ba 349's nose-cone. The Ba 349 was not operational before the end of the war, though the rocket weapon system was extensively ground-tested.


See also

*
Unrotated projectile The Unrotated Projectile (UP) was a British anti-aircraft and ground-bombardment rocket of the Second World War. A 7-inch version was developed for the Royal Navy by Alwyn Crow of the Projectile Development Establishment of the Ministry of Supp ...
- A British anti-aircraft rocket system. *
Z Battery A Z Battery was a short range anti-aircraft weapon system, launching diameter rockets from ground-based single and multiple launchers, for the air defence of Great Britain in the Second World War. The rocket motors were later adapted with a ...
- A British anti-aircraft rocket system.


Photo Gallery

File:Henschel Hs 297 at the Swedish Army Museum.jpg, Henschel Hs 297 on display at the Swedish Army Museum in
Stockholm Stockholm () is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, largest city of Sweden as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in Scandinavia. Approximately 980,000 people liv ...
, Sweden File:Henschel Hs 297 at the Swedish Army Museum - side view.jpg, Side-view of the rocket launcher File:7.3-cm Raketen Sprenggranate.jpg, 7.3 cm Raketen Sprenggranate File:7.3-cm Raketen Sprenggranate Baseplate.jpg, 7.3-cm Raketen Sprenggranate baseplate


References


Bibliography

*Bruene, Lothar, and Weiler, Jacob, Remagen in March 1945 - A documentary on the final phase of the World War II, Peace Museum Bridge at Remagen e. V. (ed.), Remagen, 1993. *Fritz Hahn: Waffen und Geheimwaffen des deutschen Heeres 1933–1945. Bernhard & Graefe Verlag, 3. Auflage/Sonderausgabe in einem Band, Bonn 1998, , S. 209. *Oberkommando der Luftwaffe – General der Flakwaffe: ''Merkblatt g. 251. Richtlinien für Einsatz und Kampfführung der Flakartillerie in der Luftverteidigung.'' Teil C, Heft 25: ''Schutz von Wasserkunstbauten'' vom 10. September 1944, Seite 12–13 und Seite 18
GermanDocsInRussia.org
{{DEFAULTSORT:Henschel Hs 297 Föhn Anti-aircraft weapons Rocket artillery Rockets and missiles Rocket weapons World War II weapons of Germany World War II artillery of Germany Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1943