Henry Williamson Howgate (March 24, 1835 – June 1, 1901) was an American
Army Signal Corps
The United States Army Signal Corps (USASC) is a branch of the United States Army that creates and manages communications and information systems for the command and control of combined arms forces. It was established in 1860, the brainchild of Ma ...
officer and
Arctic explorer who embezzled over $133,000 from the U.S. Government. He escaped custody while on trial and evaded the
Secret Service
A secret service is a government agency, intelligence agency, or the activities of a government agency, concerned with the gathering of intelligence data. The tasks and powers of a secret service can vary greatly from one country to another. For ...
and
Pinkerton Detective Agency
Pinkerton is a private security guard and detective agency established around 1850 in the United States by Scottish-born cooper Allan Pinkerton and Chicago attorney Edward Rucker as the North-Western Police Agency, which later became Pinkerton ...
for 13 years, during which time he worked as a reporter and ran a New York bookstore.
Early life
Howgate was the son of a British shopkeeper. At age 21, Howgate immigrated to the United States and worked as a reporter. In 1866, he married Cordelia Day of
Macomb County, Michigan
Macomb County ( ) is a county located in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of Michigan, bordering Lake St. Clair, and is part of northern Metro Detroit. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 881,217, making it the third-most populous c ...
. Howgate and Cordelia had one daughter, Ida, born in 1866.
Howgate met Nellie Pollard (alias "Burrell"; alias "Nettie Burrill")
[ ] of
Nebraska
Nebraska () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the sout ...
, or
Massachusetts
Massachusetts (Massachusett: ''Muhsachuweesut Massachusett_writing_systems.html" ;"title="nowiki/> məhswatʃəwiːsət.html" ;"title="Massachusett writing systems">məhswatʃəwiːsət">Massachusett writing systems">məhswatʃəwiːsət'' En ...
,
early in his military career. She got a job working as a hostess in the
Treasury Department in Washington through the influence of Senator
Algernon Paddock
Algernon Sidney Paddock (November 9, 1830October 17, 1897) was an American politician who was a Republican secretary of Nebraska Territory and U.S. Senator from Nebraska after statehood.
Biography
Paddock was born in Glens Falls, New York. His f ...
. She remained Howgate's mistress for most of his life.
Career
In 1862, Howgate became a second lieutenant with the
22nd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment
The 22nd Michigan Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Service
Former Governor of Michigan Moses Wisner worked to raise the 22nd Michigan Infantry and was commissioned as its C ...
. In 1863, he became a
first lieutenant
First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces; in some forces, it is an appointment.
The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations, but in most forces it is sub-divided into a ...
in the U.S. Signal Corps. In 1867, he joined the
20th Infantry before re-joining the Signal Corps where he served as a property and disbursing officer before becoming responsible for planning all polar expeditions.
Under his auspices, he was responsible for polar expeditions at a time when several countries were also supporting polar exploration and scientific studies. Fascinated with the Arctic, Howgate developed an extensive library of Arctic literature.
Preliminary expedition
The Howgate Preliminary Polar Expedition had two phases. The 1877 phase was tasked with establishing relationships with local
Inuit
Inuit (; iu, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ 'the people', singular: Inuk, , dual: Inuuk, ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic and subarctic regions of Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, Nunavut, the Northwest Territories ...
promoting scientific experiments, and whaling as a source of revenue. Its vessel, the schooner ''Florence'', was a fair sea-boat, but too small for the mission at 56 ton fore and aft. The ''Florence'' was captained by George Emory Tyson, Master, who had been assistant master and navigator of the ''Polaris'' under
Charles Francis Hall
Charles Francis Hall ( – November 8, 1871) was an American Arctic explorer, best known for his collection of Inuit testimony regarding the 1845 Franklin Expedition and the suspicious circumstances surrounding his death while leading th ...
. The ''Florence'' crew included Ludwig Kumlien, Orray Taft Sherman, and
New London
New London may refer to:
Places United States
*New London, Alabama
*New London, Connecticut
*New London, Indiana
*New London, Iowa
*New London, Maryland
*New London, Minnesota
*New London, Missouri
*New London, New Hampshire, a New England town
** ...
mariners.
The 1878 phase, to be captained by Howgate, was to join forces with the first crew and establish polar colonization. The ''Florence'' left New London on August 2, 1877, and first anchored at Niantilic Harbour, western
Cumberland Sound
Cumberland Sound (french: Baie Cumberland; Inuit: ''Kangiqtualuk'') is an Arctic waterway in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is a western arm of the Labrador Sea located between Baffin Island's Hall Peninsula and the Cumberland Peninsula ...
, on September 12. It reached the winter harbor of Annanactook on October 6. While at Annanactook, Mr. Kumlien and Mr. Sherman engaged in notable scientific work, assisted by local Inuit.
The ''Florence'' was unable to leave Annanactook until early July, and when it did embark, on July 5, 1878, it was pressed ten miles east by an ice floe before making Kickatiue Island. The expedition arrived in
Godhavn Harbor on July 31. There, Tyson learned that the government expedition steamer they were expecting to join forces with had been deferred. With phase one complete and phase two abandoned, the ''Florence'' sailed home on August 22, reaching Boston harbor on October 30.
Arctic expedition
The Howgate Arctic Expedition was tasked with scientific and geographical exploration of Greenland in preparation for an 1881 International Polar Year expeditionary force and Arctic colonization. However, the Army and Navy decided, in June 1880, to withdraw support of the Howgate Arctic Expedition as the expeditionary vessel, the steamship ''Gulnare'', was unseaworthy. Howgate, not to be deterred, found private funding.
The ''Gulnare'' departed in July, captained by Lieutenant Gustavus A. Doane. The crew included Sergeant
David Legge Brainard
David Legge Brainard (December 21, 1856 – March 22, 1946) was a career officer in the United States Army. He enlisted in 1876, received his officer's commission in 1886, and served until 1919. Brainard attained the rank of brigadier genera ...
,
George W. Rice, Dr. Octave Pavy and Henry Clay. On August 3, in a heavy gale, the ''Gulnare'' was damaged and lost a deck boat and her entire deck load. The steamer reached
Disko on August 8 and repairs lasted through August 21. Pavy did not join the crew for the home voyage, instead staying in Greenland to continue scientific studies. Doane reported ironically:
International Polar Year
Howgate was active in soliciting international support, including with the ''
Société de Géographie
The Société de Géographie (; ), is the world's oldest geographical society. It was founded in 1821 as the first Geographic Society. Since 1878, its headquarters have been at 184 Boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris. The entrance is marked by two gig ...
'', for the Howgate Plan, his vision of an Arctic colony.
Karl Weyprecht
Karl Weyprecht, also spelt Carl Weyprecht, (8 September 1838 – 2 March 1881) was an Austro-Hungarian explorer. He was an officer ('' k.u.k. Linienschiffsleutnant'') in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. He is most famous as an Arctic explorer, and ...
, an officer in the
Austro-Hungarian Navy who co-led, with
Julius von Payer
Julius Johannes Ludovicus Ritter von Payer (2 September 1841, – 29 August 1915), ennobled Ritter von Payer in 1876, was an officer of the Austro-Hungarian Army, mountaineer, arctic explorer, cartographer, painter, and professor at the Ther ...
, the 1872–1874
Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition
The Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition was an Arctic expedition to find the North-East Passage that ran from 1872 to 1874 under the leadership of Julius Payer and Karl Weyprecht. The expedition discovered and partially explored Franz Josef La ...
that discovered
Franz Josef Land
Franz Josef Land, Frantz Iosef Land, Franz Joseph Land or Francis Joseph's Land ( rus, Земля́ Фра́нца-Ио́сифа, r=Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa, no, Fridtjof Nansen Land) is a Russian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. It is inhabited on ...
, made a presentation at the 48th Meeting of German Scientists and Physicians in 1875 where he, too, made recommendations for establishment of fixed Arctic observation stations. The Smithsonian Museum's
Spencer Fullerton Baird, in his 1877 Annual Record of Science and Industry, says that Weyprecht, and others, made recommendations for manned polar stations at that year's International Congress of Meteorologists, adding:
While the Howgate Expedition of 1880 was ultimately a failure, Howgate was able to pocket hundreds of thousands of dollars to plan a new expedition to coincide with the First
International Polar Year
The International Polar Years (IPY) are collaborative, international efforts with intensive research focus on the polar regions. Karl Weyprecht, an Austro-Hungarian naval officer, motivated the endeavor in 1875, but died before it first occurred ...
. Named the
Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
*
The Lady Franklin Bay Expedition of 1881–1884 to Lady Franklin Bay on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic was led by Lieutenant Adolphus Greely, and was promoted by the United States Army Signal Corps. Its purpose was to establish a mete ...
, its purpose was to establish and sustain, with adequate supplies, an Arctic colony near the northeastern tip of
Ellesmere Island. It was based on assumptions that Lady Franklin Bay could be reached every summer by ship, and that ships hindered Arctic adaptation. The colony was to be dropped off and left on its own in 1881 near the coal seam found previously by
George Nares
Vice-Admiral Sir George Strong Nares (24 April 1831 – 15 January 1915) was a Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer. He commanded the ''Challenger'' Expedition, and the British Arctic Expedition. He was highly thought of as a leader an ...
,
relief supplies were to arrive in 1882, and the expeditionary team was to be picked up in 1883.
Though it was clear that some shared Howgate's enthusiasm for manned Arctic Circle stations, others did not. Captain Sir
Frederick John Owen Evans
Sir Frederick John Owen Evans (9 March 1815 – 20 December 1885), was an officer of the Royal Navy. He became a distinguished hydrographer during his career and served as Hydrographer of the Navy.
Biography
Evans, son of John Evans, a master ...
commented:
Legal issues
Fearing his embezzlement of government funds would soon be discovered, Howgate resigned his military commission on December 7, 1880. In 1881, the Signal Corps was in turmoil over allegations of fraud, scandals, and embezzlement. An investigation began into Howgate's handling of fraudulent U.S. Government vouchers, totaling up to $237,000. Some alleged that Signal Service employees assisted Howgate with the embezzlement which amounted to between $370,000 and $380,000. On August 15, Howgate was arrested at the Avery House in
Mount Clemens, Michigan
Mount Clemens is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 16,314 at the 2010 census. It is the seat of government of Macomb County.
History
Mount Clemens was first surveyed in 1795 after the American Revolutionary War by Christi ...
. The government began actions on August 24 to recover $133,000 from Howgate. Plans for the
Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
*
The Lady Franklin Bay Expedition of 1881–1884 to Lady Franklin Bay on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic was led by Lieutenant Adolphus Greely, and was promoted by the United States Army Signal Corps. Its purpose was to establish a mete ...
continued despite Howgate's sudden departure and the subsequent investigation.
Indictment
Howgate was indicted for embezzlement in 1882, but slipped away from authorities on April 13, 1882, while on a court-supervised visit to his home where his daughter sang to the marshal for an hour while he was supposed to be changing his underwear but in fact was fleeing across the Potomac River. A judgment against Howgate was made in absentia on May 24, 1883, in the amount of $101,000 plus interest.
Secretary of War
Robert Todd Lincoln
Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American lawyer, businessman, and politician. He was the eldest son of President Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. Robert Lincoln became a business lawyer and company presi ...
authorized
Secret Service
A secret service is a government agency, intelligence agency, or the activities of a government agency, concerned with the gathering of intelligence data. The tasks and powers of a secret service can vary greatly from one country to another. For ...
operatives to stake out Howgate's possible hiding place in
, but, spotting them, Howgate and his mistress departed quickly for
Nebraska City
Nebraska City is a city in Nebraska, and the county seat of, Otoe County, Nebraska, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 7,289.
The Nebraska State Legislature has credited Nebraska City as being the oldest incorporated ...
. There, Howgate visited former Signal Corps officer, now attorney, Albert S. Cole for assistance to file a claim that the government actually owed Howgate money.
Howgate moved on to
Escanaba, Michigan
Escanaba ( ), commonly shortened to Esky, is a port city in Delta County in the U.S. state of Michigan, located on Little Bay de Noc in the state's Upper Peninsula. The population was 12,616 at the 2010 census, making it the third-largest city ...
, where he assumed the alias and worked as a reporter.
Afraid that the Secret Service could not capture Howgate, Lincoln hired the
Pinkerton Detective Agency
Pinkerton is a private security guard and detective agency established around 1850 in the United States by Scottish-born cooper Allan Pinkerton and Chicago attorney Edward Rucker as the North-Western Police Agency, which later became Pinkerton ...
, who tried but failed to bribe Cole for information on Howgate's whereabouts.
Capture
Howgate was captured September 28, 1894, in New York City, and spent the night at the
Ludlow Street Jail
The Ludlow Street Jail was New York City's Federal prison, located on Ludlow Street and Broome Street in Manhattan. Some prisoners, such as soldiers, were held there temporarily awaiting extradition to other jurisdictions, but most of the inm ...
. He was using the alias "Henry Williams" and had been leading the life of an old book and print dealer at 80
Fourth Avenue since 1888. Howgate was living with Burrell (alias "Mrs. Williams") on West Tenth Street. During this period he also claimed to have worked as a talesman to have been a juror before Judge Fitzgreald. Howgate was brought before Judge
Charles L. Benedict, who signed the arrest warrant. ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid d ...
'' reported that Howgate was accused of embezzling $370,000 from the U.S. Government.
Found guilty of numerous crimes, Howgate served time in Albany Penitentiary.
Later life
Upon release in December 1900, Howgate moved to his daughter Ida's home in
Washington, D.C.
)
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, ...
, where he died of a
cerebral hemorrhage in 1901.
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
External links
Henry W. Howgate Manuscriptat Dartmouth College Library
{{DEFAULTSORT:Howgate, Henry Williamson
1835 births
1901 deaths
American newspaper reporters and correspondents
American white-collar criminals
Antiquarian booksellers
British emigrants to the United States
Criminals from Michigan
Exploration of the Arctic
History of Greenland
Military personnel from Michigan
People of Michigan in the American Civil War
Prisoners and detainees of New York (state)
Union Army officers
United States Army officers