Henry Bakis is
professor emeritus
''Emeritus'' (; female: ''emerita'') is an adjective used to designate a retired chair, professor, pastor, bishop, pope, director, president, prime minister, rabbi, emperor, or other person who has been "permitted to retain as an honorary title ...
of
geography
Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and ...
at the
University of Montpellier
The University of Montpellier (french: Université de Montpellier) is a public university, public research university located in Montpellier, in south-east of France. Established in 1220, the University of Montpellier is one of the oldest univ ...
. His research has mainly focused on industry, firms and
ICT geography (information and communications technologies). One of his primary interests has been considering the articulation and the effects of
electronic communication
Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that ...
networks on territories and social networks.
Biography
Bakis plays an active role in the
International Geographical Union
The International Geographical Union (IGU; french: Union Géographique Internationale, UGI) is an international geographical society. The first International Geographical Congress was held in Antwerp in 1871. Subsequent meetings led to the establ ...
commission dedicated to ICT: executive secretary, chairman or vice-chair of the commissions dedicated to ICT (1985 - 2016).
He founded and edited the ''Communication Newsletter Geography'' (1985 - 2000) and the journal ''Netcom'' (1987) on communication and territories.
Bakis was a researcher at the
French CNET
''CNET'' (short for "Computer Network") is an American media website that publishes reviews, news, articles, blogs, podcasts, and videos on technology and consumer electronics globally. ''CNET'' originally produced content for radio and televi ...
from 1978 to 1995. He was associated research director at
Paris-Sorbonne University
Paris-Sorbonne University (also known as Paris IV; french: Université Paris-Sorbonne, Paris IV) was a public research university in Paris, France, active from 1971 to 2017. It was the main inheritor of the Faculty of Humanities of the Universit ...
from 1991 to 1996; and professor of economic geography at the
University of Montpellier
The University of Montpellier (french: Université de Montpellier) is a public university, public research university located in Montpellier, in south-east of France. Established in 1220, the University of Montpellier is one of the oldest univ ...
(1996-2015).
Scope of work
Multinationals, technology and spatial organization
During the 1970s Bakis studied the consequences of
industrial policies
An industrial policy (IP) or industrial strategy of a country is its official strategic effort to encourage the development and growth of all or part of the economy, often focused on all or part of the manufacturing sector. The government takes m ...
, industrial
subcontracting and multinational firms activities in the French regions (IBM Case study). He then turned his attention to
telecommunications
Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that fe ...
networks of large enterprises first from the IBM case.
More generally, the relationship between organizations, network technologies and geographical space are the center of his analysis. He "has contributed greatly to promote this approach of the geography, both within French geographers as within the International Geographical Union.".
Geography of ICT
Since the end of the 1970s Bakis calls for the study of telecommunications, ICT systems and
digital network
A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes. The computers use common communication protocols over digital interconnections to communicate with each other. These interconnections are ...
technologies from the geographical point of view. He "did pioneering work through important scientific production". For Bakis, telecommunications is "one of the levers of
regional planning
Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land-use activities, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town. Regional planning is related to urban planning as it relates land ...
to open up the territories, improve economic performance, and allow various forms of teleactivities, a new connection between the local and the global level". He worked on the digital development of territories following the development of the
Internet
The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a '' network of networks'' that consists of private, pub ...
and digital infrastructures.
Spatial heterogeneity
The work of Bakis demonstrates that ICT does not lead to the "death of distance", or "the end of geography " in spite of the assertions of some
futurologists
Futurists (also known as futurologists, prospectivists, foresight practitioners and horizon scanners) are people whose specialty or interest is futurology or the attempt to systematically explore predictions and possibilities abou ...
as
Richard O'Brien
Richard Timothy Smith. known professionally as Richard O'Brien, is a British-New Zealand actor, writer, musician, composer, and television presenter. He wrote the musical stage show ''The Rocky Horror Show'' in 1973, which has remained in conti ...
,
Frances Cairncross
Dame Frances Anne Cairncross, (born 30 August 1944 in Otley, England) is a British economist, journalist and academic. She is a senior fellow at the School of Public Policy, UCLA.
She formerly chaired the executive committee of the Institute f ...
,
Kenichi Ohmae
is a Japanese organizational theorist, management consultant, Former Professor and Dean of UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, and author, known for developing the 3C's Model.
Biography
Born in 1943 in Kitakyūshū, Ohmae earned a BS in ...
.
ICT would minimize the importance of geographical locations, the development of networks but simultaneously leads to greater spatial
heterogeneity
Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts often used in the sciences and statistics relating to the uniformity of a substance or organism. A material or image that is homogeneous is uniform in composition or character (i.e. color, shape, siz ...
with enhanced
polarization and metropolisation. The development of
infrastructure
Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and priv ...
networks is closely related to
demographic
Demography () is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings.
Demographic analysis examines and measures the dimensions and dynamics of populations; it can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as edu ...
, social and economic pre-existing environment. Bakis dismissed the unfounded hopes of positive
spatial effects. Bakis wrote that despite the development of infrastructure and communications services "space continues to be differentiated and this is one of the reasons why networks are heterogeneous".
He pleads also for the development of electro-sensitive fog free areas (implementation of the precautionary principle).
Geocybergeography
Bakis is considered as the "inventor of the concept of geocybergeography". He considers that human beings still live in a geographical classical space but this space is modified by the use of ICT. Today, it includes new attributes making it more complex.
The cyberspace of
electronic communication
Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that ...
does not substitute nor overlap classical space; instead, it comes to mingle closely with the later at all scales. Bakis termed geocyberspace this contemporary form of geographic space in which are modified: the distance (apparent reduction), time (ubiquitous for some services) and costs.
Geopolitics of information
Bakis geopolitical approach to communications networks has focused on the role of technology and new technical networks in the changing cultural and political contexts for populations from recent migrations or from older diasporas, and for cultural, ethnic or religious minorities. Identities of all kind of minorities can be maintained and strengthened in the Internet age.
Electronic communication
Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that ...
networks disrupt the concepts of distance.
Main publications
For a full list see Mommolin S. (2018), "Bibliography of the Publications of Professor Henry Bakis: 1972-2018", ''NETCOM'', p. 217-252, https://journals.openedition.org/netcom/3066
Books
* BAKIS H. (1977),''IBM Une multinationale régionale'', Presses Universitaires de Grenoble,
Grenoble
lat, Gratianopolis
, commune status = Prefecture and commune
, image = Panorama grenoble.png
, image size =
, caption = From upper left: Panorama of the city, Grenoble’s cable cars, place Saint- ...
* BAKIS H. (1978), ''La photographie aérienne et spatiale et la télédétection'', Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), Que sais-je?, Paris.
* BAKIS H. et GUGLIELMO Raymond (1979), ''La pétrochimie dans le monde'', PUF, Que sais-je?, Paris.
* BAKIS H. (1984), ''Géographie des télécommunications'', PUF, Que sais-je?, Paris.
* BAKIS H. (1987), ''Géopolitique de l'information'', PUF, Que sais-je?, Paris.
* BAKIS H. (1988), ''Entreprise, espace, télécommunication. Nouvelles technologies de l'information et organisation de l'espace économique'', Paradigme,
Caen
Caen (, ; nrf, Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the department of Calvados. The city proper has 105,512 inhabitants (), while its functional urban area has 470,000,[London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...]
, 232 p.
* VLEUGEL Jaap M. (author), NIJKAMP Peter (author, editor), BAKIS Henry (contributor) (1994), ''Missing transport networks in Europe'', Akdershot, Brookfield, Avebury, xi, 203 p : ill; 23 cm; Bibliogr.: p. 188-203;
* BAKIS H. et DUPUY Gabriel (Eds., 1995), 'Réseaux de communication', ''
Annales de géographie
The ''Annales de Géographie'' is a French journal devoted to geography, first published in 1891. From the start the journal was an influential and respected academic journal.
History
The ''Annales de Géographie'' was founded in 1891 by Paul Vid ...
'', n° 585-586, pp. 451–621
* BAKIS H. (Editor, 1995), 'Communication and Political Geography in a Changing World', ''Revue Internationale de Science Politique'', vol. 16, n° 3, pp. 219–311, Elsevier S. Ltd, Oxford, https://www.jstor.org/stable/i272314
* BAKIS H., HOTTES Kalheinz & WEBER Hans-Ulrich (Editors, 1995), 'Telecommunications and emerging spatial and economic organisation','' Materialen zur Raumordnung'', 47, Bochum, 131 p.
* BAKIS H. (1995), 'Télécommunications et quartiers défavorisés', ''NETCOM'', vol. 9, n° H. S., 627 p.
* ROCHE Edward M. & BAKIS H. (Editors, 1997), ''Developments in telecommunications. Between global and local'', Avebury, 350 p.
* BAKIS H. et BONIN Muriel (2000), ''La photographie aérienne et spatiale''. PUF, Que sais-je ?, Paris.
* BAKIS H. & HUH Woo-kung (Editors, 2001), 'Geocyberspace : Building Territories on the Geographical Space of the 21st Century', ''Netcom'', Vol. 15, n° 1-2, pp. 3–153 et vol. 16 (2002), n° 1-2, pp. 3–83
* BAKIS Henry (Ed. 2001), 'Réseaux de Télécommunications. Réseaux sociaux', ''Bulletin de l'Association de Géographes français, Géographies'', 78ème année, n°1, pp. 1–47
* BAKIS Henry (Ed. 2005), 'Information technologies: from physical networks to digital communities', ''NETCOM'', Vol. 19, No 1-2
* BAKIS Henry, PARADISO Maria, VIDAL Philippe (Editors 2007), 'Geocyberspace : uses and perspective', ''NETCOM'', Vol. 21, No 3-4, pp. 281–430
* BAKIS Henry (Ed. 2011), 'New digital uses and territories', ''NETCOM'', Vol. 25, No 1-2, pp. 1–128
* BAKIS Henry (Ed. 2012), 'Digital Territories: Case Studies', ''NETCOM'', Vol. 26, No 3-4, pp. 145–402
* BAKIS Henry (Ed. 2013), 'The Geopolitics of Digital Space', ''NETCOM'', Vol. 27, No 3-4, pp. 287–460
Translations from French
* BAKIS H. (1980), ''The communications of larger firms and their implications on the emergence of a new world industrial order. A case study: I.B.M.'s global data network'', Contributing report. Meeting of the IGU Commission on Industrial Systems (26–30 August), ChuoUniversity, Tokyo, 105 p
* BAKIS H. (1982), 'Elements for a geography of telecommunication', ''Geographical Research Forum'', n° 4, pp. 31–45, https://web.archive.org/web/20131009032918/http://www.geog.bgu.ac.il/grf/full-text/Vol4/BakisH.pdf
* BAKIS H. (1982), ''IBM, una multinazionale régionale'', 198 p. Intr. Pasquale Coppola. Franco Angeli, Collana Geogrfia umana, Milano
* BAKIS H. (1986), 'Telecommunication and localisation of activities within firms', Chap. 2 in HOTTES Karleinz, WEVER Egbert, WEBER Hans-Ulrich (Editors), ''Technology and Industrial Change in Europe'', ''Materialen, zur Raumordnung'', Bochum, pp. 10–17
* BAKIS H. (1987), 'Geografia delle telecomunicazioni' pp. 8–69, in ''Telecomunicazioni e territorio : contributi per un analisi geografica ed economica delle reti e dei servizi di telecomunicazione'', Cooperativa di cultura Lorenzo Milani
* BAKIS H. (1989), ''Geografia del potere : l'informazione nelle strategie internazionali'', Ulisse Edizioni (Turin) et Nuova Ulisse (Bologne), 128 pp., collezione Test,
* BAKIS H. (1991), 'Telecomunicaciones espacio y tiempo', in GOMEZ MONT Carmen (Ed.), ''Nuevas tecnologias de comunicacion'', Editorial Trillas, Mexico, pp. 49–60
* BAKIS H. & LU Zi (2000), 'The Change from the Geographical Space to Geocyberspace. Review on the Western Scholars on Regional Effects by Telecommunications', ''ACTA Geographica Sinica'', Vol.55, No.1, pp 104–111 (Chinese)
Journals, papers and book chapters
* BAKIS H. (1975), 'La sous-traitance dans l'industrie', ''Annales de Géographie'', Paris, pp. 297–317
* BAKIS H. (1975), 'Téléinformatique et disparités régionales en France', ''L'Espace Géographique'', n° 2, pp. 141–148
* BAKIS H. (1987), 'Telecommunications and the Global Firm', in HAMILTON F.E.I. (ed), '' Industrial change in advanced economies '', Croom Helm, London, 1987, pp. 130–160
* BAKIS H. (1988), 'Technopole et téléport: concepts et réalités', '' Problèmes économiques '', n° 2082, 6 juillet 1988, pp. 12–19
* BAKIS H. (1993), 'Economic and Social Geography- Toward the integration of communication networks studies', pp. 1–16 in BAKIS H., ABLER Ronald & ROCHE Edward M. (editors, 1993), '' Corporates networks, international telecommunications and interdependence. Perspectives from geography and information systems '', Belhaven, London, 232 p.
* BAKIS H. (1996), 'L'évolution du métier de géographe et les télécommunications. Défis et opportunités pour l'Union Géographique Internationale', '' International Geographical Union bulletin'', 46, pp. 58–62
* BAKIS H. (1996), « Cultures, électronique et territoires », '' Netcom '', vol. 10, n°2, pp. 640–664.
* BAKIS H., ROCHE Edward M. (1997), 'Cyberspace- The Emerging Nervous System of Global Society and its Spatial Functions', pp. 1– 12, in ROCHE E. M. & BAKIS H. (Editors, 1997), ''Developments in telecommunications. Between global and local'', Avebury (Aldershot UK, Brookfield USA, Hong Kong, Singapore, Sydney), 350 p.
* BAKIS H. et ROCHE Edward M. (1998), 'Cyberspace – The Emerging Nervous System of Global Society and its Spatial Functions', '' CYBERGEO '', No. 59, mai, www.cybergeo.presse.fr/reseaux/texte1/bakis2.htm
* BAKIS H. et ROCHE Edward M. (2000), 'Geography, Technology and Organization', Chap. 4, in ROCHE Edward Mozley, BLAINE Michael James (Editors), '' Information technology in Multinational Enterprises '', Coll. New Horizons in International Business, Edward Elgard Publishing Ltd., Cheltenham UK, Northampton MA USA, pp. 125– 152. Bibliogr: 299-333.
* BAKIS H. (2001), 'Understanding the geocyberspace : a major task for geographers and planners in the next decade', ''Netcom'', vol. 15, n° 1-2, pp. 9–16
* BAKIS H. (2007), 'Les nouveaux territoires de l'identité. Minorités et Internet', '' Netcom '', vol. 21, n° 3/4, pp. 381–384, http://netcom.revues.org/2266; DOI : 10.4000/netcom.2266
* BAKIS H. (2007),'The geocyberespace revisited : uses and perspectives', ''NETCOM'' Vol. 21, N° 3-4, pp. 285–296,
PDF
* BAKIS H. (2007), « Les nouveaux territoires de l'identité. Minorités et Internet », Note de recherche, Netcom, vol. 21, n°3-4, pp. 381–384.
* BAKIS H., VIDAL Philippe (2010), 'Geography of the Information Society', Ch. 5, pp. 71–87, in REBER Bernard & BROSSAUD Claire (eds.), 'Digital Cognitive Technologies. Epistemology and Knowledge Society, ISTE /Wiley
* BAKIS H. (2013), 'Fragilité du géocyberespace à l'heure des conflits cybernétiques', '' Netcom '', vol. 27, n° 3/4, pp. 293–308, https://netcom.revues.org/1438
* BAKIS H. (2016), 'Pour l'aménagement d'espaces sans brouillard électromagnétique', in Paché Gilles, El Khayat Mustapha (2016), ''Invitation aux flux. Entre transport et espace'', Coll. Travail et Gouvernance, Presses Universitaire de Provence, , pp. 143–150.
Video
* BAKIS H. (2010), 'TIC et Développement numérique des territoires'. Conférence d'ouverture des Journées ''DigiPolis. Territoires numériques intelligents'', Montbéliard, 26 mai. (vidéo 30 minutes) http://www.digipolis.fr/2010/digipolis/digipolis-tv/seancedouverture.html
Other
* "Liste de publications de H. Bakis (1972-2015)", Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, http://hbgeo.upv.univ-montp3.fr/bibliographie/henry-bakis-publications/
* Mommolin Sabrina (2018), « Bibliographie thématique des publications du Professeur Henry Bakis : 1972-2018 » / "Bibliography of the Publications of Professor Henry Bakis: 1972-2018", ''NETCOM'', https://journals.openedition.org/netcom/3066
References
* ''Autrement '' (1990), 'Info-révolution', n° spécial de la revue, Paris, p. 215
* Boulanger Philippe (2013), "Pour une géopolitique des médias", ''La revue européenne des medias'', N°26-27 http://la-rem.eu/2013/03/21/pour-une-geopolitique-des-medias/ 21 mars.
* Cassé Marie-Claude (1995), « Réseaux de télécommunications et production de territoire », in Sciences de la société, n° 35, pp. 61–81 (see pp. 64, 73, 79)
* Cassé Marie-Claude (1995), 'Réseaux de télécommunications et construction territoriale', in R. Ferras & D. Pumain (dir. 1995), Encyclopédie de la géographie, Economica, pp. 1021–1039 (see pp. 1031, 1033, 1037)
* Chéneau-Loquay Annie (2010), 'Quelle géographie des TIC dans les espaces en développement ?', in Christian Bouquet (Ed.), '' Les géographes et le développement, discours et actions '', pp. 213–233, MSHA Bordeaux. (see p. 1).
* Claval Paul (1995), « Les problématiques géographiques de la communication », ''Sciences de la société'', n° 35, mai, pp. 31–46 (see pp. 41–42)
* De Fornel, Michel (1987), compte rendu de ″Géopolitique de l'information″, ''Réseaux'', n° 25, p. 14. https://www.persee.fr/doc/reso_0751-7971_1987_num_5_25_1264
* Di Méo, Guy (1995), ″Des réseaux partout: Bakis (H.), Les réseaux et leurs enjeux sociaux
ompte-rendu€³, ''Annales de Géographie'', tome 104, n°585-586, p. 617, https://www.persee.fr/issue/geo_0003-4010_1995_num_104_585
* Doucet Fréderik and Desforges Alix (2018), "Du cyberespace à la datasphère. Le nouveau front pionnier de la géographie", Netcom, vol. 32, n0 1-2, https://journals.openedition.org/netcom/3419
*Duféal Marina and Vidal Philippe (2018), « Sur le numérique territorial, sur son histoire et sur ses prolongements », Netcom, 32-1/2 , 2018, 05-08. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/netcom/3393
* Duféal Marina and Vidal Philippe (editors, 2018), 'Geographic explorations in digital lands, pioneering frontiers and new limits - A tribute to Henry Bakis'/ Expéditions géographiques en Terres Numériques, fronts pionniers et nouvelles limites - Hommage à Henry Bakis', Netcom, 32-1/2, 254 p., https://journals.openedition.org/netcom/3312
* Dupuy Gabriel (2000), Book review: Bakis H. et Segui Pons J.M. (Ed.), 'Géospace et cyberspace', ''Annales de Géographie'', vol. 109, n° 612, p. 218.
* Eveno Emmanuel (2004), 'La géographie de la société de l'information: entre abîmes et sommets', ''Netcom'', vol. 18, n°1-2, pp. 11–87.
* Eveno Emmanuel (2004), 'Le paradigme territorial de la société de l'information', "Netcom", vol. 18, n°1-2, pp. 89–134.
* George Pierre (1978), Book review: 'Compte rendu de : H. Bakis, ''La photographie aérienne et spatiale, ''Annales de Géographie'', volume 87, n° 484, p. 710
* Hottes Karlheinz & Peter Graef (1998): 'Research group 17: Geography of communication and telecommunication – Development, activities and ambitions 1984-1998', Aachen, https://web.archive.org/web/20131224225558/http://www.diegeo.rwth-aachen.de/?id=938&L=1
* Hottes Karlheinz (1987), ' The impact of Telematics… ' in 'Les espaces de la communication', ''Bulletin de l'Idate'', Montpellier, n° 26, 1r tr. 1987, pp. 171–187 (p. 182)
* IdRef, ''Le référenciel des autorités sudoc''. « Henry Bakis », http://www.idref.fr/026701634#300
* Kellerman Aharon and Wilson Mark I., « A tribute to the IGU activities of Professor Henry Bakis », Netcom, 32-1/2 , 2018, 209-210. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/netcom/2989
* Méndez Ricardo (1997), ''Geografia economica, La logica espacial des capitalismo global'', Ariel Geografia, Barcelona, 385 p. (see pp. 202; 265, 364).
* Mommolin Sabina (2018), ″Bibliographie thématique des publications du Professeur Henry Bakis : 1972-2018″, ''Netcom'', https://journals.openedition.org/netcom/3066
* Moriset Bruno (2000), "Quelles problématiques pour les technologies de l'information et de la communication en milieu rural?", in ''Géocarrefour'', "Espaces ruraux et technologie de l'information", 75-1 pp. 5–6.
* Offner Jean-Marc (1994), Book review: '' Les réseaux et leurs enjeux sociaux'', in '' Flux'', n° 17, pp. 57–58.
* Paré Suzanne (1978), Book review: "Compte rendu de I.B.M., une multinationale régionale", ''Annales de Géographie'', vol. 87, n° 483, pp. 576–577. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/geo_0003-4010_1978_num_87_483_19834_t1_0576_0000_1
* Robic M.-C., Briend A.-M., Rössler M. (dir. 1996), '' Géographes face au monde. L'Union géographique internationale et les congrès internationaux de géographie''. Paris, L'Harmattan, 1996, 464 p. (pp. 352–353)
* Santos Milton (1997), ''La nature de l'espace: technique et temps, raison et émotion'', L'Harmattan, Paris, pp. 189–190
* University Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3 - Thesis directed by H. Bakis : http://hbgeo.upv.univ-montp3.fr/bibliographie/direction-de-theses/
* Vidal Philippe (2018), « Henry Bakis, défricheur de la géographie des télécommunications », Netcom, 32-1/2 , 2018, 09-28. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/netcom/3286
External links
*
CiNii
CiNii () is a bibliographic database service for material in Japanese academic libraries, especially focusing on Japanese works and English works published in Japan. The database was founded in April 2005 and is maintained by the National Institu ...
(Scholarly and Academic Information Navigator database service, Japan)- ID: DA01435949; http://ci.nii.ac.jp/books/author?count=20&sortorder=2&name=BAKIS+Henry; http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01435949
*
Géographie des télécommunications on French Wikipedia
''Netcom''website
*
Netcom on French Wikipedia
* http://hbgeo.upv.univ-montp3.fr
* WorldCat Identities,
["86 works in 199 publications in 5 languages and 1,406 library holdings"] http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n82-99000
Notes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakis, Henry
1949 births
French geographers
Living people