Heinrich Bartels

Heinrich Bartels (13 July 1918 – 23 December 1944) was an Austrian-born German fighter pilot in the ''Luftwaffe'' and fought during World War II. Bartels was credited with 99 victories, making him a fighter ace. A fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat.

Born in Austria in 1918 and working as a baker to his late teenage years Bartels joined the ''Luftwaffe'' after Germany's union with Austria in 1938. Bartels completed his training as a pilot in 1941. He was assigned to ''Jagdgeschwader'' 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing) on the Channel Front which was tasked with intercepting Royal Air Force (RAF) incursions over occupied France and Belgium. He achieved his first aerial victory in August 1941. Bartels was transferred to ''Jagdgeschwader'' 5 (JG 5—5th Fighter Wing) on the Eastern Front where he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for 46 aerial victories. In 1943 Bartels moved to ''Jagdgeschwader'' 27 "Afrika" (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing) to serve in the Mediterranean and Balkans theatres and by the years end had 73 victories. In 1944 he returned to the Western Front and fought Normandy Campaign in June to August 1944. Bartel's personal tally rose to 96 and he was nominated for the Oak Leaves of the Knight's Cross.

On 23 December 1944, while supporting German forces in the Battle of the Bulge Bartels was shot down by United States Army Air Force (USAAF) P-47 Thunderbolts belonging to the US 56th Fighter Group after achieving his 99th aerial victory and he was posted missing in action. On 26 January 1968, 23 years later, Bartel's fighter and remains were found near Bad Godesberg, Germany.

Career

Bartels was born on 13 July 1918 in Linz, Austria. Prior to his military service, Bartels was working as a butcher. During his combat career, he frequently had his wife's name Marga painted on his aircraft. World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Following completion of flight and fighter pilot training, Bartels joined the ''Ergänzungsgruppe'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing) in the summer of 1941. The ''Ergänzungsgruppe'' of JG 26, a supplementary training group, was formed on 22 June 1941 in Wevelgem under the command of ''Hauptmann'' Fritz Fromme. The ''Gruppe'' was made up of two '' Staffeln'' (squadrons): The first squadron was the operational squadron and designated 1. (''Einsatzstaffel'') or 1. Erg./JG 26, while the second squadron was the training squadron referred to as 2. (''Schulstaffel'') or 2. Erg./JG 26. Serving with the 1. Erg./JG 26, Bartels claimed his first aerial victory on 19 August, a Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire shot down at the English Channel. On 27 August, he was credited with another Spitfire shot down. On 1 February 1942, 1. Erg./JG 26 was renamed and became the 11. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) under the command of ''Oberleutnant'' Hermann Segatz. The unit then participated in Operation Donnerkeil. The objective of this operation was to give the German battleships and and the heavy cruiser fighter protection in the breakout from Brest to Germany. The Channel Dash operation (11–13 February 1942) by the Kriegsmarine was codenamed Operation Cerberus by the Germans. In support of this, the Luftwaffe, formulated an air superiority plan dubbed Operation Donnerkeil for the protection of the three German capital ships. Following the German ships, 11. ''Staffel'' arrived in Jever Air Field on 14 February and in Trondheim-Lade on 6 March. There, on 21 March, the squadron was re-designated 8. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 5 (JG 5—5th Fighter Wing).

War on the Arctic Front

On 20 April, 8. ''Staffel'' moved to an airfield at Petsamo, present-day Pechenga in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. On 26 April, the ''Staffel'' escorted Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers to Murmansk. The flight was intercepted by Hawker Hurricane fighters from 2 GvSAP (''Gvardeyskiy Smeshannyy Aviatsionnyy Polk''—Guards Composite Aviation Regiment). In this encounter, Bartels claimed one of the Hurricanes shot down, his first on the Arctic Front. JG 5 flew numerous fighter escort missions on 10 May resulting in aerial combat with the Soviet Air Forces (VVS). The VVS lost eight aircraft plus further two were severely damaged that day, including a Hurricane fighter shot down by Bartels. On 14 May between 17:55 and 19:03, eighteen German fighters flew on a Ju 87 escort mission to Murmansk. They encountered twenty-six Hurricanes, eleven Curtiss P-40 Warhawk and six Polikarpov I-16 fighters. Soviet reports indicate that one Hurricane and one P-40 was effectively lost with a I-16 and a further P-40 damaged. German pilots had claimed five aerial victories, including a I-16 by Bartels. The following day, in combat over the Liza Bight, Bartels shot down a Hurricane fighter. On 17 May, he increased his number of aerial victors to seven when he again claimed a Hurricane fighter shot down. On 29 July, on a Ju 87 dive bomber escort mission to Murmansk and Murmashi, Bartels claimed two Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighters shot down north of Murmansk. According to Soviet records, no aircraft of that type were lost in that area that day. On 10 August, 8. ''Staffel'' had combat with 20 Hurricane fighters near Ura-Guba during the course of which Bartels claimed three Hurricanes shot down.

Bartels became an " ace-in-a-day" on 22 September. He claimed six aerial victories on two separate combat missions, including four Hurricanes and two MiG-3 fighters in the vicinity of Murmashi. Following his 40th aerial victory, he received the German Cross in Gold () on 20 October. Bartels shot down three MiG-3 fighters during the third mission on 29 October, a fighter escort mission for Ju 87 dive bombers. On 5 November, 8. ''Staffel'' flew a combat air patrol to Murmansk. During the course of this mission, Bartels claimed the destruction of a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (''Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes'') after 46 aerial victories on 13 November 1942. That day, ''Leutnant'' Theodor Weissenberger from 6. ''Staffel'' of JG 5 was also awarded the Knight's Cross. The presentation was made by ''Generalmajor'' Alexander Holle on 30 November at Petsamo.

In early 1943, Bartels was transferred due to disciplinary reasons. According to Walter Schuck, the events leading to this disciplinary measure were made under the influence of large quantities of alcohol. Bartels, Schuck, and Kurt Dylewski had consumed three bottles of cognac. The intoxicated Bartels then attempted to drive a truck, was caught in the act by a fellow soldier who hit Bartels in the face. Bartels pursued the soldier only to get into a fight with another soldier. The events pinnacled when Bartels made a donkey empty its bladder into the company sergeant major's bed.

Greece and the Balkans

From August 1943, Bartels served with 11. ''Staffel'' of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 27 "Afrika" (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). This ''Staffel'' was subordinated to the newly created IV. ''Gruppe'' of JG 27. The ''Gruppe'' had been formed in May 1943 at the Kalamaki Airfield in Athens, Greece under the command of ''Hauptmann'' Rudolf Sinner. 11. ''Staffel'' was commanded by ''Oberleutnant'' Alfred Buk. On 17 July, IV. ''Gruppe'' moved to Tanagra Airfield. Bartels claimed his first aerial victories with JG 27 on 1 October. Flying from Gadurrà Airfield on Rhodes, he claimed two Douglas A-20 Havoc bombers, also known as Bostons, near of Kos. In early October, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) flew many missions in support of British forces fighting in the Dodecanese campaign. On 5 October, IV. ''Gruppe'' intercepted a flight of Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers over the northern Attica. In this encounter, Bartels claimed the destruction of two B-24 bombers. Three days later, 105 USAAF aircraft attacked German airfields in Greece. IV. ''Gruppe'' encountered the escort fighters and shot down three Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters, all of them credited to Bartels.

On 18 October, IV. ''Gruppe'' command was passed on to ''Hauptmann'' Joachim Kirschner after the former commander Sinner had been transferred on 13 September. In the intermediate period, two officers had led the ''Gruppe,'' ''Oberleutnant'' Dietrich Boesler, who was killed on 10 October, and by Burk, the commander of 11. ''Staffel''. Bartels claimed a Supermarine Spitfire shot down on 23 October. Two days later, IV. ''Gruppe'' claimed seven aerial victories without loss. Between Stari Bar and Cape of Rodon the ''Gruppe'' engaged in combat with P-38 fighters of which Bartels shot down four of the USAAF fighters. On 31 October, 11. ''Staffel'' lost its ''Staffelkapitän'' (squadron leader) Burk who was shot down over sea near Cape of Rodon. In this encounter, Bartels shot down two P-38 fighters. Command of 11. ''Staffel'' was then briefly led by ''Leutnant'' Wolfgang Hohls until he was killed in action on 10 December. The ''Staffel'' was then led by ''Leutnant'' Rolf Heissner until 17 December when he was also killed. The next ''Staffelkapitän'' was then ''Leutnant'' Paul Becker. On 17. December, the '' Gruppenkommandeur'' (group commander) Kirschner was also shot down in combat and later killed. He was replaced by ''Hauptmann'' Otto Meyer.

Bartels claimed his 70th aerial victory on 15 November 1943. That day, he shot down four P-38 fighters southeast of Kalamaki. At the time, he was assigned Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6/R6 (''Werknummer'' 27 169—factory number) "Red 13" bearing the name of his wife Marga. Two days later, he was credited with two North American B-25 Mitchell bombers and a P-38 fighter following an USAAF attack on the Kalamaki Airfield. These were his last claims in the Mediterranean theater. On 27 January 1944, IV. ''Gruppe'' began relocating to Graz Airfield, at first the ground personnel followed by the flying elements on 16 March. During its ten-month tenure since its creation in May 1943, IV. ''Gruppe'' pilots had claimed 88 aerial victories, including 24 by Bartels alone. During this period, the ''Gruppe'' lost 27 pilots plus further seven were severely wounded and one was taken prisoner of war.

Defense of the Reich

Based in Graz, IV. ''Gruppe'', along with the ''Stab'' (headquarters unit), I. and III. ''Gruppe'' of JG 27, then fought in Defense of the Reich (''Reichsverteidigung''), defending southern Germany and Austria. IV. ''Gruppe'' became the ''Höhengruppe'', the high-altitude group responsible for fighting off the escort fighters. Bartels claimed his first aerial victory in this theater on 11 April when he shot down a P-38 fighter northwest of Graz. On 23 April, Bartels shot down three Spitfire fighters in combat near Celje, approximately halfway between Maribor and Ljubljana, in Slovenia. The following day, the USAAF Eighth Air Force targeted German airfields in southern Germany as well as the aircraft factories in Oberpfaffenhofen. The attack on Landsberg Airfield and Oberpfaffenhofen was headed by 281 bombers of the 1st Bombardment Division escorted by North American P-51 Mustang long-range fighter aircraft. IV. ''Gruppe'' intercepted this flight east of Munich. In this aerial battle, Bartels claimed three P-51 fighters shot down. On 28 April, Bartels shot down two P-51 fighters northeast of Ljubljana. The Eighth Air Force targeted Berlin on 19 May. Near Zerbst, IV. ''Gruppe'' encountered a formation of B-24 bombers escorted by escort fighters. The ''Gruppe'' was unable to break the escort screen and attack the bombers. In this battle, Bartels shot down three of the escort fighters.

On 6 June, Allied forces launched Operation Overlord, the invasion of German-occupied Western Europe in Normandy, France. IV. ''Gruppe'' was immediately ordered to relocate to Champfleury-la-Perthe, an airfield approximately south of Reims. Bartels claimed his first aerial victories on the invasion front on 14 June. That day, IV. ''Gruppe'' encountered USAAF fighters in the vicinity of Argentan. In quick succession, he shot down three Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters, followed by a fourth P-47 on the return flight. Three days later, he claimed two further P-47 fighters shot down west of Dives-sur-Mer. On 22 June, Bartels shot down a Spitfire fighter and a P-51 fighter southwest of Caen. Two days later, he was credited with the destruction of two further P-51 fighters near Flers. He claimed his eleventh and last aerial victory on the invasion front on 25 June, a P-38 fighter shot down southeast of Blois. For these achievements, he was nominated for Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (). On 16 August, IV. ''Gruppe'' was withdrawn from the invasion front and ordered to Hustedt, north of Celle. During its eight weeks of combat on the invasion front, the ''Gruppe'' was nearly annihilated and lost 25 pilots either killed or missing in action with further 15 pilots severely wounded. In total, 98 aircraft were destroyed, 71 due to combat and 27 in flying accidents. Pilots of IV. ''Gruppe'' claimed 60 aerial victories, including eleven by Bartels, making him the most successful pilot of the unit.

As part of the group expansion from three ''Staffeln'' per ''Gruppe'' to four ''Staffeln'' per ''Gruppe'', Bartels' 11. ''Staffel'' was re-designated and became the 15. ''Staffel'' of JG 27. In mid-November, the ''Gruppe'' was reequipped with the Bf 109 G-10 fighter aircraft. Bartels claimed the destruction of a P-51 fighter on 8 December. Ten days later, he again shot down a P-51 in the combat area near Cologne. On 23 December 1944, Bartels took off for his last and fatal mission. After he shot down a P-47, he was most likely shot down himself by P-47 fighters of the USAAF 56th Fighter Group. His victor may have been Colonel David C. Schilling who claimed five aerial victories that day. Some 24 years later, on 26 January 1968, Bartels' Bf 109 G-10 (''Werknummer'' 130 359) "Yellow 13" was found near Castle Gudenau in Villip, close to Bad Godesberg. In its cockpit was Bartels' remains and his intact parachute, which is currently on display at the Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin. His last rank was ''Oberfeldwebel'' (technical sergeant).

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to Obermaier, Bartels was credited with 99 aerial victories claimed in approximately 500 combat missions. This figure includes 47 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 52 over the Western Allies, including two four-engined bombers. Mathews and Foreman, authors of ''Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims'', researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 94 aerial victory claims, plus five further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes 47 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and another 47 on the Western Front, including two four-engined bombers.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = ''Planquadrat''), for example "PQ 36 Ost 2920". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.

Awards

* Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (''Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe'') on 5 October 1942 as ''Unteroffizier'' and pilot
* German Cross in Gold on 20 October 1942 as ''Unteroffizier'' in the 8./''Jagdgeschwader'' 5
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 November 1942 as ''Unteroffizier'' and pilot in the 8./''Jagdgeschwader'' 5

See also

*List of solved missing person cases

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bartels, Heinrich
1918 births
1940s missing person cases
1944 deaths
Aerial disappearances of military personnel in action
Luftwaffe personnel killed in World War II
Aviators killed by being shot down
Formerly missing people
German World War II flying aces
Military personnel from Linz
Missing in action of World War II
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross