''Hedyotis'' (starviolet) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Many species of this genus such as ''Hedyotis biflora, H. corymbosa'' and ''H. diffusa'' are well known medicinal plants. ''Hedyotis'' is

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

to tropical and

subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Geographical z ...

Asia and to islands of the northwest Pacific.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. It comprises about 115 species.Inge Groeninckx, Steven Dessein, Helga Ochoterena, Claes Persson, Timothy J. Motley, Jesper Kårehed, Birgitta Bremer, Suzy Huysmans, and Erik Smets. 2009. "Phylogeny of the herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) based on plastid DNA data". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 96(1):109-132. The type species for the genus is ''

Hedyotis fruticosa ''Hedyotis'' (starviolet) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Many species of this genus such as ''Hedyotis biflora, H. corymbosa'' and ''H. diffusa'' are well known medicinal plants. ''Hedyotis'' is native to tropical and sub ...

''.''Hedyotis'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see ''External links'' below). ''Hedyotis'' was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in ''

Species Plantarum ' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial names and was the ...

''.Carolus Linnaeus. 1753. ''Species Plantarum'' 1:101. Laurentii Salvii. (see ''External Links'' below). This generic name is

derived Derive may refer to: * Derive (computer algebra system), a commercial system made by Texas Instruments * ''Dérive'' (magazine), an Austrian science magazine on urbanism *Dérive, a psychogeographical concept See also * *Derivation (disambiguatio ...

from two Greek words, ''hedys'', "sweet", and ''otos'', "ear", in reference to the sweet-scented, ear-shaped leaves of some species.Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume II. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. . ''Hedyotis'' was formerly defined very broadly by some authors, and included species now placed in ''

Oldenlandia ''Oldenlandia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is pantropical in distribution and has about 240 species.Inge Groeninckx, Steven Dessein, Helga Ochoterena, Claes Persson, Timothy J. Motley, Jesper Kårehed, Birgitta Bre ...

'', ''

Oldenlandiopsis ''Oldenlandiopsis'' (creeping-bluet) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is monospecific, comprising only one species, ''Oldenlandiopsis callitrichoides''. This species had previously been placed in ''Hedyotis'' or in '' O ...

'', '' Houstonia'', ''

Kadua ''Kadua'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Rubiaceae. It comprises 29 species,''Kadua'' At: World Checklist of Rubiaceae At: Kew Gardens Website. (see ''External links'' below). all restricted to Polynesia. Twenty-tw ...

'', and other genera. It is now

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every polyg ...

more narrowly, as a

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

group that is closely

related ''Related'' is an American comedy-drama television series that aired on The WB from October 5, 2005, to March 20, 2006. It revolves around the lives of four close-knit sisters of Italian descent, raised in Brooklyn and living in Manhattan. The ...

to ''

Agathisanthemum ''Agathisanthemum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It was described by Johann Friedrich Klotzsch in 1861. It is found in tropical and southern Africa, on the Comoros and in Madagascar. Species * '' Agathisanthemum assimi ...

''.Jesper Kårehed, Inge Groeninckx, Steven Dessein, Timothy J. Motley, and Birgitta Bremer. 2008. "The phylogenetic utility of chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers and the phylogeny of the Rubiaceae tribe Spermacoceae". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 49(3):843-866. Species include: *'' Hedyotis lawsoniae'' *'' Hedyotis lessertiana'' *'' Hedyotis purpurea'' *'' Hedyotis verticillaris''

Research

In traditional medicine, over 20 ''Hedyotis'' species have been used for treatment of diseases and in healing practices. The most popular among these are ''Hedyotis diffusa'' and ''Hedyotis corymbosa'' which are active principles in several Chinese remedies such as , and feibao syrup. They are taken for treatment of cancers, infections and other diseases. Phytochemical investigation of Hedyotis species was first published in 1933 upon examining the active components of the medicinal plant ''H. auricularia''.Ahmad NHLaR: Phytochemical studies and pharmacological activities of plants in genus Hedyotis/Oldenlandia Studies in Natural Products Chemistry 2006, 33(13):1057-1090. Since then, over 50 novel compounds have been isolated from various member of the genus ''Hedyotis''. These compounds have highly divergent structures including alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, iridoids, triterpenoids, sterols, lignans and a number of other compounds. Recently, two novel biological active peptides, hedyotide B1 and B2 (hedyotide = hedyotis + peptide), have been isolated from the ariel parts of the medicinal plant ''Hedyotis biflora''. ''H. biflora'' is a small annual herb traditionally used to treat body pain in fever and malaria. Both hedyotide B1 and B2 belong to the cyclotide superfamily which was known to be an important part of plant innate defense. Hedyotide B1 has a cyclic-cystine-knot motif and displayed potent broad-spectrum activities against many bacteria including ''E. coli, S. salivarius, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus and B. megaterium''. Hedyotide B1 and cyclotides are likely to exerted their antimicrobial actions by disrupting the bacteria membranes which eventually leads to cell death. As they target directly bacterial membranes. it is unlikely for bacteria to develop resistance. Therefore, hedyotide B1 with a novel mode of action has potential as a novel antimicrobial agent against drug-resistance bacteria. The genus ''Pleiocraterium'' was erected with ''Hedyotis verticillaris'' moved to it as ''P. verticillare'' along with the species, ''P. plantaginifolium'' (Arn.) Bremek. from Sri Lanka, P.sumatranum Bremek. and P. gentianifolium Bremek. both of Sumatra by Bremekamp. Molecular phylogenetic studies however have found this genus to nest within other representatives of the genus ''Hedyotis'' with little support for a separate genus.

Research

References

External links