Heather Dewey-Hagborg (born June 4, 1982,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...
) is an information artist and
bio-hacker.
She is best known for her project ''Stranger Visions'', a series of portraits created from
DNA she recovered from discarded items, such as hair, cigarettes and chewing gum while living in
Brooklyn, New York
Brooklyn () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, be ...
.
From the extracted DNA, she determined gender, ethnicity and other factors and then used face-generating software and a
3D printer
3D printing or additive manufacturing is the Manufacturing, construction of a three-dimensional object from a computer-aided design, CAD model or a digital 3D modeling, 3D model. It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is ...
to create a speculative, algorithmically determined 3D portrait. While critical of technology and surveillance, her work has also been noted as provocative in its lack of legal precedent.
Education
![Spurious Memories](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Spurious_Memories.jpg)
Dr. Dewey-Hagborg is an information and bio artist whose works explore the intersection between art and science.
As a student in the Information Arts program at
Bennington College
Bennington College is a private liberal arts college in Bennington, Vermont. Founded in 1932 as a women's college, it became co-educational in 1969. It claims to be the first college to include visual and performing arts as an equal partner in ...
,
she participated in computer science classes, which laid the groundwork for the science-based artwork she would later envision using
algorithms
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing c ...
,
electronics
The field of electronics is a branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission, behaviour and effects of electrons using electronic devices. Electronics uses active devices to control electron flow by amplification ...
, and
computer programming
Computer programming is the process of performing a particular computation (or more generally, accomplishing a specific computing result), usually by designing and building an executable computer program. Programming involves tasks such as ana ...
.
She earned a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in 2003.
Dewey-Hagborg continued refining her work as an artist and computer programmer, studying
artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and inferring information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence displayed by animals and humans. Example tasks in which this is done include speech re ...
,
while obtaining a Master of Professional Studies (M.P.S.) in Interactive Telecommunications from
New York University
New York University (NYU) is a private research university in New York City. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded by a group of New Yorkers led by then-Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin.
In 1832, the ...
(NYU)
in 2007. It was here she curated a robotic performance art show called ''Robots on the March!'' in March 2005, and exhibited a piece called ''Lighter than Air: an experiment in constructing an autonomous flying robot''.
As a final project at NYU, Dewey-Hagborg explored the question "Can computers be creative?" in an exhibit she called ''Spurious Memories''. She developed an autonomous face categorizing and generating software program which recognized facial components, made comparisons and adjustments, and produced unique representations of the human face through mass exposure to facial images. Dewey-Hagborg continued her education at
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute () (RPI) is a private research university in Troy, New York, with an additional campus in Hartford, Connecticut. A third campus in Groton, Connecticut closed in 2018. RPI was established in 1824 by Stephen Van ...
and graduated with a PhD in electronic arts in 2016.
As an educator her areas of interest include art and technology, multimedia, digital photography, research-based art and programming, and computer science.
Dewey-Hagborg worked as a teaching assistant at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
an adjunct professor at NYU's Interactive Telecommunications Program, an adjunct professor at NYU's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, and taught art and technology studies at the
School of the Art Institute of Chicago
The School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC) is a private art school associated with the Art Institute of Chicago (AIC) in Chicago, Illinois. Tracing its history to an art students' cooperative founded in 1866, which grew into the museum and ...
.
As of August 2019, Dewey-Hagborg lives and works in Abu Dhabi, and is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Interactive Media at NYU Abu Dhabi. Her courses include Communication and Technology, and Understanding Interactive Media, and Bioart Practices.
Projects
Totem
![Heather Dewey-Hagborg Totem](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Heather_Dewey-Hagborg_Totem.jpg)
Dewey-Hagborg's ''Totem'' (2010) was a site-specific multimedia sculpture characterizing her earlier work. ''Totem'', an idol, was designed to explore the implications of language and artificial intelligence using
machine learning
Machine learning (ML) is a field of inquiry devoted to understanding and building methods that 'learn', that is, methods that leverage data to improve performance on some set of tasks. It is seen as a part of artificial intelligence.
Machine ...
technology. Exploiting audio surveillance techniques to eavesdrop on and record conversations at the installation site, Dewey-Hagborg wrote algorithms to then isolate word sequences and grammatical structures into commonly used units. Influenced by
Hebbian theory
Hebbian theory is a neuroscientific theory claiming that an increase in synaptic efficacy arises from a presynaptic cell's repeated and persistent stimulation of a postsynaptic cell. It is an attempt to explain synaptic plasticity, the adaptation ...
, she programmed the sculpture's computer to generate speech based on the most frequently occurring language structures in any given recording period. Over time, the least frequently elicited words or units would fade or be dropped from the sculpture's spoken vocabulary. The remaining units, stored in the sculpture's memory, were then spoken at random intervals.
Martha Schwendener, of ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'', wrote that ''Totem'' showed promise, but, because of audio difficulties and its fragmented, randomly generated speech, the piece "failed to connect human speech, meaning, and technology in a profound fashion."
''Stranger Visions''
![Stranger Visions-1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Stranger_Visions-1.jpg)
''Stranger Visions'' (2012–2013) is a science-based, artistic exploration using DNA as a starting point for lifelike, computer generated 3-D portraits.
She began this project questioning how much information could be understood about a person using genetic detritus left behind by strangers in
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
.
"I was really struck by this idea that the very things that make us human – hair, skin, saliva, and fingernails – become a real liability for us as we constantly shed them in public. Anyone could come along and mine them for information."
She hoped, by producing realistic sculptures of anonymous people using clues from their DNA, to spark a debate about the potential use or misuse of DNA profiling, privacy, and genetic surveillance.
![Stranger Visions-2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Stranger_Visions-2.jpg)
As part of her research for ''Stranger Visions'', she took a three-week crash-course
in biotechnology at the
Genspace
Genspace is a non-profit organization and a community biology laboratory located in Brooklyn, New York. Stemming from the hacking, biohacking, and DIYbio movements, Genspace has focused (since 2009) on supporting citizen science and public acc ...
laboratory in New York
where she learned about the significant amount of personal information that an amateur biologist could learn about someone through biotech processes.
She began the process of extracting DNA from the samples she collected. The extraction involves treating a hair sample, for example, with a gel that dissolves the hair, and a primer specifically developed to help locate characteristics like eye color or gender along the
genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding ge ...
.
She might repeat this process up to 40 times,
looking for genetic variants influencing traits like eye color, hair color, and racial ancestry, in order to complete a portrait.
Once the DNA strands are extracted from the samples, she then amplifies, or copies, specific regions of the genome, using a technique called
Polymerase Chain Reaction
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies (complete or partial) of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) t ...
, or PCR, a process advanced by
Kary Mullis
Kary Banks Mullis (December 28, 1944August 7, 2019) was an American biochemist. In recognition of his role in the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and wa ...
, a winner of the
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes ( ; sv, Nobelpriset ; no, Nobelprisen ) are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind." Alfr ...
in Chemistry (1993).
These amplified regions of the genome make it possible to identifying
single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs (pronounced "snips"),
[ which contain variables in the base pairs that give clues to a person's individual genetic make up (e.g., whether or not a person's eyes might be blue, brown or green). These results are then sent for analysis to a company for sequencing. She used ]23andMe
23andMe Holding Co. is a publicly held personal genomics and biotechnology company based in South San Francisco, California. It is best known for providing a direct-to-consumer genetic testing service in which customers provide a saliva sample t ...
, a DNA analysis service, for ''Stranger Visions''.
The genetic blueprint she receives in return is a text file full of coded information identifying the unique positioning of the 4 nucleobase
Nucleobases, also known as ''nitrogenous bases'' or often simply ''bases'', are nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides, which, in turn, are components of nucleotides, with all of these monomers constituting the basic b ...
s adenine
Adenine () ( symbol A or Ade) is a nucleobase (a purine derivative). It is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The three others are guanine, cytosine and thymine. Its derivati ...
, thymine
Thymine () ( symbol T or Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nu ...
, cytosine
Cytosine () ( symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleobases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an am ...
, and guanine
Guanine () ( symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. The guanine nucleoside is called ...
, or ATC and G, that make up the sections of the genome she is interested in. This data is then entered into a customized computer program she wrote. The program interprets the code and provides her with a list of traits, including propensity for obesity, eye color, hair color, hair curl, skin tone, freckles, and gender. She then takes these traits, as many as 50, and enters them into a face-generating program to configure the 3-D portraits. Her previous experience with facial recognition algorithms gave her the ability to repurpose an existing facial recognition program, from Basel
, french: link=no, Bâlois(e), it, Basilese
, neighboring_municipalities= Allschwil (BL), Hégenheim (FR-68), Binningen (BL), Birsfelden (BL), Bottmingen (BL), Huningue (FR-68), Münchenstein (BL), Muttenz (BL), Reinach (BL), Riehen (BS ...
, Switzerland. She reworked the program to generate faces instead of just recognizing facial features. The resulting model changes facial dimensions (e.g., width of the nose and mouth) and characteristics with the genetic information it receives. Before making the final 3-D print, She generates several different versions of the face, finally choosing the one she finds most aesthetically pleasing.
Critics of Dewey-Hagborg's ''Stranger Visions'' question whether or not the work crosses ethical and legal boundaries. They make a distinction between an artist's right to express societal concerns through artwork and the act of collecting personal, genetic information without informed consent. The fact that DNA samples are regularly "left behind" or abandoned does not mean those people have relinquished their right to decide how that information is used.[
Some laws, like that of the Human Tissue Act of 2004 in the United Kingdom, prohibit private individuals from collecting biological samples for DNA analysis.] What laws that exist to regulate the collection and use of DNA samples in the United States are not consistent among the states and rarely address the private sector. Only some states, like New York, outlaw most DNA testing without written consent. Others worry about the misuse of the information, fearing discrimination based on existing medical or mental health issues or a predisposition for disease-related illnesses or "unreasonable" searches of DNA evidence by law enforcement. One scientist and one gallery, according to Dewey-Hagborg, turned down her proposal fearing the project would "cause a fright" among people.
Other critics focus on the growing do-it-yourself or biohacking movement. Supporters like Genspace's Ellen Jorgensen claim projects like ''Stranger Visions'' engage the public and make the new technology more accessible. Detractors fear unintended or unexpected consequences from unregulated experiments conducted by D.I.Y. amateur biologists developed in non-traditional laboratory settings.
Still others, including Daniel MacArthur, an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School
Harvard Medical School (HMS) is the graduate medical school of Harvard University and is located in the Longwood Medical Area of Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1782, HMS is one of the oldest medical schools in the United States and is consi ...
, John D. Hawks
John Hawks is an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He also maintains a paleoanthropology blog. Contrary to the common view that cultural evolution has made human biological evolution insignificant, H ...
, an anthropologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison
A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, the ...
, Michelle N. Meyer, an academic fellow at the Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology & Bioethics at Harvard Medical School, and Arthur Caplan
Arthur L. Caplan (born 1950) is the Drs. William F. and Virginia Connolly Mitty Professor of Bioethics at New York University Grossman School of Medicine and the founding director of the Division of Medical Ethics.
Caplan has made many contribut ...
, PhD, Director of the Division of Medical Ethics, N.Y.U., report that the technological capability to construct an accurate likeness of a human face based on DNA evidence is not currently available.
Although it is possible to identify certain genetic markers linked to facial structures, scientists have yet to isolate all the genes and their variations needed to produce an accurate likeness with a computer simulation.[ Meyer, who analyzed the data from Dewey-Hagborg's website concludes:
]So far as I can tell, she's working with sex; ancestral groups that are usually very broad, and in any event only reflects half of the individual's DNA (from which she presumably guesses hair color and texture and bone structure); and a decent guess at eye color. There are hundreds of thousands (at least) of people who would fit these descriptions even if each of her phenotype predictions were accurate, and in many cases, one or more of the predictions are probably going to be wrong.
The environment, the probabilistic nature of interpreting the DNA data collected, and limitations of computer technology all influence the outcome. She likens her work to that of a sketch artist. At most, her portraits bear only a vague, family resemblance to the people whose genetic information was used as a foundation for the portraits.
''Stranger Visions'' was on view in the exhibition ''Mutations-Créations / Imprimer le Monde'' and is in the permanent collection of Centre Pompidou
The Centre Pompidou (), more fully the Centre national d'art et de culture Georges-Pompidou ( en, National Georges Pompidou Centre of Art and Culture), also known as the Pompidou Centre in English, is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of ...
in Paris, France. A public version of the genetic profiling code is available on github
GitHub, Inc. () is an Internet hosting service for software development and version control using Git. It provides the distributed version control of Git plus access control, bug tracking, software feature requests, task management, continuous ...
.
In 2013, Dewey-Hagborg was contacted by an assistant medical examiner in Delaware, as a result of her work with ''Stranger Visions''. The project involved developing a portrait of an unidentified woman whose case has remained unsolved for 20 years. She agreed to be an adviser to assist with the case. Though the resulting portrait based on the unidentified woman's DNA could only be as accurate as existing technology allowed, leaving room for speculation, Dewey-Hagborg viewed working on the case as the only potential use for this type of face-generating technology. "If you can add anything at all to her description, if you can increase the possibility her loved ones may find her even one little bit I think it's worth it." Critics of Dewey-Hagborg's involvement in the Delaware case express concern for what they call "D.I.Y. forensic science" and question the role of civilians in state investigations.
''Invisible''
Dewey-Hagborg's work with ''Stranger Visions'' and interest in issues surrounding genetic surveillance lead to the development of two products whose purpose is to eliminate DNA traces. The first, ''Erase'', is a bleaching spray that cleans surfaces (e.g., cups, silverware) of DNA evidence. The second, ''Replace'', is a spray consisting of a blend of genes designed to introduce foreign DNA evidence to the surface, therefore masking any of the original DNA remaining in that area. Dewey-Hagborg views these as a "citizens' defense against the looming DNA surveillance state."
Collaboration with Chelsea Manning
In the summer of 2017 Dewey-Hagborg's collaborative exhibition with transgender activist Chelsea E. Manning ''A Becoming Resemblance'' opened at Fridman Gallery in New York City, curated by Roddy Schrock. For the exhibition, Dewey-Hagborg created 3-D printed portraits of Manning, based on cheek swabs and hair clippings that Manning sent her while incarcerated for leaking classified information to WikiLeaks
WikiLeaks () is an international Nonprofit organization, non-profit organisation that published news leaks and classified media provided by anonymous Source (journalism), sources. Julian Assange, an Australian Internet activism, Internet acti ...
. Dewey-Hagborg created ''Probably Chelsea,'' 30 portraits based on Manning's maternal DNA, their variances in skin color and features presents the malleability of DNA data, and ''Radical Love'', two portraits out of many that Manning selected because they best conveyed her appearance at the time of her gender transition within maximum security prison, which did not allow photography. The installation demonstrated how much the human genome is up for interpretation once condensed and subjectively interpreted." ''Probably Chelsea'' has since traveled to numerous institutions for exhibition, including Transmediale 2018: ''Face Value'', January–April 2018 in Berlin, MU Art Space, ''Genomic Intimacy'', May–July 2018 in Eindhoven, Netherlands and Perth Institute of Contemporary Art, ''Hyperprometheus'', October–December, 2018.
''Probably Chelsea'' is in the permanent museum collection of the Exploratorium in San Francisco, California. ''Radical Love'' is on view in the permanent collections of the New York Historical Society and the Victoria and Albert Museum
The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of applied arts, decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 2.27 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and nam ...
in London.
Additional exhibitions and events
Dewey-Hagborg's work has been exhibited at The Monitor Digital Festival in Guadalajara
Guadalajara ( , ) is a metropolis in western Mexico and the capital of the list of states of Mexico, state of Jalisco. According to the 2020 census, the city has a population of 1,385,629 people, making it the 7th largest city by population in Me ...
, Mexico, PS1 MoMA, Long Island City, New York, the New York Public Library
The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items and 92 locations, the New York Public Library is the second largest public library in the United States (behind the Library of Congress ...
in New York City, the Science Gallery
Science Gallery is an international group of public science centres, developed from a concept by a group connected to Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. The first Science Gallery was opened in 2008 and housed in the Naughton Institute at Trinity Co ...
at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, the UTS Gallery in Sydney, Australia
Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the States and territories of Australia, state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and List of cities in Oceania by population, Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metro ...
, the Jaaga Art and Technology Center in Bangalore, India
Bangalore (), officially Bengaluru (), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than and a metropolitan population of around , making it the third most populous city and fifth most ...
, the Museum Boijmans in Rotterdam, Netherlands
Rotterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Rotte'') is the second largest city and municipality in the Netherlands. It is in the province of South Holland, part of the North Sea mouth of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, via the ''"Ne ...
, and the Ars Electronica Center
Ars Electronica Linz GmbH is an Austrian cultural, educational and scientific institute active in the field of new media art, founded in Linz in 1979. It is based at the Ars Electronica Center (AEC), which houses the Museum of the Future, in the ...
in Linz, Austria
Linz ( , ; cs, Linec) is the capital of Upper Austria and third-largest city in Austria. In the north of the country, it is on the Danube south of the Czech border. In 2018, the population was 204,846.
In 2009, it was a European Capital of ...
.
Dewey-Hagborg has also produced the following selected works:
*''Trace Recordings: Surveillance and Identity in the 21st Century'' at the UTS Gallery, Ultimo NSW, Australia
*''Cyber In Securities'', Pepco Edison Place Gallery, Washington, D.C.
*''Plugged In: Interactive Art in Electronic Media'', Grounds for Sculpture
Grounds For Sculpture (GFS) is a sculpture park and museum located in Hamilton, New Jersey. It is located on the former site of Trenton Speedway. Founded in 1992 by John Seward Johnson II, the venue is dedicated to promoting an understanding of ...
, Domestic Arts Building, Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey
Hamilton Township is a township in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is the largest suburb of Trenton, the state's capital, which is located to the township's west. The township is within the New York metropolitan area as defined ...
.
*''DNA and Dust'' (with Paul Hazelton), QF Gallery, East Hampton, New York
The Town of East Hampton is located in southeastern Suffolk County, New York, at the eastern end of the South Shore of Long Island. It is the easternmost town in the state of New York. At the time of the 2020 United States census, it had a tot ...
.
*''Unlanguage'' (with Adriana Varella), computer interactive installation, the Poland Mediations Bienniale, Zamek Castle, Poland.
*''Open Circuit'', PS1 MoMA, Long Island City, New York.
*''Jaaga Dhvani'', sound art, Bangalore, India
Selected grants and awards
*2008 Artist's Residency and Grant, Sculpture Space, Utica, New York
Utica () is a Administrative divisions of New York, city in the Mohawk Valley and the county seat of Oneida County, New York, United States. The List of cities in New York, tenth-most-populous city in New York State, its population was 65,283 ...
.
*2012 Residency at Eyebeam
*2012 Artist's Residency and Jerome Foundation Grant, Clocktower Gallery, Manhattan, N.Y.
*2013 VIDA 15.0 Art and Artificial Life International Awards, special mention
*2016 Creative Capital
Creative Capital is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization based in New York City that supports artists across the United States through funding, counsel, gatherings, and career development services. Since its founding in 1999, Creative Capital has commi ...
Award
*2019 New Technology Art Award, "Probably Chelsea", Zebrastraat Ghent, Belgium.
Gallery
File:Invisible-4.jpg, ''Invisible'' (2014)
File:Invisible-2.jpg, ''Invisible'' (2014)
File:DNA Spoofing - 1.jpg, ''DNA Spoofing'' with Aurelia Moser (2013)
File:DNA Spoofing - 3.jpg, ''DNA Spoofing'' (2013)
File:DNA Spoofing - 4.tif, ''DNA Spoofing'' (2013)
File:Heather Dewey-Hagborg, July 6, 2012.jpg, ''Stranger Visions'' (2012)
File:Who Owns You.jpg, ''Who Owns You'' (2011)
File:Hydrophony.jpg, ''Hydrophony'' (2011)
File:Listening Post-3.JPG, ''Listening Post'' (2009)
File:Listening Post-2.jpg, ''Listening Post'' (2009)
File:Listening Post-1.JPG, ''Listening Post'' (2009)
File:Netlingua-2.jpg, ''Netlingua'' (2008)
File:Netlingua-1.jpg, ''Netlingua'' (2008)
See also
*Parabon NanoLabs
Parabon NanoLabs, Inc. is a company based in Reston, Virginia, that develops nanopharmaceuticals and provides DNA phenotyping services for law enforcement organizations.
History
Parabon NanoLabs, a subsidiary of Parabon Computation, a computin ...
, which utilizes a similar technique of forensic artwork
References
External links
''Stranger Visions''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dewey-Hagborg, Heather
1982 births
Living people
American portrait artists
New York University alumni
Bennington College alumni
Artists from Chicago
Artists from Philadelphia
Genome projects
American digital artists
Women digital artists
BioArt
Facial recognition software
Interactive art
Forensic artists
21st-century American women artists