Health Action International (HAI) is a non-profit organization based in
The Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
. Established in 1981, HAI works to expand access to essential medicines through research, policy analysis and intervention projects. The organization focuses on
snakebite envenoming, access to
insulin
Insulin (, from Latin ''insula'', 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the ''INS'' gene. It is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism o ...
and developing European policies on medicines. HAI is listed by the
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of h ...
(WHO) as an official non-state actor.
History
HAI was founded in
Geneva
Geneva ( ; french: Genève ) frp, Genèva ; german: link=no, Genf ; it, Ginevra ; rm, Genevra is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaki ...
in early 1981
following an
International Baby Food Action Network
The International Baby Food Action Network, IBFAN, consists of public interest groups working around the world to reduce infant and young child morbidity and mortality. IBFAN aims to improve the health and well-being of babies and young children, t ...
(IFBAN) conference and before a global conference on International Women and Health meeting to be held in Geneva.
After
limiting marketing of infant formulas to the third world, three groups came together to co-sponsor this meeting, the
International Organization of Consumers Unions (IOCU),
the
BUKO Pharma-Kampagne, an organization that watches over the marketing practices of German pharmaceutical companies and the
United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service
The United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service (UN-NGLS or NGLS) is a programme of the United Nations mandated to promote and develop constructive relations between the United Nations and civil society organizations. UN-NGLS operates autonomo ...
(NGLS),
and brought together 50 anthropologists, physicians, pharmacists and organizers
from 27 countries to form an "international antibody"
against pharmaceutical marketing practices and used "innovative techniques to get their message to the delegates". It was similar to IFBAN but was organized to replace branded drugs with generics.
The
US Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Association said "we take this as a serious potential problem, both from a marketing threat here and now and for a WHO resolution in the future."
HAI was immediately criticized by the pharmaceutical industry who implied a connection with Moscow
The
German Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Association (BPI) published an article on the formation of HAI and connected it to a conference in November 1981 in Moscow of the
World Federation of Trade Unions
The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) is an international federation of trade unions established in 1945. Founded in the immediate aftermath of World War Two, the organization built on the pre-war legacy of the International Federation of ...
. Claus Roepnack, then CEO of a German pharmaceutical company,
Hoechst AG
Hoechst AG () was a German chemicals then life-sciences company that became Aventis Deutschland after its merger with France's Rhône-Poulenc S.A. in 1999. With the new company's 2004 merger with Sanofi-Synthélabo, it became a subsidiary of the ...
, asked whether the activists of HAI meant to overthrow "existing social and economic systems in favor of authoritarian regimes".
In 1987, the Thai newspaper
The Nation
''The Nation'' is an American liberal biweekly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis. It was founded on July 6, 1865, as a successor to William Lloyd Garrison's '' The Liberator'', an abolitionist newspaper tha ...
made similar allegations.
In 1982, HAI proposed a draft for “an international code on pharmaceuticals”
at the 35th
World Health Assembly
The World Health Assembly (WHA) is the forum through which the World Health Organization (WHO) is governed by its 194 member states. It is the world's highest health policy setting body and is composed of health ministers from member states.
T ...
(WHA) meeting in an attempt to regulate the conduct of multinational drug companies, especially in developing countries.
The attempt was unsuccessful,
and the WHA declined to discuss the proposal.
In 1984, HAI produced a video, ''Hard to Swallow'', in collaboration with
Oxfam
Oxfam is a British-founded confederation of 21 independent charitable organizations focusing on the alleviation of global poverty, founded in 1942 and led by Oxfam International.
History
Founded at 17 Broad Street, Oxford, as the Oxford Co ...
about the experiences of
Dianna Melrose
Dianna Melrose (born 24 June 1952 in Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)) is a British diplomat who has served as the British High Commissioner to Tanzania and as the British Ambassador to Cuba.
Career
Dianna Patricia Melrose was ed ...
of pharmaceutical sales rep practices in Peru. That same year, HAI lobbied the WHA delegates and published a number of publications to incorporate responsible drug use into the WHO's ''Essential Drugs Monitor''. Not all of HAI's initiatives against the pharmaceutical industry were appreciated by the WHO.
At one point, Asian operations were housed in
Penang, Malaysia
Penang ( ms, Pulau Pinang, is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, by the Malacca Strait. It has two parts: Penang Island, where the capital city, George Town, is located, and Seberang Perai on the Malay P ...
and a European operation was located in
The Hague
The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital of ...
in the 90's but moved its headquarters to Amsterdam.
A two-year project started in 1986 helped to reduce the use of
Neomycin
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that displays bactericidal activity against gram-negative aerobic bacilli and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance has not yet arisen. It is generally not effective against gram-positive bacilli and an ...
in
antidiarrhetic products globally from 12% down to 7%.
At the 41st World Health Assembly in 1987, HAI organised a large lobby of delegates to advocate for stronger controls on advertising by the pharmaceutical industry.
[ It advocated for an independent drug code similar to the ]US FDA
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food s ...
but under the WHO which would replace the drug marketing code.Bamako Initiative
The Bamako Initiative was a formal statement adopted by African health ministers in 1987 in Bamako, Mali, to implement strategies designed to increase the availability of essential drugs and other healthcare services for Sub-Saharan Africans.
The ...
. This initiative was a plan for UNICEF
UNICEF (), originally called the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund in full, now officially United Nations Children's Fund, is an agency of the United Nations responsible for providing Humanitarianism, humanitarian and Devel ...
and other donors to supply drugs to Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. These include West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa. Geopolitically, in addition to the List of sov ...
n countries which would be sold a little above cost. The profits from these sales would be used to buy more drugs in a self-sustaining way. This work modified HAI's purpose to move towards health policy rather than just responsible medicine use.
In 1989, the organization testified in front of the FDA arguing against the approval of Norplant
Levonorgestrel-releasing implant, sold under the brand name Jadelle among others, are devices that release levonorgestrel for birth control. It is one of the most effective forms of birth control with a one-year failure rate around 0.05%. The de ...
, a hormone capsule implant developed by Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories
Wyeth, LLC was an American pharmaceutical company. The company was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1860 as ''John Wyeth and Brother''. It was later known, in the early 1930s, as American Home Products, before being renamed to Wyeth in ...
and designed as a long-acting contraceptive. It was approved and used by about a million women. HAI claimed that the implant had not been rigorously scientifically tested and warned of serious problems, among them its removal, infection at the implant site, and unknown long-term side effects.[
In response to 2001 WHA resolution, HAI together with the WHO a established a survey methodology to assess global drug prices and accessibility.]
Purpose
HAI works to increase access to essential medicines
Essential medicines, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), are the medicines that "satisfy the priority health care needs of the population". These are the medications to which people should have access at all times in sufficient a ...
and encourage responsible medicine use.neglected tropical diseases
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of tropical disease, tropical infections that are common in low-income populations in Developing country, developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. They are caused by a variety ...
, access to insulin
Insulin (, from Latin ''insula'', 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the ''INS'' gene. It is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism o ...
, sexual and reproductive health
Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a field of research, healthcare, and social activism that explores the health of an individual's reproductive system and sexual wellbeing during all stages of their life.
The term can also be further de ...
commodities, controlled medicines and transparency of medicine prices. According to Silverman et al. (1992), HAI and IOCU are the two organizations that have had the greatest impact on drug company activities in the third world.
Snakebites
HAI works in Kenya
)
, national_anthem = "Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"()
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Nairobi
, coordinates =
, largest_city = Nairobi
, ...
, Uganda
}), is a landlocked country in East Africa
East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territor ...
, Zambia
Zambia (), officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central Africa, Central, Southern Africa, Southern and East Africa, although it is typically referred to as being in Southern Africa at its most cent ...
and at the global level with WHO to gather snakebite
A snakebite is an injury caused by the bite of a snake, especially a venomous snake. A common sign of a bite from a venomous snake is the presence of two puncture wounds from the animal's fangs. Sometimes venom injection from the bite may occu ...
incidence and treatments, including research and community education on first-aid and prevention.Neglected Tropical Disease
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of tropical disease, tropical infections that are common in low-income populations in Developing country, developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. They are caused by a variety ...
(NTD) status for snakebites in 2018.
Access to insulin
HAI produced a study of the global insulin market in 2018.type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, ...
.The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust is a foundation established in 1999 and administered by four trustees selected by Leona Helmsley. The Trust supports a wide range of organizations, with a major focus on health and medical resea ...
in 2018 to study insulin access in low and middle income countries.
European policy
HAI works to expand access to affordable medicines, promote medicine safety and enhance therapeutic value. HAI uses the TRIPS Agreement
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international legal agreement between all the member nations of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It establishes minimum standards for the regulation by nat ...
,health technology assessment
Health technology assessment (HTA) is a multidisciplinary process that uses systematic and explicit methods to evaluate the properties and effects of a health technology. Health technology is conceived as any intervention (test, device, medici ...
(HTA) and raising awareness on the impact of pharmaceutical marketing on prescribing behaviours.
References
{{reflist, refs=
[{{cite book , last1=Chetley , first1=Andrew , title= A Healthy Business?: World Health and the Pharmaceutical Industry, date=1990 , isbn=978-0862327354 , pages=71–73 , edition=1st ]
[{{cite web , title=Encyclopaedia Britannica Entry on Consumers International , url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Consumers-International , website=Encyclopaedia Britannica , access-date=17 May 2019]
[{{cite journal , last1=Greene , first1=Jeremy , title=Making medicines essential: The emergent centrality of pharmaceuticals in global health , journal=BioSocieties , date=2011 , volume=6 , issue=1 , pages=10–33 , doi=10.1057/biosoc.2010.39, s2cid=144971333 ]
[{{cite book , last1=Walt , first1=Gil , title=Health Policy: An Introduction to Process and Power , date=1996 , isbn=978-1856492645 , page=139]
[{{cite journal , last1=Reich , first1=Michael R. , title=Essential drugs: economics and politics in international health , journal=Health Policy , date=1987 , volume=8 , issue=1 , pages=39–57 , doi=10.1016/0168-8510(87)90129-1]
[{{cite journal, author=Walt G, title=WHO under stress: implications for health policy. , journal=Health Policy , year= 1993 , volume= 24 , issue= 2 , pages= 125–44 , pmid=10126754 , doi= 10.1016/0168-8510(93)90030-S, url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10126754 ]
[{{cite journal, author=Laing R, Waning B, Gray A, Ford N, 't Hoen E, title=25 years of the WHO essential medicines lists: progress and challenges. , journal=Lancet , year= 2003 , volume= 361 , issue= 9370 , pages= 1723–9 , pmid=12767751 , doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13375-2 , hdl=10144/28005 , s2cid=12172286 , url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12767751 , hdl-access=free ]
[{{cite journal , title=Pharma Brief , url=https://www.bukopharma.de/images/pharmabrief/Pharma-Brief_Archiv/1988-1981/Phbf_1986_04.pdf , website=Bukopharma.de, date=1986, issue=4 , access-date=15 May 2019, language=de]
[{{cite web, url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s21109en/s21109en.pdf , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725203531/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s21109en/s21109en.pdf , url-status=dead , archive-date=25 July 2017 , title=World Health Organization Essential Drugs Monitor , website=apps.who.int , date= 1988, issue=7]
[{{cite book , last1=Silverman , first1=Milton , last2=Lydecker , first2=Mia , last3=Lee , first3=Philip , title=Bad Medicine: The Prescription Drug Industry in the Third World , date=1992 , publisher=Stanford University Press , isbn=978-0804716697 , page]
185–188
, edition=1st , url-access=registration , url=https://archive.org/details/badmedicinepresc0000silv/page/185
[{{cite journal, last1=Fazal, first1=Anwar, title=The right pharmaceuticals at the right prices: Consumer perspectives, journal=World Development, volume=11, issue=3, year=1983, pages=265–269, issn=0305-750X, doi=10.1016/0305-750X(83)90035-9]
[{{cite journal, last1=Duncan, first1=Laura, title=Norplant: The Next Mass Tort, journal=ABA Journal, date=Nov 1995, volume= 81]
[{{cite web , title=Listing of HAI by the WHO as an official actor , url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/fensa/non-state-actors-list.pdf?sfvrsn=d970bb57_2, access-date=14 May 2019 ]
[{{cite journal, author=Fang Y, Wagner AK, Yang S, Jiang M, Zhang F, Ross-Degnan D, title=Access to affordable medicines after health reform: evidence from two cross-sectional surveys in Shaanxi Province, western China. , journal=Lancet Glob Health , year= 2013 , volume= 1 , issue= 4 , pages= e227-37 , pmid=25104348 , doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70072-X , doi-access=free ]
[{{cite journal, author=Anson A, Ramay B, de Esparza AR, Bero L, title=Availability, prices and affordability of the World Health Organization's essential medicines for children in Guatemala. , journal=Globalization and Health , year= 2012 , volume= 8 , pages= 22 , pmid=22747646 , doi=10.1186/1744-8603-8-22 , pmc=3503802 ]
[{{cite journal, author=Cameron A, Ewen M, Ross-Degnan D, Ball D, Laing R, title=Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. , journal=Lancet , year= 2009 , volume= 373 , issue= 9659 , pages= 240–9 , pmid=19042012 , doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61762-6 , s2cid=916706 , url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19042012]
[{{cite journal, author=Van Puymbroeck RV, title=Basic survival needs and access to medicines--coming to grips with TRIPS: conversion + calculation. , journal=J Law Med Ethics , year= 2010 , volume= 38 , issue= 3 , pages= 520–49 , pmid=20880239 , doi=10.1111/j.1748-720X.2010.00510.x , s2cid=30614257 , url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20880239 ]
[{{cite journal, author=Sharma A, Bhandari PM, Neupane D, Kaplan WA, Mishra SR, title=Challenges constraining insulin access in Nepal-a country with no local insulin production. , journal=Int Health , year= 2018 , volume= 10 , issue= 3 , pages= 182–190 , pmid=29617832 , doi=10.1093/inthealth/ihy012 , url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29617832]
[{{cite journal, author=Harrison RA, Casewell NR, Ainsworth SA, Lalloo DG, title=The time is now: a call for action to translate recent momentum on tackling tropical snakebite into sustained benefit for victims. , journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg , year= 2019 , volume= 113, issue= 12, pages= 835–838, pmid=30668842 , doi=10.1093/trstmh/try134 , pmc= 6903789, doi-access=free]
[{{cite news , last1=Ratcliffe , first1=Rebecca , title=Mambas, medicine and one girl's race to survive Kenya's biting problem , url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/may/24/mambas-medicine-one-girls-race-to-survive-snake-bite-kenya , access-date=14 May 2019 , agency=The Guardian , work=The Guardian , date=24 May 2018]
[{{cite journal, author=Lee PR, Lurie P, Silverman MM, Lydecker M, title=Drug promotion and labeling in developing countries: an update. , journal=J Clin Epidemiol , year= 1991 , volume= 44 Suppl 2 , pages= 49S–55S , pmid=2045842 , doi= 10.1016/0895-4356(91)90113-n, url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2045842 ]
[{{cite news , last1=Eveleens , first1=Ilona , title=Slangenbeten zijn een vergeten ziekte ten zuiden van de Sahara , url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/slangenbeten-zijn-een-vergeten-ziekte-ten-zuiden-van-de-sahara~aa9ae58e/ , access-date=14 May 2019 , agency=de Verdieping Trouw , publisher=de Verdieping Trouw, language =nl , date=21 August 2018]
[{{cite news , title=La morsure de serpent, un fléau oublié qui empoisonne toujours l'Afrique, url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/19/la-morsure-de-serpent-un-fleau-oublie-qui-empoisonne-toujours-l-afrique_5438378_3212.html , access-date=14 May 2019 , agency=Le Monde , publisher=Le Monde , language =fr, date=19 March 2019]
[{{cite news , last1=Chakraborty , first1=Ajanta , title=New WHO strategy aims to halve the global impact of snakebite , url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68128472.cms , access-date=14 May 2019 , agency=The Times of India , work=The Times of India , date=23 February 2019]
[{{cite web , first1=USHA LEE , last1=MCFARLING , title=Snakebite finally makes a WHO list of top global health priorities , url=https://www.statnews.com/2017/06/12/snakebite-who-priority/, date=12 June 2017, access-date=14 May 2019, agency=STAT]
[{{cite web , title=Striking Back: Snakebites Gain Global Attention , url=https://blogs.plos.org/blog/2018/05/08/striking-back-snakebites-gain-global-attention/, date=8 May 2018, agency=plos.org, access-date=14 May 2019]
[{{cite journal, last1=Andia, first1=Tatiana, last2=Chorev, first2=Nitsan, title=Making knowledge legitimate: transnational advocacy networks' campaigns against tobacco, infant formula and pharmaceuticals, journal=Global Networks, volume=17, issue=2, year=2017, pages=255–280, issn=1470-2266, doi=10.1111/glob.12156]
[{{cite journal, last1=Patel, first1=Surendra J., title=Editor's introduction, journal=World Development, volume=11, issue=3, year=1983, pages=165–167, issn=0305-750X, doi=10.1016/0305-750X(83)90021-9]
[{{cite news , last1= Boseley, first1=Sarah, title=Insulin shortage could affect 40 million people with type 2 diabetes, url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/nov/20/insulin-shortage-could-affect-40-million-people-with-type-2-diabetes, date =20 November 2018, agency=The Guardian, work=The Guardian, access-date=14 May 2019]
[{{cite news , title=NHS paying too much for insulin, last1=Lay, first1=Kat, work=The Times, date=25 September 2018, url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/insulin-costs-nhs-five-times-more-than-it-should-swr32q09q, access-date=14 May 2019]
[{{cite web , title=$3.5 million grant from The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust , url=https://helmsleytrust.org/grant/stichting-health-action-international , website=The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust , access-date=17 May 2019]
[{{cite book , last1=Lee , first1=Kelley , last2=Buse , first2=Kent , last3=Fustukian , first3=Suzanne , title=Health Policy in a Globalising World , date=2002 , publisher=Cambridge University Press , location=Cambridge , isbn=978-0521009430 , page=91 , edition=1st , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2V3omKXhe8IC&q=Gill+Walt+London+School++advocacy+can+shape+health+policy. , access-date=15 May 2019]
[{{cite journal, author=Lofgren H, title=Pharmaceuticals and the consumer movement: the ambivalences of 'patient power'. , journal=Aust Health Rev , year= 2004 , volume= 28 , issue= 2 , pages= 228–37 , pmid=15527403 , doi= 10.1071/AH040228, doi-access= free ]
[{{cite journal, journal=The Lancet, volume=322, issue=8364, year=1983, pages=1435–1436, issn=0140-6736, doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90975-3, title=Campaigning for Stronger Drug Policies, s2cid=54255965]
[{{cite web , url=https://www.ip-watch.org/2018/05/16/trips-flexibilities-high-demand/, publisher=Health Policy Watch, last1=Fletcher, first1=Elaine, title=TRIPS Flexibilities in High Demand, date=16 May 2018, access-date=14 May 2019]
[{{cite journal, last1=Halperin, first1=Jerome A., title=Multinational and International Regulation of Pharmaceuticals and US Policy, journal=Drug Information Journal, volume=17, issue=3, year=2016, pages=153–161, issn=0092-8615, doi=10.1177/009286158301700304, s2cid=154403294]
[{{cite web , title=Mandatory Joint Clinical Assessments For EU HTAs May Be 'Counterproductive' , last1=Francesca Bruce, first1=Francesca, publisher=Pink Sheet Pharma Intelligence, url=https://pink.pharmaintelligence.informa.com/PS122434/Mandatory-Joint-Clinical-Assessments-For-EU-HTAs-May-Be-Counterproductive, date= 1 February 2018, access-date=14 May 2019]
[{{cite web , url=https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2018/03/20/pharma-payments-europe-sunshine/, last1=Ed Silverman, first1=Ed, publisher=STAT, title=Pharma payments to docs in Europe are often inadequately reported or hard to find, date=20 March 2018, access-date=14 May 2019]
[{{cite web , title=EU Health Programme: 2011 Call for Proposals, Abstracts of Actions selected for funding , url=https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/programme/docs/progr_call_2011_abstracts.pdf , website=European Commission , access-date=17 May 2019]
Organizations established in the 20th century
Organisations based in the Netherlands
Health policy
International medical and health organizations