The was a Japanese

samurai were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of History of Japan#Medieval Japan (1185–1573/1600), medieval and Edo period, early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retai ...

clan which served as important advisors to the

Tokugawa shōguns Tokugawa may refer to: *Tokugawa era, an alternative term for the Edo period, 1603 to 1868 *Tokugawa shogunate, a feudal regime of Japan during the Edo period **Tokugawa clan, a powerful family of Japan ***Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616), most nota ...

. Among members of the clan in powerful positions in the shogunate was its founder

Hayashi Razan , also known as Hayashi Dōshun, was a Japanese Neo-Confucian philosopher and writer, serving as a tutor and an advisor to the first four ''shōguns'' of the Tokugawa ''bakufu''. He is also attributed with first listing the Three Views of Japa ...

, who passed on his post as hereditary

rector Rector (Latin for the member of a vessel's crew who steers) may refer to: Style or title *Rector (ecclesiastical), a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations *Rector (academia), a senior official in an edu ...

of the neo-Confucianist Shōhei-kō school to his son,

Hayashi Gahō , also known as Hayashi Shunsai, 林春斎, , was a Japanese Neo-Confucian philosopher and writer in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa ''bakufu'' during the Edo period. He was a member of the Hayashi clan of Confucian ...

, who also passed it on to his son, Hayashi Hōkō; this line of descent continued until the end of Hayashi Gakusai's tenure in 1867. However, elements of the school carried on until 1888, when it was folded into the newly organized

Tokyo University , abbreviated as or UTokyo, is a public research university located in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. Established in 1877, the university was the first Imperial University and is currently a Top Type university of the Top Global University Project by ...

Hayashi clan position

The Hayashi family's special position as personal advisors to the shōgun gave their school an imprimatur of legitimacy that no other contemporary Confucian academy possessed.Yamshita, Samuel Hideo. "Yamasaki Ansai and Confucian School Relations, 1650–1675," ''Early Modern Japan.'' 9:2, 3–18 (Fall 2001). This meant that Hayashi views or interpretation were construed as dogma. Anyone challenging the Hayashi ''status quo'' was perceived as trying to challenge Tokugawa hegemony; and any disagreements with the Hayashi were construed as threatening the larger structure of complex power relations within which the Confucian field was embedded. Any disputes in the Confucian field in the 1650s and 1660s may have originated in personal rivalries or authentic philosophical disagreements, but any issues became inextricably intertwined with the dominating political presence of the shōgun and those who ruled in his name. In this period, the Tokugawa and the '' fudai'' ''

daimyō were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominall ...

'' were only the most powerful of the nearly 250 domain-holding lords in the country. By filling the high offices of the shogunate with his trusted, loyal ''daimyō'', the shōgun paradoxically increased the power of these office holders and diminished the powers which were once held by Ieyasu alone, which caused each to more zealously guard against anything which might be seen to minimize intertwined power and prestige; and the varying characters of the shōgun further exacerbated this development. The

Edo period The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional ''daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was character ...

power structure itself discouraged of dissent from what became the accepted Hayashi orthodoxy. In the spectrum of the Tokugawa retainer band, the Hayashi family head himself was a high-ranking ''

hatamoto A was a high ranking samurai in the direct service of the Tokugawa shogunate of feudal Japan. While all three of the shogunates in Japanese history had official retainers, in the two preceding ones, they were referred to as ''gokenin.'' Howev ...

'' (thus coming under the jurisdiction of the '' wakadoshiyori''), and possessed an income of 3,500 '' koku''.

Notable clan members

Heads of clan

* Founder:

(1583–1657), formerly Hayashi Nobukatsu, also known as Dōshun (1st son of Nobutoki). * Son of founder:

(1618–1688), formerly Hayashi Harukatsu (3rd son of Razan). The

courtesy title A courtesy title is a title that does not have legal significance but rather is used through custom or courtesy, particularly, in the context of nobility, the titles used by children of members of the nobility (cf. substantive title). In some c ...

of identified the head of the chief educational institution of the state. It was conferred by the shogun in 1691 to Hayashi Hōkō when the Neo-Confucian academy moved to land provided by the shogunate at Yushima. This academic title became hereditary for the ten descendants who followed in succession. * 1st Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Hōkō (1644–1732), formerly Hayashi Nobuhatsu (son of Gahō).De Bary, William ''et al.'' (2005)
''Sources of Japanese Tradition,'' Vol. 2, p. 443.
/ref> * 2nd Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Ryūkō (1681–1758). * 3rd Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Hōkoku (1721–1773). * 4th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Hōtan (1761–1787). * 5th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Kimpō (1767–1793), also known as Hayashi Kanjun or Hayashi NobutakaNussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 300.] * 6th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Jussai (1768–1841), formerly Matsudaira Norihira, 3rd son of Iwamura daimyo Matsudaira Norimori—Norihira was adopted into Hayashi family when Kimpō/Kanjun died childless; explained shogunate foreign policy to

Emperor Kōkaku was the 119th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'')光格天皇 (119)/ref> Kōkaku reigned from 16 December 1780 until his abdication on 7 May 1817 in favor of his son, Emper ...

in 1804., also known as Hayashi JitsusaiAsiatic Society of Japan. (1908). ''Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan,'' v36:1(1908), p. 151. and Hayashi Kō. * 7th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Teiu (1791–1844). * 8th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Sōkan (1828–1853). * 9th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Fukusai (1800–1859), also known as Hayashi Akira, chief Japanese negotiator for the

Treaty of Kanagawa The Convention of Kanagawa, also known as the Kanagawa Treaty (, ''Kanagawa Jōyaku'') or the Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity (, ''Nichibei Washin Jōyaku''), was a treaty signed between the United States and the Tokugawa Shogunate on March ...

* 10th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Gakusai (1833–1906), formerly Hayashi Noboru, head of

Yushima Seidō , is a Confucian temple () in Yushima, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. It was established in end of the 17th century during the Genroku era of the Edo period. Towards the late Edo period, one of the most important educational institutions of the sh ...

in 1867.

Other notable clan members

Hayashi Nobutoki Hayashi (林, literally " woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese s ...

(1583–1657), father of Hayashi Razan. * Hayashi Nobozumi (1585–1683), brother of Hayashi Razan.Nussbaum, p. 301. *

Hayashi Yoshikatsu Hayashi (林, literally "woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese sc ...

, brother of Hayashi Nobutoki and adoptive father of Hayashi Razan. * Hayashi Dokkōsai, formerly Hayashi Morikatsu (born 1624), 4th son of Hayashi Razan *

Hayashi Shunzai Hayashi (林, literally "woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese sc ...

Hayashi Shunsai Hayashi ( 林, literally " woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese s ...

(1618–1680), alternate spellings for early name of Hayashi Gahō. *

Hayashi Jo Hayashi (林, literally " woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese s ...

, son of Hayashi Razan, brother of Gahō and Morikatsu. *

Hayashi Shuntoku Hayashi (林, literally "woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese sc ...

(1624–1661). *

Hayashi Baisai Hayashi (林, literally "woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese sc ...

. *

Hayashi Kansai Hayashi ( 林, literally " woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese s ...

. * Torii Yōzō, 2nd son of Jussai—adopted into Torii family * Satō Issai (1772–1859), adopted into Hayashi family from Iwamura, becomes professorial head of academy in 1805. *

Hayashi Kakuryō Hayashi ( 林, literally " woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese s ...

(1806–1878), Confucian scholar who never gave up his top-knot. * Hayashi Ryōsai (1807–1849).

Hayashi clan cemetery

The Hayashi clan cemetery is located in Ichigayayamabushi-cho,

Shinjuku is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. It is a major commercial and administrative centre, housing the northern half of the busiest railway station in the world ( Shinjuku Station) and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, the administrati ...

Tokyo Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and List of cities in Japan, largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, ...

. The cemetery was originally located in Shinobu-ga-oka in

Ueno is a district in Tokyo's Taitō Ward, best known as the home of Ueno Park. Ueno is also home to some of Tokyo's finest cultural sites, including the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, and the National Museum of N ...

, but in 1698 the Shogunate granted the clan an estate in Ushigome and the cemetery was relocated at that time. It houses the graves of the first 12 generations of the main lineage of the clan, starting with Hayashi Razan and including the tomb of Hayashi Akira, as well as the tombs of eight generations of a cadet lineage started by Hayashi Harutoku. The cemetery was designated a National Historic Site in 1926. It remained in the hands of the Hayashi clan until it was purchased by Shinjuku Ward in 1975. A total of 81 tombstones stand in the small site of about 360 square meters. It is open to the public every year in early November. The Hayashi clan cemetery is about a 5-minute walk from Ushigome-yanagichō Station on the

Toei Metro The , also known as , is a bureau of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government which operates public transport services in Tokyo. Among its services, the Toei Subway is one of two rapid transit systems which make up the Tokyo subway system, the other b ...

Ōedo Line.

Notes

References

* Bourdieu, Pierre and Lòeic J. D. Wacquant. (1992)
''An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology.''
Chicago:

University of Chicago Press The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States. It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles, including '' The Chicago Manual of Style'' ...

. * Cullen, Louis .M. (2003)
''A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds.''
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Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII of England, King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press in the world. It is also the King's Printer. Cambr ...

. (cloth). (paper) * De Bary, William Theodore,

Carol Gluck Carol Gluck (born November 12, 1941) is an American academic and Japanologist. She is the George Sansom Professor Emerita of History at Columbia University and served as the president of the Association for Asian Studies in 1996. Career Gluck wa ...

, Arthur E. Tiedemann. (2005). ''Sources of Japanese Tradition,'' Vol. 2. New York:

Columbia University Press Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. It is currently directed by Jennifer Crewe (2014–present) and publishes titles in the humanities and sciences, including the fi ...

. ; ;
Online Encyclopedia of Shinto
(19 Sept. 2007) * Mehl, Margaret. (2003)
''Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline and Transformation of the "Kangaku juku"''.
Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS). * Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia.'' Cambridge:

Harvard University Press Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses. After the reti ...

. ; ; * Ogawa, Kyōichi (2003). ''Edo no hatamoto jiten.'' Tokyo: Kōdansha. * Ooms, Herman (1975).
Charismatic Bureaucrat: a political biography of

Matsudaira Sadanobu was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the mid-Edo period, famous for his financial reforms which saved the Shirakawa Domain, and the similar reforms he undertook during his tenure as chief of the Tokugawa shogunate, from 1787 to 1793. Early life Mats ...

, 1758–1829.'' Chicago:

. * __________. (1998)
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University of Michigan Press The University of Michigan Press is part of Michigan Publishing at the University of Michigan Library. It publishes 170 new titles each year in the humanities and social sciences. Titles from the press have earned numerous awards, including ...

. * Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A.B. (1956). ''Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794–1869.'' Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. *

Timon Screech Timon Screech (born 28 September 1961 in Birmingham) was professor of the history of art at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London from 1991 - 2021, when he left the UK in protest over Brexit. He is now a profess ...

, Timon. (2006)
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RoutledgeCurzon Routledge () is a British multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanities, behavioural science, education, law, and ...

. * Totman, Conrad D. (1967)
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Cambridge: