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A is a group of performers who provide musical accompaniment for Japanese ''はやし 【 ▼ 囃子/ ▼ 囃】の意味 国語辞典 - goo辞書
(Retrieved on May 31, 2009)
A is a group of performers who provide musical accompaniment for Japanese ''Nō
is a major form of classical Japanese dance-drama that has been performed since the 14th century. Developed by Kan'ami and his son Zeami, it is the oldest major theatre art that is still regularly performed today. Although the terms Noh and ' ...
'' or ''kabuki
is a classical form of Japanese dance- drama. Kabuki theatre is known for its heavily-stylised performances, the often-glamorous costumes worn by performers, and for the elaborate make-up worn by some of its performers.
Kabuki is though ...
'' theatre, ''yose
''Yose'' (Japanese: 寄席) is a form of spoken vaudeville theatre of Japan cultivated since the 18th century. The term also refers to the exclusive theater where ''yose'' is held.
History
The ''yose'' was a popular form of spoken theatre in ...
'' () performances of '' rakugo'', or a festival
A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, mela, or eid. A festival ...
.
In ''Nō'', the ''hayashi'' sit along the rear of the stage, facing the audience and fully visible. A distinct and separate group of performers from the chorus, they are purely instrumentalists; the type of instruments featured and the order in which they sit on stage follow established practices. The leftmost performer plays a small ''taiko
are a broad range of Japanese percussion instruments. In Japanese, the term refers to any kind of drum, but outside Japan, it is used specifically to refer to any of the various Japanese drums called and to the form of ensemble drumming ...
'', set on a stand before him, with two drumsticks. To his right is the ''ōtsuzumi
The , also known as the , is an hourglass-shaped Japanese drum. It is a larger version of the tsuzumi, or kotsuzumi and is used in traditional Japanese theater and folk music. Its appearance is slightly different from that of the tsuzumi, and th ...
'' hip drum, followed by the ''kotsuzumi
The or ''tsuzumi'' is a hand drum of Japanese origin. It consists of a wooden body shaped like an hourglass, and it is taut, with two drum heads with cords that can be squeezed or released to increase or decrease the tension of the heads respec ...
'' shoulder drum, and the Noh flute (''nōkan
The is a high pitched, Japanese transverse bamboo flute, or . It is commonly used in traditional Imperial Noh and Kabuki theatre. The nohkan flute was created by Kan'ami and his son Zeami in the 15th century, during the time when the two were ...
'' or simply '' fue'').
In ''kabuki'', a number of shamisen players are added, along with, depending on the play, ''taiko'' drums of various sizes, various types of flutes, and other instruments, including a myriad of devices for sound effects. The kabuki ''hayashi'' is generally located in a small room just off-stage, and is not visible to the audience, though a barred window in the walls of the stage set indicates its location. For '' matsubame'' plays and dances, those based on works from Noh and ''kyōgen
is a form of traditional Japanese comic theater. It developed alongside '' Noh'', was performed along with ''Noh'' as an intermission of sorts between ''Noh'' acts on the same stage, and retains close links to ''Noh'' in the modern day; therefo ...
'', the ''hayashi'' will often be located along the rear of the stage, fully visible in imitation of Noh and ''kyōgen'' modes.
As with ''kabuki'' actors, and other performers in traditional arts, instrumentalists in the traditions of Noh ''hayashi'', kabuki ''hayashi'', and ''nagauta
is a kind of traditional Japanese music played on the and used in kabuki theater, primarily to accompany dance and to provide reflective interludes.
History
It is uncertain when the was first integrated into kabuki, but it was sometime du ...
'' shamisen (the shamisen style used in ''kabuki'' and ''bunraku
(also known as ) is a form of traditional Japanese puppet theatre, founded in Osaka in the beginning of the 17th century, which is still performed in the modern day. Three kinds of performers take part in a performance: the or (puppeteers ...
''), are members of a number of traditional lineages, following the ''iemoto
is a Japanese term used to refer to the founder or current Grand Master of a certain school of traditional Japanese art. It is used synonymously with the term when it refers to the family or house that the iemoto is head of and represents.
Th ...
'' system. Performers traditionally take on the name of their school
A school is an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is sometimes comp ...
as an art-name
An art name (pseudonym or pen name), also known by its native names ''hào'' (in Mandarin), ''gō'' (in Japanese), ''ho'' (in Korean), and ''tên hiệu'' (in Vietnamese), is a professional name used by East Asian artists, poets and writers. The ...
(i.e. stage name). Notable ''hayashi'' lineages include the Tōsha school, Mochizuki school, and Tanaka school. ''Nagauta'' shamisen schools include the Kineya school and Imafuji school, among others.
In a ''rakugo yose'', the music includes shamisen and percussion parts. At festivals, the performers play flutes and percussion instruments.(Retrieved on May 31, 2009)
References