Haskell Wexler

Haskell Wexler, ASC (February 6, 1922 – December 27, 2015) was an American cinematographer, film producer, and director. Wexler was judged to be one of film history's ten most influential cinematographers in a survey of the members of the International Cinematographers Guild. He won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography twice, in 1966 and 1976, out of five nominations. In his obituary in The New York Times, Wexler is described as being "renowned as one of the most inventive cinematographers in Hollywood."

Early life and education

Wexler was born to a Jewish family in Chicago in 1922. His parents were Simon and Lottie Wexler, whose children included Jerrold, Joyce (Isaacs) and Yale. He attended the progressive Francis Parker School, where he was best friends with Barney Rosset.

After a year of college at the University of California, Berkeley, he volunteered as a seaman in the Merchant Marine in 1941, as the U.S. was preparing to enter World War II. He became friends with fellow sailor Woody Guthrie, who later gained fame as a folk singer. While in the Merchant Marine, Wexler advocated for the desegregation of seamen.''Current Biography Yearbook 2007'', H. W. Wilson Co. (2007) pp. 594-596 In November 1942, his ship was torpedoed by a German submarine and sank off the coast of South Africa. He spent 10 days on a lifeboat before being rescued. After the war, Wexler received the Silver Star and was promoted to the rank of second officer.

He returned to Chicago after his discharge in 1946 and began working in the stockroom at his father's company, Allied Radio. He decided he wanted to become a filmmaker, although he had no experience, and his father helped him set up a small studio in Des Plaines, Illinois. He began by shooting industrial films at Midwest factories. When his studio lost too much money, it was eventually shut down, but the business served as an unofficial film school for Wexler.

He later took freelance jobs as a cameraman, joining the International Photographers Guild in 1947. He worked his way up to more technical positions after beginning as an assistant cameraman on various projects. He made a number of documentaries, including '' The Living City'', which was nominated for an Academy Award.

Film career

Wexler briefly made industrial films in Chicago, then in 1947 became an assistant cameraman. Wexler worked on documentary features and shorts; low-budget docu-dramas such as 1959's ''The Savage Eye'', television's ''The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet'' and TV commercials (he would later found Wexler-Hall, a television commercial production company, with Conrad Hall). He made ten documentary films with director Saul Landau, including ''Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang'', which aired on PBS and won an Emmy Award and a George Polk Award. Other notable documentaries shot and co-directed (with Landau) by Wexler included '' Brazil: A Report on Torture'' and ''The CIA Case Officer'' and ''The Sixth Sun: A Mayan Uprising in Chiapas''.

In 1963 Wexler self-funded, produced and photographed the documentary ''The Bus'' in which a group of Freedom Riders are followed as they make their way from San Francisco to Washington D.C. That same year he served as the cinematographer on his first big-budget film, Elia Kazan's ''America America''. Kazan was nominated for a Best Director Academy Award. Wexler worked steadily in Hollywood thereafter. George Lucas, then 20, met Wexler who shared his hobby of auto racing. Wexler pulled a few strings to help Lucas get admitted to the USC Film School. Wexler would later work with Lucas as a consultant for ''American Graffiti'' (1973).

Wexler was cinematographer of Mike Nichols' screen version of ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' (1966), for which he won the last Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black & White) handed out.Beginning the next year, the Academy eliminated a separate category for awards for Black and White and Color in Art Direction, Cinematography, and Costume Design. Source: The following year had Wexler as the cinematographer for the Oscar-winning detective drama, '' In the Heat of the Night'' (1967), starring Sidney Poitier. His work was notable for being the first major film in Hollywood history to be shot in color with proper consideration for a person of African descent. Wexler recognized that standard lighting tended to produce too much glare on that kind of dark complexion making the actors look bad. Accordingly, Wexler toned it down to feature Poitier with better photographic results.

Wexler was fired as cinematographer during filming of Francis Ford Coppola's ''The Conversation'' and replaced by Bill Butler. He was also fired from Miloš Forman's 1975 film '' One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' and again replaced by Bill Butler. Wexler believed his dismissal on ''Cuckoo's Nest'' was due to his radical left political views as highlighted by his concurrent work on the documentary ''Underground'', in which the left-wing urban guerrilla group The Weather Underground were being interviewed while hiding from the law. However, Forman said he had terminated Wexler over mere artistic differences. Both Wexler and Butler received Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography for ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'', though Wexler said there was "only about a minute or two minutes in that film I didn't shoot.”Anderson, John. "Haskell Wexler, Oscar-Winning Cinematographer, Dies at 93." ''The New York Times'', December 27, 2015.
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However, he won a second Oscar for '' Bound for Glory'' (1976), a biography of Woody Guthrie, whom Wexler had met during his time in the Merchant Marine. ''Bound for Glory'' was the first feature film to make use of the newly invented Steadicam, in a famous sequence that also incorporated a crane shot. Wexler was also credited as additional cinematographer on ''Days of Heaven'' (1978), which won a Best Cinematography Oscar for Néstor Almendros. Wexler was featured on the soundtrack of the film ''Underground'' (1976), recorded on Folkways Records in 1976.

He worked on documentaries throughout his career. The documentary '' Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang'' (1980) earned an Emmy Award; ''Interviews with My Lai Veterans'' (1970) won an Academy Award. His later documentaries included; '' Bus Riders' Union'' (2000), about the modernization and expansion of bus services in Los Angeles by the organization and its founder Eric Mann, ''Who Needs Sleep?'' (2006), the ''Independent Lens'' documentary ''Good Kurds, Bad Kurds: No Friends But the Mountains'' (2000), ''Tell Them Who You Are'' (2004) '' Bringing King to China'' (2011), and ''From Wounded Knee to Standing Rock: A Reporter's Journey'' (2019).

Wexler also directed fictional movies. ''Medium Cool'' (1969), a film written by Wexler and shot in a cinéma vérité style, is studied by film students all over the world for its breakthrough form. It influenced more than a generation of filmmakers. In DVD commentary for Criterion Collection, Wexler recalled that the studio execs were flabbergasted the film, "an edgy, Godardian tale that ricocheted from one hot-button topic to the next (poverty, racism, civil rebellion, the war in Vietnam, the Kennedy and King assassinations)." The making of ''Medium Cool'' was the subject of a BBC
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