Hasan Izzet Pasha ( Turkish: ''Hasan İzzet Paşa'', ''Hasan İzzet Arolat'', 1871; Constantinople (

Istanbul ) , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = 34000 to 34990 , area_code = +90 212 (European side) +90 216 (Asian side) , registration_plate = 34 , blank_name_sec2 = GeoTLD , blank_i ...

) – 3 March 1931, ailemiz. net, information from the Archive of the Personnel Department of

Turkish Army The Turkish Land Forces ( tr, Türk Kara Kuvvetleri), or Turkish Army (Turkish: ), is the main branch of the Turkish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. The army was formed on November 8, 1920, after the collapse of the ...

) was a Turkish general of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

Early life

Hasan Izzet Born in a family of Turkish origin1871 to mother Süreyya Hanım and father Ali Muhsin Pasha in

Aksaray Aksaray (, Koine Greek: Ἀρχελαΐς ''Arhelays'', Medieval Greek: Κολώνεια ''Koloneya'', Ancient Greek: Γαρσάουρα ''Garsaura'') is a city in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey and the capital of Aksaray Province. In 202 ...

neighborhood of

. He graduated from the

Ottoman Military Academy The Turkish Military Academy ( tr, Kara Harp Okulu) is a four-year co-educational military academy and part of the National Defence University. It is located in the center of Ankara, Turkey. Its mission is to develop cadets mentally and ph ...

(''Mekteb-i Füsûn-u Harbiyye-i Şâhâne'') in 1890 and the Staff College (''Mekteb-i Erkân-ı Harbiye-i Şâhâne'', present day: Harp Akademisi) on 23 March 1893 as a Staff Captain (''Erkân-ı Harp Yüzbaşısı'').

Military career

He was appointed to the fourth department of the General Staff by the order of Sultan

Abdülhamid II Abdülhamid or Abdul Hamid II ( ota, عبد الحميد ثانی, Abd ül-Hamid-i Sani; tr, II. Abdülhamid; 21 September 1842 10 February 1918) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 31 August 1876 to 27 April 1909, and the last sultan to ...

on 14 April 1894. On 7 May 1895, he was promoted to the rank of

Senior Captain Senior captain is a rank which is used in some countries' armed forces, navies, merchant marines, civil aviation and in the airline industry. Army In some armies of the world, the senior captain is a rank between a regular captain and a majo ...

(''Kolağası'') and on 12 May 1895, he participated in the military staff excursion to Üsküp (present day:

Skopje Skopje ( , , ; mk, Скопје ; sq, Shkup) is the capital and List of cities in North Macedonia by population, largest city of North Macedonia. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. The territory of Sk ...

). On 29 October 1896, he was assigned the War Academy.

1897 Greco-Turkish War

On 21 April 1897, he was promoted to the rank of Major (''Binbaşı'') and assigned service in the Alasonya Army (''Alasonya Ordusu''), a field army will attack

Elassona Elassona ( el, Ελασσόνα; Katharevousa: gr, Ἐλασσών, Elasson) is a town and a municipality in the Larissa regional unit in Greece. During antiquity Elassona was called Oloosson (Ὀλοοσσών) and was a town of the Perrhaebi ...

area. During the 1897 Greco-Turkish War, he was assigned the 2nd Neşet Bey Division (''İkinci Neşet Bey Fırkası'') and took part in the Battle of Domokos (''Dömeke Muharebesi''). On 17 July 1897 he was called bask to Istanbul and appointed in the commander of the Greek Border.

Interwar period

He was appointed to the inspector of examination of Edirne Military High School (''Edirne Askerî İdadisi'') on 30 November 1897, and appointed to the teacher of tactics (Artillery, Cavalry, Infantry) of the War Academy on 21 March 1898. He had been in Damascus for the inspection and examination of the Damascus Military High School (''Şam Askerî İdadisi''). He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel (''Kaymakam'') on 2 October 1900, to the rank of

colonel Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge o ...

(''Miralay'') on 23 April 1905. He was appointed to the fourth department of the General Staff on 26 March 1906. He went to Romania to observe a military exercise and awarded with a 2nd class order by the Romanian government on 4 August 1907. On 25 June 1908, he was appointed to the member of the

military tribunal Military justice (also military law) is the legal system (bodies of law and procedure) that governs the conduct of the active-duty personnel of the armed forces of a country. In some nation-states, civil law and military law are distinct bod ...

that was established because of some important affairs. Then he was appointed to the commander of the 17th Division stationed in Siroz (Serez, present day:

Serres Sérres ( el, Σέρρες ) is a city in Macedonia, Greece, capital of the Serres regional unit and second largest city in the region of Central Macedonia, after Thessaloniki. Serres is one of the administrative and economic centers of Northe ...

31 March Incident

After the

31 March Incident The 31 March Incident ( tr, 31 Mart Vakası, , , or ) was a political crisis within the Ottoman Empire in April 1909, during the Second Constitutional Era. Occurring soon after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, in which the Committee of Union and Pr ...

, he was commissioned commander as the commander of the Provisional Division of the

Action Army The Action Army ( tr, Ḥareket Ordusu), also translated as the Army of Action, was a force formed by elements of the Ottoman Army sympathetic to the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) during the 31 March Incident, sometimes referred to as the ...

in 1909. On 2 July 1911, he was appointed to the commander of the 1st Division under the command of the

I Corps I Corps, 1st Corps, or First Corps may refer to: France * 1st Army Corps (France) * I Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée), a cavalry unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars * I Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French A ...

Balkan Wars

During the

First Balkan War The First Balkan War ( sr, Први балкански рат, ''Prvi balkanski rat''; bg, Балканска война; el, Αʹ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος; tr, Birinci Balkan Savaşı) lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and invo ...

, he went to Babaeski and was appointed the commander of the 9th Division by the order of the Eastern Army (''Şark Ordusu''). He took part in battles at Petra (present day: Kayalı village in the central district of

Kırklareli Province Kırklareli Province ( tr, ) is a province in northwestern Turkey on the west coast of the Black Sea. The province neighbours Bulgaria to the north along a long border. It borders the province of Edirne to the west and the province of Tekirda ...

) on 9–10 October 1912 and Taştabya,

Vize Vize ( el, Βιζύη, bg, Виза) is a town and district of Kırklareli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. The district governor is Elif Canan Tuncer, and the mayor is Ercan Özalp ( CHP). According to the Turkish Statistical Institu ...

and

Çatalca Çatalca (Metrae; ) is a city and a rural district in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the largest district in Istanbul by area. It is in East Thrace, on the ridge between the Marmara and the Black Sea. Most people living in Çatalca are either farmers o ...

. He was promoted to the rank of

Mirliva ''Mirliva'' or ''Mîr-i livâ'' was a military rank of the Ottoman Army and Navy. It corresponds to a brigadier general (modern Turkish: ''Tuğgeneral'') in the modern Turkish Army. ''Mirliva'' is a compound word composed of ''Mir'' ( commander) ...

on 19 December 1912. On 21 January 1913, he was appointed the commander of the

(part of the left wing of the Çatalca Army) by proxy. And then he was appointed the commander of the 18th Division on 6 March 1913. During the

Second Balkan War The Second Balkan War was a conflict which broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 ( O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913. Serbian and Greek armies r ...

, he commanded the II Corps under the Çatalca Army commanded directly by Ahmet Izzet Pasha and took part in the advance to Adrianople.Edward J. Erickson, ''Defeat in Detail, The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913'', Westport, Praeger, 2003, p. 323. After the armistice, on 24 December 1913, he was appointed to the commander of the III Corps.

World War

After the 1914 mobilization of World War I, Sultan

Mehmed V Mehmed V Reşâd ( ota, محمد خامس, Meḥmed-i ḫâmis; tr, V. Mehmed or ; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) reigned as the 35th and penultimate Ottoman Sultan (). He was the son of Sultan Abdulmejid I. He succeeded his half-brother ...

asked him to be the commander of the Third Army. He was the commander during

Bergmann Offensive The Bergmann Offensive ( tr, Bergmann Atağı; in Turkish literature tr, Köprüköy ve Azap Muharebeleri, "Battles of Köprüköy and Azap" russian: Берхманнский прорыв; in Russian literature russian: Кёприкейская ...

. He feared in the background of the ill and rapid changes in the Army leadership during the preparations for the Battle of Sarikamish. He also opposed Enver Pasha to attack prematurely during Battle of Sarikamish. He gave his post as commander of the Third Army on 18 December 1914.

Medals and decorations

Order of the Medjidie Order of the Medjidie ( ota, نشانِ مجیدی, August 29, 1852 – 1922) is a military and civilian order of the Ottoman Empire. The Order was instituted in 1851 by Sultan Abdulmejid I. History Instituted in 1851, the Order was awarded in f ...

5th classe (8 September 1894) * Order of the Osmanî 4th classe (18 September 1899) * Golden Medal of Liakat (1900) * Rumanian Order 2nd class (4 August 1907) * Order of the Medjidie 4th class (21 December 1909) * Bulgarian Order (1910) (verliehen von Ferdinand I. während seines Istanbul Besuches)

Military ranks

* Captain (''Yüzbaşı''), 24 March 1893 *

(''Kolağası''), 7 May 1895 * Major (''Binbaşı''), 21 April 1897 * Lieutenant colonel (''Kaymakam''), 2 October 1900 *

Colonel Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge o ...

(''Miralay''), 23 April 1905 *

, 19 December 1912 * Ferik, 1 October 1915

Sources

Bibliography

*''The Encyclopædia Britannica'': Vol XXXII, 1922, by Hugh Chisholm, page 803.

External links

Hasan İzzet Paşa (Arolat)
Turkey in the First World War. {{DEFAULTSORT:Hasan Izzet 1871 births 1931 deaths Military personnel from Istanbul Ottoman Military Academy alumni Ottoman Military College alumni Ottoman Army generals Pashas Ottoman military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1897) Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars Ottoman military personnel of World War I Turks from the Ottoman Empire