Harry Soodak (December 24, 1920 – September 30, 2008) was an American physicist who worked on the

Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project w ...

, publishing the first design of a sodium-cooled

breeder reactor A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that generates more fissile material than it consumes. Breeder reactors achieve this because their neutron economy is high enough to create more fissile fuel than they use, by irradiation of a fertile mate ...

, and was a professor at City College of New York. Along with Arthur Iberall, Soodak developed the concept of

homeokinetics Homeokinetics is the study of self-organizing, complex systems.Iberall, A.S., Homeokinetics: The Basics. Strong Voices Publishing, 2016.Iberall, A. and Soodak, H.: A physics for complex systems. In F. Yates, (ed.), Self-Organizing Systems, pp. 49 ...

to explain the functioning of complex systems.

Biography

Soodak was born in

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...

. Married to Martha for 55 years, they had three children Deborah, Robert, and Lenore.New York Times obituary
/ref> Soodak received his bachelor's degree from the City College of New York (CCNY) in February 1940, a master's degree from

Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...

, and his Ph.D. from Duke University in 1944.Physics Today
/ref> Soodak worked on the

Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a U.S. multiprogram science and technology national laboratory sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and administered, managed, and operated by UT–Battelle as a federally funded research an ...

where he gave courses on nuclear physics and reactor theory. According to Oak Ridge Director Alvin M. Weinberg, these courses were "phenomenally successful" and Soodak had the reputation in the

United States Atomic Energy Commission The United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was an agency of the United States government established after World War II by U.S. Congress to foster and control the peacetime development of atomic science and technology. President ...

of being "one of the clearest lecturers in the business.” In 1945, Harry and

Eugene Wigner Eugene Paul "E. P." Wigner ( hu, Wigner Jenő Pál, ; November 17, 1902 – January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist who also contributed to mathematical physics. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his co ...

published the first design of a sodium-cooled

. Following work at the Manhattan Project, he served as a research associate at

Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the ...

for nearly three years. In 1949, Soodak joined the Physics Department of his alma mater, City College of New York. He retired in 1992.

Contributions

Soodak signed the July 13, 1945 addendum to the Szilard petition that asked that the Japanese be given the opportunity to surrender before bombing them. Commenting on Soodak's early work, as well as his continuing contributions to nuclear physics after coming to CCNY – which included lecturing on nuclear theory in the graduate schools of NYU and of Columbia – Mark W. Zemansky, who was then Chairman of the Physics Department at CCNY, wrote in 1958: "During the war, Dr. Soodak made a name for himself in the field of reactor design. Through his theoretical work, in books and articles, and his practical applications, he has become a leading international authority on the design of nuclear reactors. There is hardly a handbook or treatise to which he has not contributed or served in an editorial capacity." Without doubt Harry Soodak's greatest legacy is the decisive influence he had on the hundreds of undergraduate students he taught and advised at CCNY. In the 1970s, Soodak began working with Arthur Iberall in an area of complex systems. They were observing an area that physics has neglected, that of complex systems with their very long internal factory day delays. These systems are associated with nested hierarchy and with an extensive range of time scale processes. It was such connections, referred to as both up-down or in-out connections (as nested hierarchy) and side-side or flatland physics among atomistic-like components (as

heterarchy A heterarchy is a system of organization where the elements of the organization are unranked (non-hierarchical) or where they possess the potential to be ranked a number of different ways. Definitions of the term vary among the disciplines: in soci ...

) that became the hallmark of homeokinetic problems. By 1975, they began to describe

, the physics of complex, self-organizing systems, as dealing with the problems of nature, life, humankind, mind, and society. The Harry Soodak Memorial Scholarship at the CCNY Physics Department was created in his honor.Harry Soodak Memorial Scholarship
/ref>

Patents

:Harry, Soodak, and Eugene P. Wigner. "Fast neutron reactor." 25 Jul. 1961.

Honors

:Fellow of the

American Nuclear Society The American Nuclear Society (ANS) is an international, not-for-profit organization of scientists, engineers, and industry professionals that promote the field of nuclear engineering and related disciplines. ANS is composed of three communities: ...

, 1962.Soodak Memoriam
/ref> :Outstanding Teacher Award, CCNY, 1987.

Publications

Books

* 1950. * 1962.

Conference and Government Publications

* Nordheim, L.W., H. Soodak and G. Nordheim. Thermal Effects of Propellent Gases in Erosion Vents and Guns. National Defense Research Committee, Office of Scientific Research and Development, 1944. * Soodak, H. Pile perturbation theory. Atomic Energy Commission, 1946. * Soodak, H. A Radiation Study of the Tractor-Trailer (Tug-Tow) Craft. No. LP-126. Massachusetts Inst. Tech., Cambridge. Lexington Project, 1948. * Soodak, H. The science and engineering of nuclear power. United Nations, N.Y. 1948. * Soodak, H. Problems of reactor kinetics. Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics. Vol. 11. 1961. * Iberall, A.S. and H. Soodak. Primer for homeokinetics: A physical foundation for physical systems. Homeokinetics Conference, Univ. Connecticut, Storrs, CT. Cri-de-Coeur Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1998. * Soodak, Harry. Geometric top theory of football, discus, javelin. Engineering of Sport 5: Proc. Fifth Int. Conf. on the Engineering of Sport, Davis, CA. Vol. 1. 2004.

Selected articles

* Soodak, H. Pile kinetics. In: C. Goodman (ed.). The Science and Engineering of Nuclear Power, 89-102, 1949. * Soodak, H., E.C. Campbell and H.C. Schweinler. Elementary Pile Theory, Am. J. Phys.18:403,1950. https://dx.doi.org/10.aaa9/1.1932621 * Soodak, H. Energy production from nuclear reactions. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 22.1 Ser. II 26-33, 1959. * Fleishman, M.R. and H. Soodak. Methods and cross sections for calculating the fast effect. Nuc. Sci. Eng., 7:217, 1960. * Thumm, W., D.E. Tilly, S.J. Inglis and H. Soodak. Physics: A modern approach and physics: An ebb and flow of ideas. Physics Today, 25:83, 1972. * Iberall, A.S. and H. Soodak. Physical basis for complex systems—Some propositions relating levels of organization. Collective Phenomena 3:9-24, 1978. * Iberall, A.S., H. Soodak and F. Hassler. A field and circuit thermodynamics for integrative physiology. II. Power and communicational spectroscopy in biology. Am. J. Physiol. 234(1):R3-R19, 1978. * Soodak H. and A.S. Iberall. Homeokinetics: A physical science for complex systems. Science 201:579, 1978. * Soodak, H. and A.S. Iberall. Osmosis, diffusion, convection. Am. J. Physiol. 235:R3-R17, 1978. * Soodak, H. and A.S. Iberall. Forum on osmosis. IV. More on osmosis and diffusion. Am. J. Physiol. 237: R114, 1979. * Iberall, A.S., H. Soodak and C. Arensberg. Homeokinetic physics of societies – A new discipline: Autonomous groups, cultures, polities. In: H. Reul et al. (eds.). Perspectives in Biomechanics, Vol. I, Part A. Harwood Academic Press, N.Y., pp. 433–527, 1980. * Gersten, Joel, Harry Soodak, and Martin Tiersten. Jack and the skyhook: The beanstalk revisited. Am. J. Phy. 49.2:118-119, 1981. * Iberall, A. and H. Soodak. A physics for complex systems. In: F. Yates, (ed.), Self-Organizing Systems, Plenum Press, N.Y., pp. 499–520, 1987. * Soodak, Harry. On Origins Galaxies, Stars, Life. In: F. Yates, (ed.), Self-Organizing Systems, Plenum Press, N.Y. pp. 17–31, 1987. * Soodak, H. and A. Iberall. Thermodynamics and complex systems. In: F.E. Yates, (ed.). Self-Organizing Systems: The Emergence of Order, Plenum Press, N.Y., pp. 459–469, 1987. * Gersten, J., H. Soodak and M.S. Tiersten. Ball moving on stationary or rotating horizontal surface. Am. J. Phys. 60:43, 1992. https://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.17041 * Soodak, H. and M.S. Tiersten. Wakes and waves in N dimensions. Am. J. Phys. 61:395, 1993. https://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.17230 * Soodak, H. and M.S. Tiersten. Dynamic interpretation of Maxwell’s equations. Am. J. Phys. 62:907, 1994. https://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.17680 * Soodak, H. and M.S. Tiersten. Resolution analysis of gyroscopic motion. Am. J. Phys. 62: 687, 1994. https://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.17497 * Soodak, H, and M.S. Tiersten. Perturbation analysis of rolling friction on a turntable. Am. J. Phys. 64:1130, 1996. https://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.18333 * Tiersten, M.S. and H. Soodak. Propagation of a Feynman error on real and inertial forces in rotating systems. Am. J. Phys. 66:810, 1998. https://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.18962 * Tiersten, M.S. and Harry Soodak. Dropped objects and other motions relative to the noninertial earth. Am. J. Phys. 68:129, 2000. https://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.19385 * Iberall, A., F. Hassler, H. Soodak and D. Wilkinson. Invitation to an enterprise: From physics to world history to the study of civilizations. Com. Civ. Rev., 42:4-22, 2000. * Soodak, H. A geometric theory of rapidly spinning tops, tipped tops, and footballs. Am. J. Phys. 70:815, 2002. https://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1479741

References

External links

www.homeokinetics.orgcommons.trincoll.edu/homeokineticswww.trincoll.edu/depts/ecopsyc/homeokinetics
{{DEFAULTSORT:Soodak, Harry 20th-century American physicists 1920 births 2008 deaths Manhattan Project people City College of New York alumni Columbia University alumni Duke University alumni