Harry Palmer

Harry Palmer is the anti-hero protagonist of a number of films based on the unnamed main character, a secret agent, in the spy novels written by Len Deighton. Michael Caine played Harry Palmer in three of the four films based on the four published novels featuring this character, ''The Ipcress File'' (1965), ''Funeral in Berlin'' (1966) and ''Billion Dollar Brain'' (1967). Caine also starred as this character in two other films not directly based on Deighton's novels.

''The Times'' called Caine "the epitome of Sixties cool in his first outing as the secret agent Harry Palmer". A trailer for his second role as Palmer described him as possessing "horn rims, cockney wit and an iron fist". The character's thick horn-rimmed glasses, girls, and disregard for authority was cited by Mike Myers as an influence for ''Austin Powers''; Caine would later star in ''Austin Powers in Goldmember'' (2002), with his portrayal of Nigel Powers, father of secret agent Austin Powers, a spoof of Palmer.

Origin of the 'Harry Palmer' name

When developing the 1965 film ''The Ipcress File'', based on Len Deighton's 1962 novel of the same name, the production team needed a name for the previously anonymous protagonist, a rough-edged, petty crook turned spy. They chose "Harry Palmer", because they wanted a mundane name, 'one that means absolutely nothing, a common name', to distance him from Ian Fleming's James Bond, the stereotypical sophisticated, swashbuckling spy. Caine says he knew a dull kid at school called "Palmer", with Harry Saltzman saying 'good, and what about a first name', with Caine innocently remarking "Harry", not realising his gaffe until seeing Saltzman's stare. In a Len Feldman interview, Caine recalled "I made a rather bad social blunder, because, he said, 'What's the dullest name you can think of?', and I said, 'Harry', and he said, 'Thanks very much.'"

Appearances

Novels

Early novels

Len Deighton introduced the lead character in ''The IPCRESS File'', his first novel, published in November 1962. In that first-person novel, the secret agent is anonymous, although at one point he is greeted by someone saying "Hello, Harry"; he later says, "Now my name isn't Harry, but in this business it's hard to remember whether it ever had been." Deighton's spy is described as working class, living in a back street flat and seedy hotels, and shopping in supermarkets. He wears glasses, is hindered by bureaucracy, and craves a pay rise. It is revealed in passing that he is from Burnley, Lancashire, and that he was born in 1922 or 1923.

Further novels featuring this character followed: ''Horse Under Water'' (1963), ''Funeral in Berlin'' (1964), and '' Billion-Dollar Brain'' (1966). Again however the lead protagonist is never named, although they are clearly the same character in all of the books.

Later novels and discrepancies

In 1974, the novel '' Spy Story'' was published, followed in 1976 by ''Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Spy'' (also known as ''Catch a Falling Spy'' in North America). As the protagonist also remains anonymous in both of these novels, it is still open to debate whether or not 'Harry Palmer' is the same narrator of these last two novels as in the earlier books. There is conflicting evidence for either view. Despite this, and despite the lead protagonist being unnamed, all six books have been unofficially called the ''Harry Palmer novels'', based on the protagonist's name given in the subsequent film adaptations of ''The IPCRESS File'' and its sequels.

Evidence for this narrator being different from the earlier novels comes from Deighton himself, who is quoted as saying that the narrator of ''Spy Story'' is not the same character as the narrator of ''The IPCRESS File''; in fact, for most of ''Spy Story'', the narrator is named and addressed as "Patrick Armstrong" – although, as another character says, "We have so many different names." Additionally, he is reported to be in his late 30s, whereas the narrator of ''The IPCRESS File'' was born in 1922 or 1923''The IPCRESS File'', p. 25. ''"For example; take the time my picture appeared in The Burnley Daily Gazette in July 1939, when I won the fifth form mathematics prize"'' (making him in his 40s), and thus implying that this protagonist is different from that of the earlier novels.

Encouraging the unitary concept – that the later novels feature 'Harry Palmer' – is the 1974 dust jacket to the Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich American edition of ''Spy Story'', in which the cover blurb states, "He is back, after five long-years' absence, the insubordinate, decent, bespectacled English spy who fought, fumbled, and survived his outrageous way through the best-selling ''Horse Under Water'', ''Funeral in Berlin'', and the rest of those marvellous, celebrated Len Deighton spy thrillers." Likewise, on the 1976 edition dust jacket to ''Catch a Falling Spy'', the novel features "Deighton's familiar hero, our bespectacled Englishman". A number of minor characters from the earlier novels also appear in ''Spy Story'', further connecting the books.

Film adaptations

''The IPCRESS File''

''The IPCRESS File'' novel came out just after the release of the first James Bond film '' Dr. No'' (1962). When the novel reached best-seller status, Eon producers Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli approached Deighton to write the script for the second Bond film, '' From Russia With Love'' (1963). Little of Deighton's screenplay was actually used on the shoot. Saltzman decided instead to use ''The IPCRESS File'' in the expectation of beginning a new secret agent movie series. Unlike the Bond films, ''The IPCRESS File'' was designed to have a somewhat different, mostly rather naturalistic style, with hints of the kitchen sink school, film adaptations of which Saltzman had produced. Saltzman, however, also contracted crew members who had worked on the Bond films, including production designer Ken Adam, film editor Peter Hunt, and film score composer John Barry. Michael Caine was chosen to play the lead role.

In the film version, Harry Palmer is a British Army sergeant forcibly drafted into the security services to work away a prison sentence for black marketeering. He worked first for Army Intelligence, then the Foreign Office. He works for the brilliant but slightly duplicitous Colonel Ross. Harry Palmer has much in common with Deighton, including passions for military history (Harvey Newbegin complains about his bookshelf contents in ''Billion Dollar Brain''), cooking, and classical music.

Sequels

After the release of ''The IPCRESS File'' (1965), Saltzman's production company made ''Funeral in Berlin'' (1966) and ''Billion Dollar Brain'' (1967), both starring Michael Caine. The second Harry Palmer novel ''Horse Under Water'' was not used. In 1976, Deighton's novel '' Spy Story'' was filmed with Michael Petrovitch as 'Patrick Armstrong'; it is unrelated to Saltzman's Harry Palmer films.

In the mid-1990s, two further Harry Palmer films were released, this time with original screenplays and with Michael Caine returning to the role. These were ''Bullet to Beijing'' (1995) and ''Midnight in Saint Petersburg'' (1996). Despite sometimes being titled ''Len Deighton's Bullet to Beijing'' and ''Len Deighton's Midnight in St Petersburg'', Deighton did not participate in the production of these films.

Allusions

Evidence of Michael Caine's popular identification as Harry Palmer can be seen in movies such as '' Blue Ice'' (1992), where he plays an ex-spy named 'Harry', and who has many similarities to Harry Palmer.

Caine's Harry Palmer character (with the glasses, the girls, and disregard for authority) was an influence for Mike Myers’ spy action comedy films ''Austin Powers''. At Myers request, Caine starred in ''Austin Powers in Goldmember'' (2002), with his portrayal of Nigel Powers, father of secret agent Austin Powers, a spoof of Harry Palmer.

In '' Kingsman: The Secret Service'' (2014), Caine portrays the bespectacled head of a secret espionage unit.

Television

In 2022, ITV released a six-part television adaptation of ''The Ipcress File'', starring Joe Cole as Palmer.

Notes

External links

Kees Stam's Harry Palmer movie site

Harry Palmer (Character) imdb.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palmer, Harry
Fictional British secret agents
Fictional British Army personnel
Fictional private investigators
Fictional sergeants
Fictional English people
Literary characters introduced in 1962
Male characters in film
Characters in British novels of the 20th century
Cold War in popular culture
Series of books