Harry Croswell (June 16, 1778 – March 13, 1858) was a crusading
political journalist, a publisher, author, and an
Episcopal Church clergyman. Though largely self-educated, he received an honorary degree of A. M. from
Yale College
Yale College is the undergraduate college of Yale University. Founded in 1701, it is the original school of the university. Although other Yale schools were founded as early as 1810, all of Yale was officially known as Yale College until 1887, ...
in 1817, an honorary Doctorate of Divinity from
Trinity College Trinity College may refer to:
Australia
* Trinity Anglican College, an Anglican coeducational primary and secondary school in , New South Wales
* Trinity Catholic College, Auburn, a coeducational school in the inner-western suburbs of Sydney, New ...
,
Hartford, Connecticut in 1831 – an institution he co-founded – established the first public lectures in New Haven, and founded an evening school for the education of adult African-Americans in the city. He was a key figure in
first amendment
First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1).
First or 1st may also refer to:
*World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement
Arts and media Music
* 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...
battles over
freedom of the press and
religious freedom
Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. It also includes the freedom ...
. After abandoning politics for religion, he became the much respected
Rector
Rector (Latin for the member of a vessel's crew who steers) may refer to:
Style or title
*Rector (ecclesiastical), a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations
*Rector (academia), a senior official in an edu ...
of
Trinity Church on the Green
Trinity Church on the Green or Trinity on the Green is a historic, culturally and community-active parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut in New Haven, Connecticut, of the Episcopal Church. It is one of three historic churches on the Ne ...
in
New Haven, Connecticut
New Haven is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut and is part of the New York City metropolitan area. With a population of 134 ...
, for forty-three years, growing his church and establishing seven new churches within the original limits of his parish. Though he published fourteen books, and wrote newspaper articles as an editor and journalist weekly for eleven years, he is best known as an author for being the first person to define the word ''
cocktail'' in print.
Life
Early life
Croswell was born in
West Hartford, Connecticut
West Hartford is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States, west of downtown Hartford, Connecticut, Hartford. The population was 64,083 at the 2020 United States Census, 2020 census.
The town's popular downtown area is colloquially ...
, on June 16, 1778. His immigrant ancestor Thomas Croswell (1633 – 1682) left Staffordshire, England, at the age of 22, and sailed to Boston, according to a biographer, "on account of the tumultuous state of affairs in that country, about the time of
Cromwell's usurpation of the supreme power." The family thrived: they eventually owned a farm with a large house or "mansion" on Prospect Hill in
Somerville, Massachusetts
Somerville ( ) is a city located directly to the northwest of Boston, and north of Cambridge, in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city had a total population of 81,045 people. With an area o ...
near Boston, which was later used by General George Washington as his headquarters during the 11-month siege of the British occupied city.
Harry Croswell was one of eight children of Caleb Croswell (1735 – 1806) and Hannah Kellogg (1739 – 1829). Croswell's father, the sea captain and merchant Captain Caleb Croswell, was a member of the Connecticut militia at the time of the Revolutionary War. He fought in the disastrous
Battle of Brooklyn and was captured by the British, who imprisoned him on one of the infamous
British prison-ships.
![Interior HMS Jersey 1855](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Interior_HMS_Jersey_1855.jpg)
The grim conditions in the ships ruined his health, and left the family impoverished. As a consequence, the Croswells were forced to send their children out to apprentice in a profession at an early age. Thomas O'Hara Croswell was apprenticed to the law school founder
Tapping Reeve, though he later became a physician. Mackay Croswell was apprenticed to Hudson & Goodwin, printers of the Hartford Courant, and Archibald Croswell was apprenticed to a tanner. Harry Croswell, the fourth eldest son, was sent at age 10 as a servant in exchange for tutoring to a fellow native of West Hartford, the then lawyer but future lexicographer,
Noah Webster
Noah ''Nukh''; am, ኖህ, ''Noḥ''; ar, نُوح '; grc, Νῶε ''Nôe'' () is the tenth and last of the pre-Flood patriarchs in the traditions of Abrahamic religions. His story appears in the Hebrew Bible ( Book of Genesis, chapters 5 ...
. The arrangement lasted only a few months. Croswell was then tutored by the Rev. Dr. Nathen Perkins, the West Haven Congregationalist minister, before being sent to
Warren, Connecticut
Warren is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 1,351 at the 2020 census. The town was named for Revolutionary War General Joseph Warren.
On July 1, 2006, businessman Joseph Cicio placed most of Warren's co ...
, as apprentice clerk in a store in the small town.
Croswell's older brothers Thomas and Mackay had moved to the then frontier town of
Catskill, New York
Catskill is a town in the southeastern section of Greene County, New York, United States. The population was 11,298 at the 2020 census, the largest town in the county. The western part of the town is in the Catskill Park. The town contains a v ...
, on the banks of the
Hudson River
The Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York. It originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York and flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the New York Harbor between N ...
. There they opened a book and print shop in 1790. Harry left Warren and joined his brothers as an apprentice printer. Mackay started a newspaper called ''The Catskill Packet'' in 1792. In the tradition of
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was an American polymath who was active as a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher, and political philosopher. Encyclopædia Britannica, Wood, 2021 Among the leading inte ...
, another man apprenticed to his brother, Croswell contributed anonymous humorous articles under the pseudonym "Titus Touchwood". His contributions were well written, satiric, partisan and very popular. His combination of high-minded politics (the Titus) and fiery, even savage indignation over injustice and folly (the Touchwood), made Croswell a man of influence in upstate New York. This "led to the recognition of his promise as a writer and finally to his installment in the editorial chair": In 1800, Croswell's name appeared alongside his brother as editor of the paper, now renamed ''The Western Constellation''.
![Cole Thomas View on the Catskill Early Autumn 1837](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Cole_Thomas_View_on_the_Catskill_Early_Autumn_1837.jpg)
Mackay and Harry Croswell in their Catskill print shop mentored two other famous future journalists, whose rivalry would define New York state and national politics for half a century to come: Harry's nephew
Edwin Croswell, the editor of the Albany, New York-based
Democratic Party organ, the ''Albany Argus'', was one of the founding members of the so-called "
Albany Regency
The Albany Regency was a group of politicians who controlled the New York state government between 1822 and 1838. Originally called the "Holy Alliance", it was instituted by Martin Van Buren, who remained its dominating spirit for many years. The ...
" who helped elect
Martin van Buren
Martin Van Buren ( ; nl, Maarten van Buren; ; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A primary founder of the Democratic Party, he ...
president.
Thurlow Weed
Edward Thurlow Weed (November 15, 1797 – November 22, 1882) was a printer, New York newspaper publisher, and Whig and Republican politician. He was the principal political advisor to prominent New York politician William H. Seward and was i ...
was a rival publisher to Edwin Croswell; as a founder and influential leader of the
Republican party, he helped elect
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation thro ...
president.
In August 1800, Harry Croswell married Susan Sherman of
New Haven, Connecticut
New Haven is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut and is part of the New York City metropolitan area. With a population of 134 ...
. They would eventually have seven children together. In 1801, the young couple moved across the Hudson River to the town of
Hudson, New York
Hudson is a city and the county seat of Columbia County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 5,894. Located on the east side of the Hudson River and 120 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, it was named for the rive ...
, a rapidly expanding deep port river town that would become the third largest port in the state. With two partners, Ezra Sampson, a retired Congregational minister, and George Chittenden, a paper maker, Croswell founded a book store and a print shop in the rapidly growing town. There he published books, and along with Ezra Sampson, edited the
Columbia County, New York
Columbia County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 61,570. The county seat is Hudson. The name comes from the Latin feminine form of the name of Christopher Columbus, which was at th ...
newspaper ''The Balance and Columbian Repository''.
Battling for freedom of the press
New York was the swing state in the
1800 election that saw President
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He was previously the natio ...
elected by one vote in the
electoral college. Harry Croswell was a staunch
Federalist, one of those who opposed Jefferson. When Connecticut newspaper editor Charles Holt moved to Hudson and founded the
Democratic-Republican Party
The Democratic-Republican Party, known at the time as the Republican Party and also referred to as the Jeffersonian Republican Party among other names, was an American political party founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the earl ...
paper ''The Bee'', Croswell countered by founding the Federalist paper ''The Wasp''. Croswell's political humor and darting jabs and stings at the President, New York Governor George Clinton, Attorney General
Ambrose Spencer
Ambrose Spencer (December 13, 1765March 13, 1848) was an American lawyer and politician.
Early life
Ambrose Spencer was born on December 13, 1765 in Salisbury in the Connecticut Colony. He was the son of Philip Spencer and Mary ( née Moore) S ...
, and the rest of the Jefferson party apparatus down to the local sheriff and editor Holt, were so effective, that it was feared he would influence the election of 1804 against Jefferson. Jefferson wrote to one of his party's governors:
![Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg)
The renowned case of
the People v. Croswell began when Croswell published on September 9, 1802 an attack on Jefferson. The state's Democratic-Republican attorney General Ambrose Spencer indicted Croswell for a seditious libel as:
![First Columbia County courthouse, Claverack, NY](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/First_Columbia_County_courthouse%2C_Claverack%2C_NY.jpg)
The attempt to intimidate Croswell by prosecution for criminal libel backfired. It instead "resulted in the greatest advancement in press freedom in the history of America." Croswell refused to back down, even after losing his first January 1803 trial at
Claverack court house to political judges and packed juries. Though defended by local Federalist layers, including his friend
William Peter Van Ness, he lost the second appeal trail under prominent
anti-Federalist
Anti-Federalism was a late-18th century political movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Con ...
Justice
Morgan Lewis in June 1803 as well. Despite facing enormous fines and jail, he kept up a barrage of attacks in his newspaper, and insisted on a third trial. It would be held at the New York Supreme court in Albany.
![Morgan Lewis (portrait by Henry Inman)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Morgan_Lewis_%28portrait_by_Henry_Inman%29.png)
On February 13, 1804, the greatest Federalist lawyer,
Alexander Hamilton, himself a newspaper editor as well, came up from New York to argue for the defense in the final trial in front of the New York Supreme Court. Croswell's lawyers based their case on the precept that "Truth is a defense against libel". Justice Lewis again presided, and was unlikely to overrule his own previous ruling, so all three judges would have to vote to overturn the lower court's conviction. Persuaded by Hamilton's eloquence and forensic analysis, the single Federalist Justice
James Kent was joined by Justice Thompson and Justice
Henry Brockholst Livingston
Henry Brockholst Livingston (November 25, 1757 – March 18, 1823) was an American Revolutionary War officer, a justice of the New York Court of Appeals and eventually an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Early life
...
in voting for Croswell. For a short time it seemed Croswell and Hamilton had triumphed. However, Justice Lewis abruptly adjourned the proceedings. When the court reconvened, Justice Livingston announced he had changed his opinion, and now upheld the conviction. Two years later, on November 10, 1806, on the occasion of the next available position opening, Livingston was appointed to the U.S. Supreme court. Croswell's conviction stood.
![ASpencer](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/ASpencer.jpg)
However, Justice Lewis was running for governor, and prosecuting journalists for telling the truth was unpopular. Croswell was never sentenced. Though he was eventually granted a new trial it never occurred since it was soon rendered moot. Even though Croswell and Hamilton had lost the case, the watching New York assemblymen who filled the galleries during the famous trial were so impressed by Hamilton's defense and Croswell's courage, that in 1805 they changed the state law on libel. Eventually, the other states followed, establishing the precept that truth was a defense against libel, when published with "good motives, and for justifiable ends."
Croswell continued to publish his paper. He was repeatedly sued not for seditious libel but for civil libel in a series of less well-known cases. Tried repeatedly by political judges and packed juries, and often losing, Croswell never surrendered or retreated. In 1806, he was sued by
Solomon Southwick
Solomon Southwick (December 25, 1773 – November 18, 1839) was an American newspaper publisher and political figure who was a principal organizer of the Anti-Masonic Party.
Born in Newport, Rhode Island, Southwick attended the University of Pe ...
, the publisher of the rival newspaper ''Albany Register'', the official printer for the New York government, for printing a cartoon showing "Sir Solomon Faucet" as a man plucking a goose identified as "the public". Former prosecutor Ambrose Spencer was now a trial judge; he convicted and fined Croswell.
But it was not the Democratic-Republican party machine with its presidents, governors, attorneys general, justices, judges, prosecutors, lawyers, sheriffs, local officials, and party newspaper editors, that finally sank Croswell and drove him from publishing and politics. In the spring of 1811, Croswell was "unable to discharge a small debt to a creditor who was also a leading Federalist. The Federalist, an
Albany, New York
Albany ( ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York, also the seat and largest city of Albany County. Albany is on the west bank of the Hudson River, about south of its confluence with the Mohawk River, and about north of New York C ...
lawyer, sued, and Croswell was incarcerated until he could pay the debt. Disgusted now by both parties, he swore off politics. Influenced by the
Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. R ...
since 1809, he now "carefully examined the subject of the Christian ministry; and this examination led to his full conformity to the Episcopal Church, and he was baptized in St. Peter's Church, Albany, on Sunday, July 19, 1812."
On May 8, 1814, Bishop John Hobart of New York ordained Croswell a deacon, and he was placed in charge o
Christ Church, Hudson, New York.
Separation of church and state in Connecticut
In the summer of 1814, Harry and Susan Croswell visited Mrs. Croswell's family in New Haven. The Rector of
Trinity Episcopal Church on the Green in New Haven, the Rev. Henry Whitlock, was stricken with a fatal illness, and Deacon Croswell was asked to preach. After Whitlock died, Croswell as asked to take on the duties of leading the church. He took the pulpit on January 1, 1815, and five months later on June 6, 1815, he was consecrated a priest in
Christ Church, Middletown, Connecticut by Bishop Griswold.
![Trinity Church on the Green, New Haven, circa 1865 (photograph)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Trinity_Church_on_the_Green%2C_New_Haven%2C_circa_1865_%28photograph%29.jpg)
New Haven had long been the center of the
established Congregationalist church
Congregational churches (also Congregationalist churches or Congregationalism) are Protestant churches in the Calvinist tradition practising congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its ...
in Connecticut. It was the home of Yale, known as "the School of the Prophets" for its fierce Puritan orthodoxy. The Puritans had fiercely resisted an Anglican church in the town since the town's founding in 1638. Relations between the Episcopalian minority and the Congregationalist majority had somewhat improved from the previous century, when mob actions, whippings, oppressive taxes, and restrictive laws were used to suppress Episcopalians in the state. At a town meeting in December 1812, the town granted the Trinity parish permission to build a new
Trinity Church on the town Green. The church was designed by the architect
Ithiel Town
Ithiel Town (October 3, 1784 – June 13, 1844) was an American architect and civil engineer. One of the first generation of professional architects in the United States, Town made significant contributions to American architecture in the f ...
in the
Gothic style
Gothic or Gothics may refer to:
People and languages
*Goths or Gothic people, the ethnonym of a group of East Germanic tribes
**Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths
** Crimean Gothic, the Gothic language spoken ...
. It was so impressive an edifice, it would launch the
Gothic Revival style in North America. The cornerstone was laid in 1814. The church was consecrated at a public ceremony in 1816, which also saw Croswell installed as Rector of the church.
However, in taking over the parish, Croswell had stepped into a major denominational controversy. The Congregationalist assembly, to protect their legislative majority, beginning in 1804 had passed a series of bills limiting suffrage – including banning blacks and those with no property, or even those with mortgaged property, from voting. In 1814, they reneged on a deal to give $60,000 to Congregationalist Yale and $10,000 to an Episcopal college in
Cheshire, Connecticut
Cheshire ( ), formerly known as New Cheshire Parish, is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. At the time of the 2020 census, the population of Cheshire was 28,733. The center of population of Connecticut is located in Cheshir ...
, giving Yale $20,000 and the Episcopal College nothing. They then refused to grant a charger to the Episcopal college. Angry at their treatment, in 1815 the Federalist Episcopalians joined with the Democratic-Republicans to form the ''
Toleration Party
The Toleration Party, also known as the Toleration-Republican Party and later the American Party or American Toleration and Reform Party, was a political party that dominated the political life of Connecticut from 1817 to 1827. The ''American'' ...
''. They won the 1817 elections, obtaining a slim majority in the lower house and electing former Federalist
Oliver Wolcott Jr. as governor, but did not take over the upper house.
Expecting to win the upper house the next year, the Toleration Party began plans to call a constitutional convention to revoke the establishment of the church in the old
''Connecticut Charter''. The much loved charter dated back to the
Connecticut Royal Charter of 1662, signed by
King Charles II, which was based on the
Fundamental Orders
The Fundamental Orders were adopted by the Connecticut Colony council on . The fundamental orders describe the government set up by the Connecticut River New England town, towns, setting its structure and powers. They wanted the government to hav ...
of 1639, that in turn was based on a sermon given by the Rev.
Thomas Hooker
Thomas Hooker (July 5, 1586 – July 7, 1647) was a prominent English colonial leader and Congregational minister, who founded the Connecticut Colony after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding spea ...
to the assembly in 1638, the year of Hartford's founding. Hooker in his sermon not only gave Connecticut a relatively democratic if established church charter, but a tradition of the Anniversary Election Sermon, where a prominent clergyman would be appointed to deliver a sermon to the governing bodies of the state.
For 180 years, the clergyman appointed to give the politically important had been a Congregationalist minister. In 1818, Governor Wolcott instead chose the Episcopalian and ex-Federalist Harry Croswell to deliver the sermon. Having become disgruntled with not only the two parties, but party politics in general, Croswell did not deliver a partisan exhortation or preach the usual political bromides; instead he argued fiercely for the
separation of church and state
The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state. Conceptually, the term refers to the creation of a secular sta ...
. In his "distinguishing line" sermon, he preached that citizens, state officials, and clergy, must ''render unto Caesar, the things which be Caesar's, '' but they must also ''render unto God, the things which be God's''; they must respect the boundary between them by not crossing into each other's territory.
The sermon was very well received; four editions were funded and printed that year by the assembly. The day after the sermon, the Assembly voted 81 to 80 that a simple majority would be enough to ratify the charter. In October, the new constitution disestablishing the church was ratified by a slender majority.
Parish minister
![Rev](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Rev._Harry_Croswell_from_The_Evergreen_Magazine_March_1847.jpg)
Obeying his own precept, Croswell never publicly commented on politics nor voted in an election in the 43 years he was Rector of Trinity parish. He rarely even mentioned the political issues of the day in the diary he kept for most of the years he held his office. Croswell's 5,300 page diary, begun in 1821 when he was 41, is a largely untapped treasure found in manuscript form at the Yale library. The historian
Franklin Bowditch Dexter in "The Rev. Harry Croswell, D.D., and his Diary", called it "a remarkable record of individual activity, and of the shrewd comments of a critical observer on persons and events within his daily experience."
According to the African-American history scholar Randall K. Burkett, Rector Harry Croswell was known to minister to blacks at a time when other white clergy did not. Among the American diocesan clergy, Burkett notes that "none had more extensive or intimate acquaintance either with his own black parishioners or with a larger number of the twenty-two antebellum African-American Episcopal clergy than did the Reverend Harry Croswell," and that Croswell "all but singlehandedly ministered among the black population of New Haven."
His charitable works in the city ranged from co-founding Washington College in New Haven (now Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut), New Haven's first Orphanage, several night schools, Sunday schools, the Colonization Society, and he was a trustee and secretary of the General Theological Society.
[''The Christian Journal, and Literary Register'', Volume 5, T. & J. Swords, 1821, p. 172]
His diary recounts an extraordinary life of pastoral visits and care.
[Dexter, p. 69] Yale historian Dexter, who knew Croswell, observed that
When he died, a local newspaper summed up his career:
First published definition of cocktail
Croswell may be most famous for printing the first definition the word ''
cocktail.'' In the ''Balance and Columbian Repository'' of May 13, 1806, after being queried by a reader on his use of the word in the previous week's paper, he wrote:
Works by Croswell
Books
* A discourse, on the death of the President of the United States : delivered in Trinity Church and St. Paul's Chapel, New Haven, on Sunday, April 18, 1841, 1841
A guide to the Holy Sacraments in a series of lectures on the baptismal service; delivered in Trinity Church, New Haven, preparatory to confirmation 1857
* A manual of family prayer : adapted to the various seasons of the ecclesiastical year, with prayers and thanksgivings for special occasions, 1845
A Memoir of the late Rev. William Croswell D.D.... By his father, 1854
* A New Year's address to the Sunday schools of Trinity Church, New Haven, 1842
* A pastoral letter from the rector of Trinity church, 1822
* A sermon preached at the anniversary election in Hartford, 1816
* A sermon preached at the anniversary election, Hartford, May 14, 1818, 1818
* A sermon, delivered in Christ-Church, Hudson, June 12, 1814, on the death of the Hon. Hezekiah L. Hosmer, Esq., 1814
* A sober appeal to the Christian public, 1819
* Address, delivered before a general meeting of the Federal Republican citizens of the city of Albany, at the Eagle Tavern, on the 27th March, 1810, 1810
* Proceedings at New Haven, in relation to the demise of the Hon. Nathan Smith, and the funeral solemnities, with the discourse delivered on the occasion, 1835
* Rudiments of the Church, 1840
1835
* The young churchman's guide: being a course of religious instruction for young people, in five books; with additional exercises, 1823
*Admonition to the young : a sermon, 1833
*National Sin rebuked. A discourse, on the death of the President of the United States
.e. William H. Harrison delivered in Trinity Church and St. Paul's Chapel, New Haven, on Sunday, April 18, 1841.
*The young churchman's guide, book first, containing devotions for opening and closing Sunday schools, the church catechism, with short questions and answers annexed ... and instructions for the public worship of God., 1838
Manuscripts
* Harry Croswell papers, 1821-1858 (manuscript, including Diary housed at th
Yale Divinity Library
Newspapers 1800-1811
* Western Constellation, 1800-, Catskill, NY
* The Balance, and Columbian Repository, 1801–1807, Hudson, NY
* The Wasp, 1802, Hudson, NY
* Republican Crisis, 1806–1808, Albany, NY
* The Balance Advertiser, 1808, Albany, NY
* The Balance and New York State Journal, 1809–1811, Albany NY
* The Balance, & State Journal, 1811-1811
References
External links
from
Project Canterbury
Trinity Episcopal Church on the Green'' The Reverend Harry Croswell and Black Episcopalians in New Haven, 1820-1860', Randall K. Burkett, Emory University
The Journal of Harry Croswell: An Exploratory Transcriptionby Richard Mammana, Yale Divinity School (2012)
Further reading
* Burkett, Randall K., Emory University, "The Reverend Harry Croswell and Black Episcopalians in New Haven, 1820-1860", ''The North Star: A Journal of African American Religious History'' (), Volume 7, Number 1 (Fall 2003)
* Croswell, Harry, ''Diary'' – see ''Guide to the Harry Croswell Papers'', MS 781, May 1977, Yale University Library Manuscripts and Archives finding aid), accessed online on July 10, 2012, from http://drs.library.yale.edu:8083/fedora/get/mssa:ms.0781/PDF
* Croswell, ''A Memoir of the late Rev. William Croswell: Rector of the Church of the Advent, Boston'', D. Appleton & co., 1854
* Croswell, Harry, ''The Balance, and Columbian Repository'', Hudson, N.Y newspaper, 1801-1807
* Croswell, Harry, ''The Wasp'', Hudson N.Y. newspaper, 1802
* Dexter, Franklin B., ''Papers of the New Haven Colony Historical Society'', Vol. IX, "The Rev. Harry Croswell, D.D., and his Diary", New Haven, 1918
*Fleming, Thomas, ''Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, And The Future Of America'', Basic Books, 2000
* Fleming, Thomas, "A Scandalous, Malicious and Seditious Libel". ''American Heritage'', July 1967
* Olsen, Neil C. ''The End of Theocracy in America'', Nonagram Publications, 2013
* Van Ness, William Peter, et al., ''The speeches at full length of Mr. Van Ness, Mr. Caines: the attorney-general
mbrose SpencerMr. Harrison, and General Hamilton, in the great cause of the people, against Harry Croswell, on an indictment for a libel on Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States'', G. & R. Waite, 1804
* Vestry of Trinity Church, ''Obituary Sermon, Preached in Trinity Church, New Haven, March 16, 1858, At the Funeral of the Rev. Harry Croswell, D.D., By the Rt. Rev. John Williams, D.D., Assistant Bishop of Conn., and A Sermon, Preached the Following Sunday, by the Rev. Samuel Benedict, Assistant Ministry Of Trinity Church; Together with the Resolutions of the Clergy of the Diocese, of the vestries of Trinity, St. Paul's, St. Thomas', Christ, St. John's And St. Luke's Parishes, and the Parish of the Church of the Advent, Boston; With Some Notices Of The Deceased, And of the Funeral Ceremonies From The City Papers.'' New Haven: Printed by Thomas J. Stafford, 1858
{{DEFAULTSORT:Croswell, Harry
1778 births
1858 deaths
People from West Hartford, Connecticut
American sermon writers
American Episcopal priests
19th-century American Episcopalians