Harrison Mosher Hayford (b.
Belfast
Belfast ( , ; from ga, Béal Feirste , meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom ...
, Maine 1 November 1916 - d. 10 December 2001
Evanston, Illinois
Evanston ( ) is a city, suburb of Chicago. Located in Cook County, Illinois, United States, it is situated on the North Shore along Lake Michigan. Evanston is north of Downtown Chicago, bordered by Chicago to the south, Skokie to the west, ...
) was a scholar of American literature, most prominently of
Herman Melville
Herman Melville ( born Melvill; August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period. Among his best-known works are ''Moby-Dick'' (1851); ''Typee'' (1846), a rom ...
, a
book-collector, and a
textual editor. He taught at
Northwestern University
Northwestern University is a private research university in Evanston, Illinois. Founded in 1851, Northwestern is the oldest chartered university in Illinois and is ranked among the most prestigious academic institutions in the world.
Charte ...
from 1942 until his retirement in 1986. He was a leading figure in the post-World War II generation of Melville scholars who mounted the
Melville Revival. He was General Editor of the Northwestern-Newberry ''The Writings of Herman Melville'' published by
Northwestern University Press
Northwestern University Press is an American publishing house affiliated with Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. It publishes 70 new titles each year in the areas of continental philosophy, poetry, Slavic and German literary criticism ...
, which established reliable texts for all of Melville's works by using techniques of
textual criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts or of printed books. Such texts may range in da ...
.
[Biography/Historical Note]
Northwestern University Archives
G. Thomas Tanselle surveyed the scholarship about Herman Melville over the twentieth century and concluded that "Harrison Hayford has been responsible for more basic work —from the maintenance of a file of secondary material to the production of critical editions—than anyone else” .
Hayford received a
Ford Foundation Fellowship in 1951; a
Fulbright Fellowship
The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright–Hays Program, is one of several United States Cultural Exchange Programs with the goal of improving intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy, and intercultural competence between the people of ...
in 1956-1957, which he spent in
Florence, Italy; a
Guggenheim Fellowship in 1962, which he spent in Paris, France. He helped found and served four terms as president of the
Melville Society The Melville Society , is an organization for the study of author Herman Melville. Founded in 1945, the Society was a result of the Melville Revival of the 1920s and 1930s and is now the oldest American society devoted to a single literary figure.
...
.
Life and education
Harrison Hayford was born in Belfast, Maine, son of Ralph Hayford (1881 - 1945) and Marjorie Chase Hayford. He had two sisters, Viola (Glass), and Marion, who died of tuberculosis as a child.
Hayford's early life was spent on the Hayford Farm, which was established in 1821 and was in 1859 made the town Poorhouse Farm. Ralph Hayford, his father, was the oldest of five surviving children (of eight). After his mother died shortly after childbirth in 1891, Ralph took over responsibility from his bereaved father, Loretto, and remained on the farm to raise his four younger siblings.
One of Harrison's students later speculated that his love of story and language was nurtured by listening to the retired seamen who were taken into the poorhouse. The farm was auctioned by the county, however, when the family could not pay the taxes. Hayford attended a one-room school where his mother was the teacher, then graduated from
Crosby High School in 1937.
He entered Tufts College, where he earned bachelor's and master's degrees in English in 1938 and 1940. His undergraduate roommate was the poet
John Ciardi
John is a common English name and surname:
* John (given name)
* John (surname)
John may also refer to:
New Testament
Works
* Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John
* First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John
* Second ...
. Their shared interest in poetry was sharpened by
John Holmes, a nationally respected poet who taught at Tufts. Holmes held a weekly poetry reading and discussion session in his apartment, where Hayford and Ciardi met Josephine Bosworth Wishart, a graduate student whom both courted. In the spring of 1938 Hayford and Wishart eloped by street-car to Providence, where they married.
Hayford was among the students recruited by Yale English professor
Stanley T. Williams for his graduate program in American literature. Although Williams did little publication on the subject himself, he encouraged these graduate students to focus on Melville. The group did research in archives and libraries in order to move beyond the first generation of studies, which treated Melville's writings as reliably autobiographical. The Yale students became key players in the
Melville Revival
Herman Melville (Name change, born Melvill; August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American people, American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance (literature), American Renaissance period. Among his bes ...
of the 1940s. Among them were
Walter Bezanson
Walter E. Bezanson (June 19, 1911 Needham, MassachusettsFebruary 5, 2011 Saint Paul, Minnesota ) was a scholar and critic of American literature best known for his studies of Herman Melville and contributions to the Melville revival that restored t ...
and
Merton M. Sealts (Sealts had been a classmate of Hayford's wife at Wooster College). Hayford had intended to write his doctoral thesis on
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803April 27, 1882), who went by his middle name Waldo, was an American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, abolitionist, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champ ...
, but when he found that he could not gain access to crucial archival papers, he turned to Melville. His dissertation on the relationship between Melville and
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer. His works often focus on history, morality, and religion.
He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, from a family long associated with that t ...
has been called “seminal." Hayford discovered letters, journal extracts, and other materials which he later included in articles.
[Sanford Marovitz, "The Melville Revival," in Wyn Kelley: ''A Companion to Herman Melville''. Blackwell, Oxford 2006]
p. 523
He joined the English department of Northwestern University in 1942 and retired after 44 years of teaching there in 1986. He also was visiting professor at
University of Minnesota
The University of Minnesota, formally the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, (UMN Twin Cities, the U of M, or Minnesota) is a public land-grant research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. ...
,
University of Washington, Seattle
The University of Washington (UW, simply Washington, or informally U-Dub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington.
Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast; it was established in Seattle ...
,
University of Florence
The University of Florence (Italian: ''Università degli Studi di Firenze'', UniFI) is an Italian public research university located in Florence, Italy. It comprises 12 schools and has around 50,000 students enrolled.
History
The first universi ...
, 1956-1957,
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of high ...
1962, University of Maine, and University of Paris,
Sorbonne
Sorbonne may refer to:
* Sorbonne (building), historic building in Paris, which housed the University of Paris and is now shared among multiple universities.
*the University of Paris (c. 1150 – 1970)
*one of its components or linked institution, ...
, 1977-1978.
Among the Northwestern colleagues with whom he had close friendships were
Carl W. Condit, Wallace Douglas,
Richard Ellman
Richard David Ellmann, FBA (March 15, 1918 – May 13, 1987) was an American literary critic and biographer of the Irish writers James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, and William Butler Yeats. He won the U.S. National Book Award for Nonfiction for ''James ...
,
Leon Forrest,
Ernest Samuels
Ernest Samuels (May 19, 1903 in Chicago, Illinois – February 12, 1996 in Evanston, Illinois) was an American biographer and lawyer.
Life
Born in Chicago, he received his Ph.B. in 1923 and J.D. in 1926 from the University of Chicago. He move ...
, Walter Bernard Scott, and
Samuel Schoenbaum
Samuel Schoenbaum (6 March 1927 – 27 March 1996) was a leading 20th-century Shakespearean biographer and scholar.
Biography
Born in New York, Schoenbaum taught at Northwestern University from 1953 to 1975, serving for the last four years o ...
.
He and Josephine had four children: Charles Wishart Hayford (1941- ), Ralph Harrison Hayford (1944- 2002), Alison Margaret Hayford (1946- ), and Deborah Bosworth Hayford (Weiss) (1950 - ).
Teaching and teaching materials
Hayford taught freshman composition, graduate seminars, and undergraduate courses in new areas, such as African American literature, folk-lore, and individual American authors. After the war, he was one of the "young turks" in the English Department who worked to put freshman English at the center of a humanistic curriculum. Along with his Northwestern colleagues Wallace Douglas and Ernest Samuels, he was called one of the “early animators and contributors” to the
Conference on College Composition and Communication
The Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC, often referred to as "Four Cs") is a national professional association of college and university writing instructors in the United States. Formed in 1949 as an organization within t ...
, formed in 1949.
His 1952 freshman English anthology, ''Reader and Writer'', edited with fellow Melville scholar
Howard P. Vincent, became one of the bestselling English composition texts of its time. Selections included essays, short fiction, and poems ranging from the early English poet
Bernard Mosher to contemporary writers.
He edited ''The Somers Mutiny Affair'' (1959), a selection of historical documents concerning the 1793
''Somers'' mutiny which students could use as a resource for essays. Commander
Alexander Slidell Mackenzie
Alexander Slidell Mackenzie (April 6, 1803 – September 13, 1848), born Alexander Slidell, was a United States Navy officer, famous for his 1842 decision to execute three suspected mutineers aboard a ship under his command in the Somers Mutin ...
and the mutiny may have been in Melville's mind when he wrote ''Billy Budd''.
Melville revival and influence
Hayford's influence in the Melville field came without his having written an influential early book establishing him as an authority. His student, Hershel Parker, wrote that "he did it his way." He never published his Yale doctoral thesis on the relation between Melville and Hawthorne, but Melville scholars read it in manuscript and it is called "seminal".
After resisting pressure to write a Melville biography, Hayford encouraged
Leon Howard, then of the Northwestern English Department, to collaborate with
Jay Leyda, who was researching his ''Melville Log,'' a day-by-day compilation of Melville’s activities. Howard’s 1951 biography was dedicated to Hayford and Leyda.
In 1945,
Tyrus Hilway, another student of Stanley Williams, and Hayford founded the
Melville Society The Melville Society , is an organization for the study of author Herman Melville. Founded in 1945, the Society was a result of the Melville Revival of the 1920s and 1930s and is now the oldest American society devoted to a single literary figure.
...
, for which Hayford served as president four times (1955, 1970, 1992, 1999). The prominent scholar of American literature
F.O. Matthiessen disapproved of the idea, recalled Hilway, perhaps because he believed that there were already too many literary societies or that Melville did not merit one.
Textual editing
Literary study in the 1940s was dominated by the
New Criticism, an approach that focused on close reading of texts and downplayed or excluded the author's life or historical situation. Hayford later remarked that "Just by looking closely at a piece of writing, they saw a lot of things that nobody else had noticed before. But you take people with PhDs, who are expected to be scholars, and you tell them that they have to find something new -- well, the first 5 may come up with something, but when you have 50 people looking, the text gets used up." These critics also did not often question whether the texts themselves were reliable. The ideal of
textual criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts or of printed books. Such texts may range in da ...
was to establish the author's intention, which might well have been lost when the publisher edited the original manuscript or distorted when the printer set type.
Billy Budd
Melville left loose pages of the draft manuscript of ''
Billy Budd'' in disorder on his desk when he died in 1893. Melville's first biographer,
Raymond Weaver
Raymond Melbourne Weaver (1888 – April 4, 1948) was a professor of English and comparative literature at Columbia University in 1916–1948, and a literary scholar best known for publishing ''Herman Melville: Mariner and Mystic'', the first full ...
found these pages among the papers made available to him by Melville's grand-daughter. Weaver produced a text for a collected edition of Melville's works in 1928, but he did not have experience with Melville's difficult handwriting and could only guess at Melville's intentions. Another version published in 1948 reproduced many of Weaver's misreadings and added other mistakes.
In 1955, Hayford and
Merton M. Sealts started to study the manuscript, which had been deposited in Harvard's
Houghton Library
Houghton Library, on the south side of Harvard Yard adjacent to Widener Library, is Harvard University's primary repository for rare books and manuscripts. It is part of the Harvard College Library, the library system of Harvard's Faculty of ...
, and published their findings in a 1962 University of Chicago Press book. They found that neither of the two previous editors had realized that Melville's wife had begun to prepare the manuscript for publication, but could not resolve the many difficulties and gave up. The two earlier editors did not recognize that many of the comments were in her handwriting, not her husband's; they printed her queries and notes as if they were Melville's own. Weaver found loose sheets in a separate folder marked "Preface?" and printed them as the Preface. Hayford and Sealts recognized that she had come across the folder and guessed that it was a Preface—hence the question mark. The earlier editors also mistakenly assumed that the pages of the manuscript were in the sequence Melville intended. Hayford and Sealts corrected readings of many words, distinguished the types of papers to show the order in which they were written, observed how Melville's handwriting and writing instruments changed over the years, and noted his use of crayons and inks of different colors. They determined the stages in which Melville developed the plot. To show readers these stages, they prepared a "genetic text" that used a system of markings and symbols to show the history of each leaf, indicate crossings-out and insertions, marginal notes and who made them, and alternative readings.
G. Thomas Tanselle called the genetic text an "historic achievement" that made all the textual evidence available for scholars to construct "reading texts." The 1962 University of Chicago volume included both the genetic text and a reading text, which Sealts prepared.
[G. Thomas Tanselle, "Textual Note on ''Billy Budd, Sailor'', in , pp. 401- 403.]
Some reviewers questioned the need for textual editing. They doubted that the earlier published versions needed to be revised, or objected to changing a text they had long been teaching. Princeton University literary historian
Lawrance Roger Thompson, for instance, found fault with the “unacceptable attempts to throw out the ‘Preface,’” and suggested that “perhaps Melville put the so-called Preface in a separate folder because he wanted to use it eventually as a ‘Preface’ No other Preface for Billy Budd has been found.” Hershel Parker later countered that “those who felt as if they had been robbed of familiar passages did not particularly care whether or not Melville himself had rejected the passages.... what mattered to them was that as far as they were concerned ''Billy Budd'' had always come with a Preface and always should come with a ‘Preface.’”
Northwestern-Newberry Melville edition
In the 1950s, the
Modern Language Association (MLA) established the Center for Editions of American Authors (CEAA), which proposed to organize textual editing and publication projects for major American authors. At about the same time, the eminent literary figure
Edmund Wilson
Edmund Wilson Jr. (May 8, 1895 – June 12, 1972) was an American writer and literary critic who explored Freudian and Marxist themes. He influenced many American authors, including F. Scott Fitzgerald, whose unfinished work he edited for publi ...
and the publisher
Jason Epstein
Jason Wolkow Epstein (August 25, 1928 – February 4, 2022) was an American editor and publisher. He was the editorial director of Random House from 1976 to 1995. He also co-founded ''The New York Review of Books'' in 1963.
Early life
Epstein ...
, editor at
Random House
Random House is an American book publisher and the largest general-interest paperback publisher in the world. The company has several independently managed subsidiaries around the world. It is part of Penguin Random House, which is owned by Germ ...
, proposed a series that would do for American authors what the
Pléiade Editions did for French authors, that is, publish standard works in well-designed volumes that could be held and read comfortably. They were satisfied to print the text of the first editions of the works they selected.
Hayford, who was a consultant for CEAA, applauded Wilson's idea for such a series but insisted that reliable texts must first be established. Interviewed by
Lee Sandlin in the
Chicago Reader in 1982, Hayford commented that "We pleaded with them to combine the two ideas. We'd do the texts, and they'd publish them. But they wouldn't have anything to do with us." Neither group could win over the other or convince foundations to support them. Hayford and the MLA approached the
National Endowment for the Humanities
The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent federal agency of the U.S. government, established by thNational Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965(), dedicated to supporting research, education, preserv ...
, which agreed to support the CEAA.
"These were the Kennedy years," Hayford said later. "They were giving scientists money to shoot at the moon and the scholars money to compare commas."
The Melville project was launched in 1966 with expectations that there would be fifteen volumes and would be completed in a few years.
The final volume was not published until 2017.
Hayford brought the
Newberry Library and Northwestwestern together as co-sponsors. A basic task was to assemble a collection of Melville editions and research materials. The Newberry's Herman Melville Collection at its height contained more than 6,100 items. The core was Hayford’s personal collection, augmented through purchases and gifts. The collection was enlarged to include at least one copy of every printing of each of Melville's books published in his lifetime, since Melville might possibly have made textual changes, and to accumulate copies of articles and reviews on Melville. When the collection was broken up, many of the contents were transferred to the Melville Society.
Establishing a reliable text was not simple. The first printing of a book might not represent the author's intentions: Melville's handwriting was cramped, misreadings and typographical errors were common, and Melville was impatient with proofreading. In addition, publishers censored or cut many of his early books and Melville made changes and corrections on the page proofs or inserted new material. It was also possible that any edition published during the author's life might have his own corrections or changes. Hayford studied the techniques of
textual criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts or of printed books. Such texts may range in da ...
that bibliographers such as
Fredson Bowers
Fredson Thayer Bowers (April 25, 1905 – April 11, 1991) was an American Bibliography, bibliographer and scholar of Textual criticism, textual editing.
Life
Bowers was a graduate of Brown University and Harvard University (Ph.D.). He taught at ...
had developed to analyze Elizabethan texts. The textual editor was to first chose a "copy text," then compare all other possible texts with it. Punctuation and spelling were known as "accidentals," since they had probably been decided on by the publishing house. Hayford's graduate students and editorial assistants later recalled reading copy-texts aloud word by word, including spelling and punctuation, in order to check against other editions.
The editorial team compared editions using a
Hinman collator
The Hinman collator, an early optical collator, was an opto-mechanical device for comparing pairs of documents for differences in the text. Documents that appeared similar were said to “collate”. The collator resulted in rapid advances in the ...
, a device used by astronomers to discover changes among the stars by comparing successive images. "You can look through a whole text and not find any changes," Hayford said. "But that doesn't mean you've been wasting your time. You've found out a great deal. You found that the text is healthy. Some are absolutely cancerous." Important corrections to accepted texts emerged almost immediately. ''Moby-Dick'', for instance, was printed in London without the last chapter but with other substantive changes that only the author might have made. Correcting even a single word might affect interpretation. The Harvard literary historian
F.O. Matthiessen expounded on meaning of the phrase "''soiled'' fish of the sea," a phrase, however, that was a typesetter's misreading of "''coiled'' fish of the sea."
The first volume of the Northwestern-Newberry edition to be published was ''
Typee
''Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life'' is American writer Herman Melville's first book, published in 1846, when Melville was 26 years old. Considered a classic in travel and adventure literature, the narrative is based on Melville's experiences on ...
'', which appeared in 1968. Edmund Wilson's "The Fruits of the MLA" reviewed the volume in the ''
New York Review of Books
New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created.
New or NEW may refer to:
Music
* New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz
Albums and EPs
* ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013
* ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator ...
'' and renewed the attack on the CEAA. Wilson quoted from the CEAA guidelines and wrote that he was "prepared to acknowledge the competence of Mr. Harrison Hayford, Mr. Hershel Parker, and Mr. G. Thomas Taselle
icin the stultifying task assigned them," but that they are sometimes as much bored and annoyed as the reviewer is by these exactions; but the project in the case of ''Typee'' has been so relentlessley carried out that in the technical language of this species of scholarship—of 'substantives,' 'accidentals,' and 'copy-texts' -- that a glossary should be provided for readers who are not registered union members—if there are any such readers—of the Modern Language Association."
Other reviewers praised the edition's textual scholarship for establishing reliable texts. Some questioned particular decisions behind the reading texts, however. Julian Markels, writing in the journal ''
American Literature'' charged that Hayford and Sealts had been wrong to remove the "Preface" from Billy Budd. He also charged that Hayford used his position as General Editor to push his thesis that ''Moby-Dick'' contained "unnecessary duplicates" and that he excluded other interpretations. Robert Milder, reviewing several volumes published in the mid-1990s, remarked that the ratio of material in the appendices in the earlier volumes was roughly two to one, but that the Northwestern-Newberry editors had greatly expanded the material in the historical and critical appendices in the recent volumes. The edition "quite simply reinvented itself and in so doing redefined what a scholarly volume can and perhaps ought to be." Milder cautioned, however, "no firm and abiding principle governs the inclusion or exclusion of material."
Northwestern-Newberry texts soon were accepted as standard and widely reprinted. Because the National Endowment for the Humanities funded the project, the texts were not copyright, and there was no fee to reprint them. Edmund Wilson and Jason Epstein's vision came to fruition in the
Library of America
The Library of America (LOA) is a nonprofit publisher of classic American literature. Founded in 1979 with seed money from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Ford Foundation, the LOA has published over 300 volumes by authors rang ...
. The first volume in the series was devoted to Melville, edited by G. Thomas Tanselle, and Hayford edited a later volume. The texts were those established by the Northwestern- Newberry editions.
Literary history and criticism
After his death in 2001, Northwestern University Press published a collection of Hayford's selected and revised essays, ''Melville's Prisoners'' (2003), with an extensive introduction by Hershel Parker. John Bryant's review in ''Leviathan'' notes that it contains both "scholarly-critical essays," in which textual history and bibliographical facts shape and inform critical insight, but also ''explication de texte'', source study, and biography.
Book collecting
Hayford was also known to friends and students as a book-lover and collector. His essay "An Apology for Book Accumulating," however, argued that there was value in accumulating books without narrowing the reasons. He defended a collection of Twentieth Century Second Rate Fiction on the grounds that bad literature was also part of the record.
One former student estimated that some 200,000 volumes must have passed through Hayford's house over the course of his career, also filling his attic, basement, and garage. He began to accumulate books in large numbers after 1965. Since he then could buy Melville books only for the Newberry Melville collection, his attention turned to other topics. Although he was generous in giving books to graduate students, he sold or donated from this stock only to college or university libraries in thematic groups, such as American fiction, humor, and poetry. He devoted special attention to areas that were then less developed, such as writings by women and African Americans, in order to encourage research. In addition to the Newberry Library, large collections went to Purdue University, Western Michigan University, University of Toledo, and Meiji University in Tokyo.
In 1990, he and his wife donated "The Josephine Long Wishart Collection: Mother, Home, and Heaven," a collection of more than 800 books by and about American women, to Wooster College to provide research material for the college's undergraduate research program. The collection honors Josephine Long Wishart, his wife's mother and wife of former Wooster president
Charles F. Wishart. Topics range from cooking and cleaning to marriage and birth control,
Selected publications
Edited editions
*
*
*
* Melville, Herman, edited and with an Introduction by Harrison Hayford, Walter Blair, ''Omoo; a Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas''. (New York: Hendricks House, 1969).
*
Teaching and textbooks
* Internet Archiv
HERE*
* Available free onlin
HERE*
*
Books and articles
† = reprinted (and revised) in ''Melville's Prisoners'' (2003).
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* †
* †
* †
* †
* †
* . In addition to the essays marked above, includes "Is Moby-Dick a Botch?"; "An Apology for Book Accumulation"; "Melville's Imaginary Sister".
*
References
*
*
* .
*
* . Short reminiscences by Tanselle, G. Thomas, Hershel Parker, Amy Puett Emmers, William G. Holzberger, Joel Myerson, Russell Reising, Robert D. Madison, Mary K. Bercaw Edwards, Alma Macdougall Reising and Steven Olsen-Smith.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Notes
External links
Hayford, Harrison M. (1916-2001) PapersNorthwestern University Archives.
Xroads University of Virginia.
Harrison HayfordWorldCat
WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of tens of thousands of institutions (mostly libraries), in many countries, that are current or past members of the OCLC global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc. Many of the O ...
authority page.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayford, Harrison
1916 births
2001 deaths
Yale University alumni
Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Northwestern University faculty
American literary historians
Textual scholarship
Textual criticism
Bibliographers
Book collecting
Herman Melville
People from Belfast, Maine