Harriet (tortoise)

Harriet (formerly Harry; – 23 June 2006) was a Galápagos tortoise (''Chelonoidis niger'', specifically a western Santa Cruz tortoise ''C. n. porteri'') who had an estimated age of 175 years at the time of her death in Australia. Harriet is one of the longest-lived known tortoises, behind Tu'i Malila, who died in 1965 at the age of 188, Jonathan, who remains alive at an age of about , and possibly Adwaita, who died in 2006 at an estimated age of between 150 and 255 years. At the time of her death, she lived at the Australia Zoo which was owned by Steve and Terri Irwin.

Harriet was reportedly collected by Charles Darwin during his 1835 visit to the Galápagos Islands as part of his round-the-world survey expedition, transported to England, and then taken to her final home, Australia, by John Clements Wickham, the retiring captain of the ''Beagle''. However, doubt is cast on this story by the fact that Darwin had never visited Santa Cruz, the island that Harriet originally came from.

HMS ''Beagle''

In August 1994, a historian from Mareeba published a letter in the local newspaper about two tortoises he remembered at the Botanic Gardens in 1922 and that the keepers of the time were saying that the tortoises had arrived at the Gardens in 1860 as a donation from John Clements Wickham, who was the first lieutenant (and later captain) of under Fitzroy during the voyage of the ''Beagle'' in 1835.

Wickham actually brought three tortoises (named Tom, Dick and Harry) to Australia when he arrived after retiring from the Royal Navy in 1841; these lived at Newstead House from 1841 to 1860. Records show that the tortoises were donated to the Botanic Gardens in 1860 when Wickham retired as Government Resident of Moreton Bay (now Brisbane) and left Australia for Paris.

Some researchers claim that Wickham was in Australia in 1841 and did not visit England that year to pick up the tortoises. This differs from information published by Dr. C.G. Drury Clarke and others, who list him as being in England in 1841. Furthermore, the British Hydrographic Department published maps of Wickham's surveys in 1841, indicating that he was in London that year. In addition, John Lort Stokes, who assumed command of ''Beagle'' after Wickham, explicitly states in his book ''Discoveries in Australia, Volume 2'' that Wickham departed to England after resigning his position as captain.

There is evidence from letters that Charles Darwin was aware that Wickham had these tortoises, as he sent a letter to Huxley in 1860 informing him that he should speak with Wickham in Paris about the last of the tortoises from the 1835 expedition because he had them. This makes it at least possible that the three tortoises at the Brisbane Botanic Gardens were personally collected by Darwin.

It is thought that as many as 40 tortoises were stowed aboard ''Beagle''. Some were slaughtered for food, others were kept as souvenirs by crew members, a few as scientific specimens. Once ''Beagle'' returned to England, the care of these large creatures became burdensome, so they were adopted by a local museum. There is no evidence that Darwin kept any of them as a pet in his home.

Harriet's species

That the species Harriet represents was not from one of the islands visited by Darwin is not actually problematic. Darwin definitely collected tortoises on San Cristobal, San Salvador, and Santa Maria; however, the species on Santa Maria (''C. n. niger'') was, in fact, already nearing extinction when Darwin visited the islands, having been killed and eaten by prisoners on the prison colony there. Yet Darwin still collected tortoises on Santa Maria: the tortoises he found had been retrieved by the prisoners from other islands for food and Darwin collected some of these before they reached the stewpot. Hence they were a mixture of subspecies from a number of islands. Harriet, as a ''C. n. porteri'', is from Santa Cruz. One of the other tortoises (Tom) is still in the Queensland Museum and has been identified as a ''C. n. chathamensis'' (from San Cristobal).

Other theories about Harriet

An initial analysis of Harriet's DNA was unable to identify her subspecies in a cross section of 900 animals representing 26 extant and extinct populations. After reanalysis she was assigned to ''C. n. porteri''. However, her genetic diversity and other factors in her DNA sequence data indicated she was most likely at least two generations removed from the oldest specimens of her species in the dataset. The oldest ''C. n. porteri'' in the dataset were collected as adults in 1907 and, hence, this would require Harriet to be hatched by 1860.

This dating rules out many alternate possibilities for Harriet as, prior to 1900, Australia was a very difficult place to get to. There were only two imports of Galápagos tortoises prior to 1900, and four of the five animals involved have been accounted for and are still represented by museum material. The suggestion in some quarters that Harriet was collected by whalers and brought to Australia is not likely, as Australia had its own whaling industry and whaling ships from South America did not visit Australia.

The tortoises collected by Darwin were all recorded in Fitzroy's journals of the voyage, including their measurements. As they averaged in length, and this represented an approximate age of 5 years for the species, Harriet's year of birth was estimated by Scott Thomson to 1830, with a margin of error of two years, in the 1995 paper describing the events of Harriet's life and the results of the research.

Some also believe that Harriet was left with the Yabsley family of Coraki who were also on the ''Beagle''.

Later life

Harriet was thought to be male for many years and was actually named Harry after Harry Oakman, the creator of the zoo at the Brisbane Botanic Gardens, but this was corrected in the 1960s by a visiting director of Hawaii's Honolulu Zoo (as it happens, Tom, the specimen in the Queensland Museum, was also a female).

On 15 November 2005, her much-publicized 175th birthday was celebrated at Australia Zoo. This event was attended by Scott Thomson (the researcher on Harriet's history), three generations of the Fleay family, Robin Stewart (author of ''Darwin's Tortoise''), and many hundreds of others who knew this tortoise during the latter part of her life.

Harriet died in her enclosure on 23 June 2006 of heart failure following a short illness.

Character

Harriet was said to be very good-natured. She loved the attention of humans and enjoyed it when people patted her on the scutes (plates which make up the carapace, or upper shell). Harriet spent a majority of her day napping at her home pond. Her favourite food was hibiscus flowers.

Timeline

* ca. 1828–1832: Harriet hatches, probably on Santa Cruz.
* 1835: Harriet is probably collected by Charles Darwin and taken to England.
* 1841: Wickham retires from the Royal Navy, moves to Australia and brings three tortoises with him. Lives at Newstead House.
* 1859: First publication of Darwin's ''Origin of Species''.
* ca. 1860: Probable time when the three tortoises are placed in the Brisbane Botanical Gardens as Wickham soon left Australia for France.
* ca. 1870: The earliest first-hand account of Harriet.
* 1882: Charles Darwin dies.
* 1942: Tom – one of the original three tortoises – dies, and is placed in the Queensland Museum.
* 1952: Harriet moves to Fleay's Fauna Sanctuary.
* 1987: Harriet moves to the Queensland Reptile Park (Australia Zoo).
* 1995: Harriet's remarkable history and the results of the research are presented.
* 2005: Harriet's 175th birthday is attended by many people who had a long association with her.
* 2006: On 23 June, Harriet dies of heart failure at Australia Zoo.

In popular culture

Harriet's story was told in Robin Stewart's book ''Darwin's Tortoise: The Amazing True Story of Harriet, the World's Oldest Living Creature''. She appears as one of the protagonists in the ''Curious Science Quest'' series of children's time-travel adventures co-written by Julia Golding which explore the history of science.

See also

*Tu'i Malila
*Adwaita
* Jonathan (tortoise)
*List of long-living organisms

References

External links

Australia Zoo

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harriet
1830 animal births
2006 animal deaths
Individual tortoises
Pre-Separation Queensland