''Harpactea'' is a genus of woodlouse hunting spiders that was first described by

W. S. Bristowe William Syer Bristowe (1 September 1901 – 11 September 1979), who wrote under the name W. S. Bristowe, was an English naturalist, a prolific and popular scientific writer and authority on spiders. He was educated at Wellington College and Cambr ...

in 1939. They are non-web building predators that forage on the ground and on tree trunks at night, mainly in xerothermic forests. During the day, they hide in silk retreats they build under rocks or bark. '' H. sadistica'' was found to use traumatic insemination, the arthropod behavior of directly inserting its sperm into the body cavity of females. It is the first time it has ever been observed in spiders. ''H. hombergi'' is the only member of its genus that occurs in Great Britain.

Description

Like all woodlouse hunters, ''Harpactea'' have six eyes. The type species, '' H. hombergi'', can grow up to a body length of . Males and females are similar, but the female has no

epigyne The epigyne or epigynum is the external genital structure of female spiders. As the epigyne varies greatly in form in different species, even in closely related ones, it often provides the most distinctive characteristic for recognizing species. ...

. Like the rest of their family, they are

nocturnal Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnal meaning the opposite. Nocturnal creatures generally have highly developed sens ...

. Unlike them, ''Harpactea'' do not specialize on hunting woodlice. ''H. rubicunda'' also hunts '' Drassodes'' and other spiders, but most ''Harpactea'' feed on insects in addition to woodlice.

Species

Almost all species of this genus appear to be endemic to small regions of the Mediterranean. it contains 188 species from Europe and Northern Africa to Turkmenistan and Iran: *'' H. abantia'' ( Simon, 1885) – Greece *'' H. achsuensis'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan *'' H. acuta'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria *'' H. aeoliensis'' Alicata, 1973 – Italy *'' H. agnolettii'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey *'' H. alanyana'' Özkütük, Elverici, Marusik & Kunt, 2015 – Turkey *'' H. albanica'' ( Caporiacco, 1949) – Albania *'' H. alexandrae'' Lazarov, 2006 – Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia (Europe) *'' H. algarvensis'' Ferrández, 1990 – Portugal *'' H. alicatai'' Brignoli, 1979 – Italy (Sardinia) *'' H. angustata'' (Lucas, 1846) – Algeria *'' H. antoni'' Bosmans, 2009 – Greece *'' H. apollinea'' Brignoli, 1979 – Greece *'' H. arguta'' (Simon, 1907) – France, Italy *'' H. armenica'' Dunin, 1989 – Armenia *'' H. arnedoi'' Kunt, Elverici, Özkütük & Yağmur, 2011 – Turkey *'' H. asparuhi'' Lazarov, 2008 – Bulgaria *'' H. auresensis'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria *'' H. auriga'' (Simon, 1911) – Algeria *'' H. aurigoides'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria *'' H. azerbajdzhanica'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan *'' H. azowensis'' Charitonov, 1956 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe) *'' H. babori'' (Nosek, 1905) – Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey *'' H. ballarini'' Kunt, Özkütük & Elverici, 2013 – Turkey *'' H. blasi'' Ribera & Ferrández, 1986 – Spain *'' H. brachati'' Wunderlich, 2020 – Turkey *'' H. buchari'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan *'' H. bulgarica'' Lazarov & Naumova, 2010 – Macedonia, Bulgaria *'' H. caligata'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria *'' H. carusoi'' Alicata, 1974 – Italy, Tunisia *'' H. catholica'' (Brignoli, 1984) – Greece (Crete) *'' H. caucasia'' (

Kulczyński Kulczyński (feminine: Kulczyńska, plural: Kulczyńscy) is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Stanisław Kulczyński (1895-1975), Polish botanist and politician * Władysław Kulczyński Władysław Kulczyński (27 Marc ...

, 1895) – Russia (Caucasus), Georgia *'' H. cecconii'' (Kulczyński, 1908) – Cyprus *'' H. cesari'' Van Keer, 2009 – Greece *'' H. chreensis'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1989 – Algeria *'' H. christae'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria *'' H. christodeltshevi'' Bayram, Kunt & Yağmur, 2009 – Turkey *'' H. clementi'' Bosmans, 2009 – Greece, Turkey *'' H. coccifera'' Brignoli, 1984 – Greece (Crete) *'' H. colchidis'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey *'' H. complicata'' Deltshev, 2011 – Serbia *'' H. corinthia'' Brignoli, 1984 – Greece *'' H. corticalis'' (Simon, 1882) – France, Italy *'' H. cressa'' Brignoli, 1984 – Greece (Crete) *'' H. cruriformis'' Bosmans, 2011 – Greece *'' H. damini'' Pavlek & Arnedo, 2020 – Croatia *'' H. dashdamirovi'' Dunin, 1993 – Azerbaijan *'' H. decebali'' Nae, 2021 – Romania *'' H. deelemanae'' Dunin, 1989 – Armenia *'' H. deltshevi'' Dimitrov & Lazarov, 1999 – Bulgaria *'' H. digiovannii'' Gasparo, 2014 – Greece *'' H. diraoi'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey *'' H. dobati'' Alicata, 1974 – Turkey *'' H. doblikae'' ( Thorell, 1875) – Ukraine (mainland, Crimea) *'' H. dufouri'' (Thorell, 1873) – Spain *'' H. dumonti'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria *'' H. eskovi'' Dunin, 1989 – Georgia, Armenia *'' H. fageli'' Brignoli, 1980 – Portugal, Spain *'' H. forceps'' Varol & Danışman, 2018 – Turkey *'' H. forcipifera'' (Simon, 1911) – Algeria *'' H. gaditana'' Pesarini, 1988 – Spain *'' H. galatica'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey *'' H. gennargentu'' Wunderlich, 1995 – Italy (Sardinia) *'' H. globifera'' (Simon, 1911) – Algeria *'' H. gobustanica'' (Nuruyeva & Huseynov, 2022) – Azerbaijan *'' H. golovatchi'' Dunin, 1989 – Armenia *'' H. gridellii'' (Caporiacco, 1951) – Italy *'' H. grisea'' (

Canestrini Giovanni Canestrini (26 December 1835 – 14 February 1900) was an Italian naturalist and biologist and translator who was a native of Revò. Career He initially studied in Gorizia and Meran, then furthered his education in natural sciences at ...

, 1868) – Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia *'' H. gunselorum'' Gücel, Fuller, Göçmen & Kunt, 2018 – Cyprus *'' H. hauseri'' Brignoli, 1976 – Greece *'' H. heizerensis'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria *'' H. heliconia'' Brignoli, 1984 – Greece *'' H. henschi'' (Kulczyński, 1915) – Bosnia-Hercegovina *'' H. herodis'' Brignoli, 1978 – Israel *'' H. hispana'' (Simon, 1882) – Spain, France *'' H. hombergi'' (Scopoli, 1763) (

type Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * Ty ...

) – Europe *'' H. hyrcanica'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan *'' H. ice'' Komnenov & Chatzaki, 2016 – Greece *'' H. incerta'' Brignoli, 1979 – Greece *'' H. incurvata'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria *'' H. indistincta'' Dunin, 1991 – Russia (Caucasus), Azerbaijan *'' H. innupta'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria *'' H. isaurica'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey *'' H. johannitica'' Brignoli, 1976 – Greece *'' H. kalaensis'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria *'' H. kalavachiana'' Gücel, Charalambidou, Göçmen & Kunt, 2019 – Cyprus *'' H. karabachica'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan *'' H. karaschkhan'' Kunt, Özkütük, Elverici, Marusik & Karakaş, 2016 – Turkey *'' H. kareli'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria *'' H. kencei'' Kunt, Elverici, Özkütük & Yağmur, 2011 – Turkey *'' H. konradi'' Lazarov, 2009 – Bulgaria *'' H. korgei'' Brignoli, 1979 – Turkey *'' H. krueperi'' (Simon, 1885) – Greece *'' H. krumi'' Lazarov, 2010 – Bulgaria *'' H. kubrati'' Lazarov, 2008 – Bulgaria *'' H. kulczynskii'' Brignoli, 1976 – Greece *'' H. lazarovi'' Deltshev, 2011 – Bulgaria *'' H. lazonum'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey *'' H. lepida'' (

C. L. Koch Carl Ludwig Koch (21 September 1778 – 23 August 1857) was a German entomologist and arachnologist. He was responsible for classifying a great number of spiders, including the Brazilian whiteknee tarantula and common house spider. He was born ...

, 1838) – Europe *'' H. loebli'' Brignoli, 1974 – Greece *'' H. logunovi'' Dunin, 1992 – Russia (Caucasus), Georgia *'' H. longitarsa'' Alicata, 1974 – Algeria, Tunisia *'' H. longobarda'' Pesarini, 2001 – Spain (Balearic Is.), Italy, Ukraine *'' H. maelfaiti'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria *'' H. magnibulbi'' Machado & Ferrández, 1991 – Portugal *'' H. major'' (Simon, 1911) – Algeria *'' H. mariae'' Komnenov, 2014 – Macedonia *'' H. martensi'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan *'' H. mateparlovi'' Pavlek & Arnedo, 2020 – Croatia *'' H. mcheidzeae'' Dunin, 1992 – Georgia *'' H. medeae'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey *'' H. mehennii'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1989 – Algeria *'' H. mentor'' Lazarov & Naumova, 2010 – Bulgaria *'' H. mertensi'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria *'' H. minoccii'' Ferrández, 1982 – Spain *'' H. minuta'' Alicata, 1974 – Tunisia *'' H. mithridatis'' Brignoli, 1979 – Turkey, Georgia *'' H. mitidjae'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria *'' H. modesta'' Dunin, 1991 – Russia (Caucasus), Azerbaijan *'' H. monicae'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria *'' H. mouzaiensis'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1989 – Algeria *'' H. muscicola'' (Simon, 1882) – France (Corsica) *'' H. nachitschevanica'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan *'' H. nausicaae'' Brignoli, 1976 – Macedonia, Greece *'' H. nenilini'' Dunin, 1989 – Armenia *'' H. nuragica'' Alicata, 1966 – Italy (Sardinia) *'' H. oglasana'' Gasparo, 1992 – Italy *'' H. oranensis'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria *'' H. ortegai'' Ribera & De Mas, 2003 – Spain *'' H. osellai'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey *'' H. ouarsenensis'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria *'' H. ovata'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria *'' H. paradoxa'' Dunin, 1992 – Georgia *'' H. parthica'' Brignoli, 1980 – Iran, Turkmenistan? *'' H. persephone'' Gasparo, 2011 – Greece (Crete) *'' H. petrovi'' Lazarov & Dimitrov, 2018 – Bulgaria *'' H. piligera'' (Thorell, 1875) – Italy *'' H. pisidica'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey *'' H. popovi'' Dimitrov, Deltshev & Lazarov, 2019 – Bulgaria *'' H. proxima'' Ferrández, 1990 – Portugal *'' H. pugio'' Varol & Akpınar, 2016 – Turkey *'' H. punica'' Alicata, 1974 – Algeria, Tunisia *'' H. reniformis'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria *'' H. rubicunda'' (C. L. Koch, 1838) – Europe, Georgia *'' H. rucnerorum'' Polenec & Thaler, 1975 – Croatia *'' H. ruffoi'' Alicata, 1974 – Tunisia *'' H. rugichelis'' Denis, 1955 – Lebanon *'' H. sadistica'' Řezáč, 2008 – Israel *'' H. saeva'' (Herman, 1879) – Slovakia, Hungary, south-eastern Europe to Ukraine *'' H. salvatorei'' Platania & Arnedo, 2020 – Italy *'' H. samuili'' Lazarov, 2006 – North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece *'' H. sanctaeinsulae'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey *'' H. sanctidomini'' Gasparo, 1997 – Italy *'' H. sardoa'' Alicata, 1966 – Italy *'' H. sbordonii'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey *'' H. sciakyi'' Pesarini, 1988 – Spain *'' H. secunda'' Dunin, 1989 – Armenia *'' H. senalbensis'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria *'' H. serena'' (Simon, 1907) – Spain, France *'' H. sicula'' Alicata, 1966 – Italy (Sicily), Malta *'' H. simovi'' Deltshev & Lazarov, 2018 – Bulgaria *'' H. sinuata'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria *'' H. spasskyi'' Dunin, 1992 – Ukraine (Crimea), Russia (Caucasus) *'' H. spirembolus'' Russell-Smith, 2011 – Greece *'' H. srednagora'' Dimitrov & Lazarov, 1999 – Macedonia, Bulgaria *'' H. stalitoides'' Ribera, 1993 – Portugal *'' H. stoevi'' Deltshev & Lazarov, 2018 – Bulgaria *'' H. strandi'' (Caporiacco, 1939) – Italy *'' H. strandjica'' Dimitrov, 1997 – Bulgaria, Turkey *'' H. strinatii'' Brignoli, 1979 – Greece *'' H. sturanyi'' (Nosek, 1905) – Greece, Turkey, Georgia *'' H. subiasi'' Ferrández, 1990 – Portugal *'' H. talyschica'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan *'' H. tavirensis'' Wunderlich, 2020 – Portugal *'' H. tenuiemboli'' Deltshev, 2011 – Serbia *'' H. tergestina'' Gasparo, 2014 – Italy *'' H. terveli'' Lazarov, 2009 – Bulgaria, Turkey *'' H. thaleri'' Alicata, 1966 – Switzerland, Italy *'' H. undosa'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria *'' H. vagabunda'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan *'' H. vignai'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey *'' H. villehardouini'' Brignoli, 1979 – Greece *'' H. wolfgangi'' Komnenov & Chatzaki, 2016 – Greece *'' H. yakourensis'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria *'' H. zaitzevi'' Charitonov, 1956 – Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia *'' H. zannonensis'' Alicata, 1966 – Italy *'' H. zjuzini'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan *'' H. zoiai'' Gasparo, 1999 – Greece

Description

Species

References

Further reading

External links