''Harpactea'' is a
genus of
woodlouse hunting spiders that was first described by
W. S. Bristowe
William Syer Bristowe (1 September 1901 – 11 September 1979), who wrote under the name W. S. Bristowe, was an English naturalist, a prolific and popular scientific writer and authority on spiders. He was educated at Wellington College and Cambr ...
in 1939.
They are non-web building predators that forage on the ground and on tree trunks at night, mainly in
xerothermic forests. During the day, they hide in
silk retreats they build under rocks or bark.
''
H. sadistica'' was found to use
traumatic insemination, the arthropod behavior of directly inserting its sperm into the body cavity of females. It is the first time it has ever been observed in spiders.
''H. hombergi'' is the only member of its genus that occurs in
Great Britain.
Description
Like all
woodlouse hunters, ''Harpactea'' have six eyes. The
type species, ''
H. hombergi'', can grow up to a body length of . Males and females are similar, but the female has no
epigyne.
Like the rest of their family, they are
nocturnal
Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnal meaning the opposite.
Nocturnal creatures generally have highly developed sens ...
. Unlike them, ''Harpactea'' do not specialize on hunting
woodlice. ''H. rubicunda'' also hunts ''
Drassodes'' and other spiders, but most ''Harpactea'' feed on insects in addition to woodlice.
Species
Almost all species of this genus appear to be
endemic to small regions of the
Mediterranean.
[ it contains 188 species from Europe and Northern Africa to Turkmenistan and Iran:]Caporiacco
Ludovico di Caporiacco (22 January 1900, in Udine – 18 July 1951, in Parma) was an Italian arachnologist.
Caporiacco took part in an expedition to the Jebel Uweinat, a mountain massif in the boundary region of Sudan, Libya, and Egypt. On t ...
, 1949) – Albania
*'' H. alexandrae'' Lazarov, 2006 – Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia (Europe)
*'' H. algarvensis'' Ferrández, 1990 – Portugal
*'' H. alicatai'' Brignoli, 1979 – Italy (Sardinia)
*'' H. angustata'' (Lucas, 1846) – Algeria
*'' H. antoni'' Bosmans, 2009 – Greece
*'' H. apollinea'' Brignoli, 1979 – Greece
*'' H. arguta'' (Simon, 1907) – France, Italy
*'' H. armenica'' Dunin, 1989 – Armenia
*'' H. arnedoi'' Kunt, Elverici, Özkütük & Yağmur, 2011 – Turkey
*'' H. asparuhi'' Lazarov, 2008 – Bulgaria
*'' H. auresensis'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
*'' H. auriga'' (Simon, 1911) – Algeria
*'' H. aurigoides'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
*'' H. azerbajdzhanica'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
*'' H. azowensis'' Charitonov, 1956 – Ukraine, Russia (Europe)
*'' H. babori'' (Nosek, 1905) – Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey
*'' H. ballarini'' Kunt, Özkütük & Elverici, 2013 – Turkey
*'' H. blasi'' Ribera & Ferrández, 1986 – Spain
*'' H. brachati'' Wunderlich, 2020 – Turkey
*'' H. buchari'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
*'' H. bulgarica'' Lazarov & Naumova, 2010 – Macedonia, Bulgaria
*'' H. caligata'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
*'' H. carusoi'' Alicata, 1974 – Italy, Tunisia
*'' H. catholica'' (Brignoli, 1984) – Greece (Crete)
*'' H. caucasia'' (Kulczyński Kulczyński (feminine: Kulczyńska, plural: Kulczyńscy) is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Stanisław Kulczyński (1895-1975), Polish botanist and politician
* Władysław Kulczyński
Władysław Kulczyński (27 Marc ...
, 1895) – Russia (Caucasus), Georgia
*'' H. cecconii'' (Kulczyński, 1908) – Cyprus
*'' H. cesari'' Van Keer, 2009 – Greece
*'' H. chreensis'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1989 – Algeria
*'' H. christae'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
*'' H. christodeltshevi'' Bayram, Kunt & Yağmur, 2009 – Turkey
*'' H. clementi'' Bosmans, 2009 – Greece, Turkey
*'' H. coccifera'' Brignoli, 1984 – Greece (Crete)
*'' H. colchidis'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
*'' H. complicata'' Deltshev, 2011 – Serbia
*'' H. corinthia'' Brignoli, 1984 – Greece
*'' H. corticalis'' (Simon, 1882) – France, Italy
*'' H. cressa'' Brignoli, 1984 – Greece (Crete)
*'' H. cruriformis'' Bosmans, 2011 – Greece
*'' H. damini'' Pavlek & Arnedo, 2020 – Croatia
*'' H. dashdamirovi'' Dunin, 1993 – Azerbaijan
*'' H. decebali'' Nae, 2021 – Romania
*'' H. deelemanae'' Dunin, 1989 – Armenia
*'' H. deltshevi'' Dimitrov & Lazarov, 1999 – Bulgaria
*'' H. digiovannii'' Gasparo, 2014 – Greece
*'' H. diraoi'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
*'' H. dobati'' Alicata, 1974 – Turkey
*'' H. doblikae'' ( Thorell, 1875) – Ukraine (mainland, Crimea)
*'' H. dufouri'' (Thorell, 1873) – Spain
*'' H. dumonti'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
*'' H. eskovi'' Dunin, 1989 – Georgia, Armenia
*'' H. fageli'' Brignoli, 1980 – Portugal, Spain
*'' H. forceps'' Varol & Danışman, 2018 – Turkey
*'' H. forcipifera'' (Simon, 1911) – Algeria
*'' H. gaditana'' Pesarini, 1988 – Spain
*'' H. galatica'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
*'' H. gennargentu'' Wunderlich, 1995 – Italy (Sardinia)
*'' H. globifera'' (Simon, 1911) – Algeria
*'' H. gobustanica'' (Nuruyeva & Huseynov, 2022) – Azerbaijan
*'' H. golovatchi'' Dunin, 1989 – Armenia
*'' H. gridellii'' (Caporiacco, 1951) – Italy
*'' H. grisea'' ( Canestrini, 1868) – Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia
*'' H. gunselorum'' Gücel, Fuller, Göçmen & Kunt, 2018 – Cyprus
*'' H. hauseri'' Brignoli, 1976 – Greece
*'' H. heizerensis'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
*'' H. heliconia'' Brignoli, 1984 – Greece
*'' H. henschi'' (Kulczyński, 1915) – Bosnia-Hercegovina
*'' H. herodis'' Brignoli, 1978 – Israel
*'' H. hispana'' (Simon, 1882) – Spain, France
*'' H. hombergi'' (Scopoli, 1763) (type
Type may refer to:
Science and technology Computing
* Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc.
* Data type, collection of values used for computations.
* File type
* TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file.
* Ty ...
) – Europe
*'' H. hyrcanica'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
*'' H. ice'' Komnenov & Chatzaki, 2016 – Greece
*'' H. incerta'' Brignoli, 1979 – Greece
*'' H. incurvata'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
*'' H. indistincta'' Dunin, 1991 – Russia (Caucasus), Azerbaijan
*'' H. innupta'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
*'' H. isaurica'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
*'' H. johannitica'' Brignoli, 1976 – Greece
*'' H. kalaensis'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
*'' H. kalavachiana'' Gücel, Charalambidou, Göçmen & Kunt, 2019 – Cyprus
*'' H. karabachica'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
*'' H. karaschkhan'' Kunt, Özkütük, Elverici, Marusik & Karakaş, 2016 – Turkey
*'' H. kareli'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
*'' H. kencei'' Kunt, Elverici, Özkütük & Yağmur, 2011 – Turkey
*'' H. konradi'' Lazarov, 2009 – Bulgaria
*'' H. korgei'' Brignoli, 1979 – Turkey
*'' H. krueperi'' (Simon, 1885) – Greece
*'' H. krumi'' Lazarov, 2010 – Bulgaria
*'' H. kubrati'' Lazarov, 2008 – Bulgaria
*'' H. kulczynskii'' Brignoli, 1976 – Greece
*'' H. lazarovi'' Deltshev, 2011 – Bulgaria
*'' H. lazonum'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
*'' H. lepida'' (C. L. Koch
Carl Ludwig Koch (21 September 1778 – 23 August 1857) was a German entomologist and arachnologist. He was responsible for classifying a great number of spiders, including the Brazilian whiteknee tarantula and common house spider. He was born ...
, 1838) – Europe
*'' H. loebli'' Brignoli, 1974 – Greece
*'' H. logunovi'' Dunin, 1992 – Russia (Caucasus), Georgia
*'' H. longitarsa'' Alicata, 1974 – Algeria, Tunisia
*'' H. longobarda'' Pesarini, 2001 – Spain (Balearic Is.), Italy, Ukraine
*'' H. maelfaiti'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
*'' H. magnibulbi'' Machado & Ferrández, 1991 – Portugal
*'' H. major'' (Simon, 1911) – Algeria
*'' H. mariae'' Komnenov, 2014 – Macedonia
*'' H. martensi'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
*'' H. mateparlovi'' Pavlek & Arnedo, 2020 – Croatia
*'' H. mcheidzeae'' Dunin, 1992 – Georgia
*'' H. medeae'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
*'' H. mehennii'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1989 – Algeria
*'' H. mentor'' Lazarov & Naumova, 2010 – Bulgaria
*'' H. mertensi'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
*'' H. minoccii'' Ferrández, 1982 – Spain
*'' H. minuta'' Alicata, 1974 – Tunisia
*'' H. mithridatis'' Brignoli, 1979 – Turkey, Georgia
*'' H. mitidjae'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
*'' H. modesta'' Dunin, 1991 – Russia (Caucasus), Azerbaijan
*'' H. monicae'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
*'' H. mouzaiensis'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1989 – Algeria
*'' H. muscicola'' (Simon, 1882) – France (Corsica)
*'' H. nachitschevanica'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
*'' H. nausicaae'' Brignoli, 1976 – Macedonia, Greece
*'' H. nenilini'' Dunin, 1989 – Armenia
*'' H. nuragica'' Alicata, 1966 – Italy (Sardinia)
*'' H. oglasana'' Gasparo, 1992 – Italy
*'' H. oranensis'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
*'' H. ortegai'' Ribera & De Mas, 2003 – Spain
*'' H. osellai'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
*'' H. ouarsenensis'' Bosmans & Beladjal, 1991 – Algeria
*'' H. ovata'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
*'' H. paradoxa'' Dunin, 1992 – Georgia
*'' H. parthica'' Brignoli, 1980 – Iran, Turkmenistan?
*'' H. persephone'' Gasparo, 2011 – Greece (Crete)
*'' H. petrovi'' Lazarov & Dimitrov, 2018 – Bulgaria
*'' H. piligera'' (Thorell, 1875) – Italy
*'' H. pisidica'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
*'' H. popovi'' Dimitrov, Deltshev & Lazarov, 2019 – Bulgaria
*'' H. proxima'' Ferrández, 1990 – Portugal
*'' H. pugio'' Varol & Akpınar, 2016 – Turkey
*'' H. punica'' Alicata, 1974 – Algeria, Tunisia
*'' H. reniformis'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
*'' H. rubicunda'' (C. L. Koch, 1838) – Europe, Georgia
*'' H. rucnerorum'' Polenec & Thaler, 1975 – Croatia
*'' H. ruffoi'' Alicata, 1974 – Tunisia
*'' H. rugichelis'' Denis, 1955 – Lebanon
*'' H. sadistica'' Řezáč, 2008 – Israel
*'' H. saeva'' (Herman, 1879) – Slovakia, Hungary, south-eastern Europe to Ukraine
*'' H. salvatorei'' Platania & Arnedo, 2020 – Italy
*'' H. samuili'' Lazarov, 2006 – North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece
*'' H. sanctaeinsulae'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
*'' H. sanctidomini'' Gasparo, 1997 – Italy
*'' H. sardoa'' Alicata, 1966 – Italy
*'' H. sbordonii'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
*'' H. sciakyi'' Pesarini, 1988 – Spain
*'' H. secunda'' Dunin, 1989 – Armenia
*'' H. senalbensis'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
*'' H. serena'' (Simon, 1907) – Spain, France
*'' H. sicula'' Alicata, 1966 – Italy (Sicily), Malta
*'' H. simovi'' Deltshev & Lazarov, 2018 – Bulgaria
*'' H. sinuata'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
*'' H. spasskyi'' Dunin, 1992 – Ukraine (Crimea), Russia (Caucasus)
*'' H. spirembolus'' Russell-Smith, 2011 – Greece
*'' H. srednagora'' Dimitrov & Lazarov, 1999 – Macedonia, Bulgaria
*'' H. stalitoides'' Ribera, 1993 – Portugal
*'' H. stoevi'' Deltshev & Lazarov, 2018 – Bulgaria
*'' H. strandi'' (Caporiacco, 1939) – Italy
*'' H. strandjica'' Dimitrov, 1997 – Bulgaria, Turkey
*'' H. strinatii'' Brignoli, 1979 – Greece
*'' H. sturanyi'' (Nosek, 1905) – Greece, Turkey, Georgia
*'' H. subiasi'' Ferrández, 1990 – Portugal
*'' H. talyschica'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
*'' H. tavirensis'' Wunderlich, 2020 – Portugal
*'' H. tenuiemboli'' Deltshev, 2011 – Serbia
*'' H. tergestina'' Gasparo, 2014 – Italy
*'' H. terveli'' Lazarov, 2009 – Bulgaria, Turkey
*'' H. thaleri'' Alicata, 1966 – Switzerland, Italy
*'' H. undosa'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
*'' H. vagabunda'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
*'' H. vignai'' Brignoli, 1978 – Turkey
*'' H. villehardouini'' Brignoli, 1979 – Greece
*'' H. wolfgangi'' Komnenov & Chatzaki, 2016 – Greece
*'' H. yakourensis'' Beladjal & Bosmans, 1997 – Algeria
*'' H. zaitzevi'' Charitonov, 1956 – Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia
*'' H. zannonensis'' Alicata, 1966 – Italy
*'' H. zjuzini'' Dunin, 1991 – Azerbaijan
*'' H. zoiai'' Gasparo, 1999 – Greece
References
Further reading
*
*
*
External links
* BBC News (April 30, 2009)
Spider sex violent but effective
* YouTube
Mating of ''H. sadistica'': Video
* Uni Bonn
* The Essex Field Club
Picture of ''H. rubicunda''
Picture of ''H. hombergi''
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3007977
Araneomorphae genera
Dysderidae
Spiders of Africa
Spiders of Asia