Har HaMenuchot ( he, הר המנוחות,

Ashkenazi Ashkenazi Jews ( ; he, יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכְּנַז, translit=Yehudei Ashkenaz, ; yi, אַשכּנזישע ייִדן, Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or ''Ashkenazim'',, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: , singu ...

pronunciation, Har HaMenuchos, lit. "Mount of Those who are Resting", also known as Givat Shaul Cemetery) is the largest cemetery in Jerusalem. The hilltop burial ground lies at the western edge of the city adjacent to the neighborhood of Givat Shaul, with commanding views of Mevaseret Zion to the north, Motza to the west, and Har Nof to the south. Opened in 1951 on of land, it has continually expanded into new sections on the northern and western slopes of the hill. As of 2008, the cemetery encompasses in which over 150,000 people are buried.

History

Until 1948, Jewish burials in Jerusalem were conducted in the millennia-old Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives. In 1948, the Arab siege of Jerusalem cut off access to the Mount of Olives, and this remained the status quo after the

1949 Armistice Agreements The 1949 Armistice Agreements were signed between Israel and Egypt,Sanhedria cemetery, Sheikh Badr Cemetery, and the Shaare Zedek Cemetery (on the grounds of the old Shaare Zedek Hospital on Jaffa Road). After the establishment of the state, however, these were deemed inadequate for the needs of a growing city. In late summer 1948, developers identified a hilltop located between Givat Shaul and Motza and overlooking

Highway 1 The following highways are numbered 1. For roads numbered A1, see list of A1 roads. For roads numbered B1, see list of B1 roads. For roads numbered M1, see List of M1 roads. For roads numbered N1, see list of N1 roads. For roads numbered ...

. It was outside the boundaries of Jerusalem at that time, yet accessible to the city, and it had soft rock for grave-digging. They calculated that each dunam would accommodate 200 graves and estimated a need for 1,000 graves per year. At the time, the city of Jerusalem had 150,000 Jewish residents with a mortality rate of 1,000 annually; at that rate, the new cemetery was expected to suffice for the next 40 years. The developers received permission to build the cemetery a month later, but disagreements between the various burial societies delayed the first burial until the fall of 1951. With the opening of the new cemetery, civilian graves were transferred here from the temporary cemeteries at Sheikh Badr and the old Shaare Zedek Hospital. In 1951 a new cemetery was established at Mount Herzl, dedicated by government decision as Israel's national cemetery, where national leaders and fallen soldiers would be interred. By 1988 Har HaMenuchot had about 50,000 graves.Wager, Eliyahu (1988). ''Illustrated Guide to Jerusalem''. The Jerusalem Publishing House, Ltd., p. 269. In the 1990s developers began expanding the cemetery onto the northern and western slopes of the hill. By 2008 the cemetery spanned in which more than 150,000 people are interred. In November 2012 the Jerusalem municipality approved a plan to shield the view of the cemetery from Highway 1, the main entryway to Jerusalem, by planting

cypress Cypress is a common name for various coniferous trees or shrubs of northern temperate regions that belong to the family Cupressaceae. The word ''cypress'' is derived from Old French ''cipres'', which was imported from Latin ''cypressus'', the ...

trees and erecting a stone wall. The plan would allow for continued expansion of the cemetery to the north and west.

Operation

The graves on Har HaMenuchot are divided into sections operated by various '' chevrei kadisha'' (burial societies). The Kehillat Yerushalayim burial society was allotted more than 50% of the land when the cemetery opened. Other sections were apportioned to burial societies serving the Ashkenazim (also known as Perushim), Sephardim, and

Hasidic Hasidism, sometimes spelled Chassidism, and also known as Hasidic Judaism (Ashkenazi Hebrew: חסידות ''Ḥăsīdus'', ; originally, "piety"), is a Jewish religious group that arose as a spiritual revival movement in the territory of contem ...

communities of Jerusalem. In the late 1990s other ''chevrei kadisha'' opened, serving the Kurdish, Georgian, Yemenite, and

Bukharan Bukhara ( Uzbek: /, ; tg, Бухоро, ) is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan, with a population of 280,187 , and the capital of Bukhara Region. People have inhabited the region around Bukhara for at least five millennia, and the city h ...

Jewish communities. The Kehillat Yerushalayim burial society also operates a special section reserved for those whose Jewish identity is questionable, such as non-Jewish immigrants and atheists. (Bona fide Christians and

Muslim Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...

s are not buried here, but rather in their own cemeteries.) Both the Kehillat Yerushalayim and the Sephardi burial societies maintain an on-site funeral parlor. As the official municipal burial ground, Har HaMenuchot accommodates free burials for Israeli citizens and tourists who die while in Israel; the cost of the plot and funeral services is paid for by Bituah Leumi, the National Insurance Institute. However, the choice of plot is left to the burial society, and if a spouse wishes to be buried in the adjacent plot, he or she must pay for the second plot. According to the law, the burial society must reserve the plots on both sides of a newly dug grave for 90 days in order to give the spouse and relatives of the deceased the option to purchase them. According to the Kehillat Yerushalayim burial society, 90 percent of the burials at Har HaMenuchot involve couples. Stone monuments must be paid for by the family of the deceased. The burial societies recoup their development costs and make their profit on the sale of plots to Jews living abroad, with the price of the plot, burial costs, and transportation of the body by airline exceeding US$11,000. Burials from abroad constitute an estimated one-fifth to one-third of all burials.

Description

Like other Jewish cemeteries in Jerusalem, the plots on Har HaMenuchot consist of an underground grave topped by a rectangular platform of poured concrete, faced with stone tiles, that rises or more above-ground. The name, date and praises of the deceased are inscribed on the top panel and occasionally on the sides. The writing is either engraved and filled in with black lead, or simply painted on. In some cases, names of family members of the deceased who were murdered in the Holocaust are engraved on the sides of the gravestone. Many graves include a small cavity hollowed out of the box, where memorial candles are placed. The graves are generally positioned less than apart. (subscription) The sections run by the Kehillat Yerushalayim and Perushim burial societies differ in appearance. The former is divided into color-coded sections that are easily reached by roadways, and has trees and bushes planted alongside the sections to provide shade for visitors on hot summer days. The Perushim section, on the other hand, abides by customs maintained in Jewish cemeteries for centuries, including the complete absence of trees or vegetation near the graves or even bordering the road. Kohanim are interred in a separate section just outside the main entrance, so that their family members who are not allowed to enter cemeteries to avoid '' tumas meis'' (ritual impurity caused by the dead) may stand by the side of the road and pray at their ancestors' graves. The cemetery contains a

genizah A genizah (; , also ''geniza''; plural: ''genizot'' 'h''or ''genizahs'') is a storage area in a Jewish synagogue or cemetery designated for the temporary storage of worn-out Hebrew-language books and papers on religious topics prior to proper ceme ...

(sacred texts repository) where

kvitlach :''This article refers to the prayer note; for the card game see Kvitlech. Kvitel or Kvitl ( yi, קוויטל ''kvitl'', "little note"; plural: קוויטלעך ''kvitlekh'', kvitels, kvitelech, kvitelach / kvitls, kvitlech, kvitlach) refers to ...

(prayer notes) from the Western Wall are buried. In addition to visitor parking, the cemetery is serviced twice an hour by Egged bus number 54, which has its terminus at the Har Hotzvim terminal passes the Jerusalem Central Bus Station and Rav-Shefa Mall, and Kanfei Nesharim Stree

Points of interest

Near the main entrance lies the original ''Chelkat Harabbonim'' ( he, חלקת הרבנים, "Rabbis' Section") operated by the Ashkenazi (Perushim) burial society, which includes the graves of many gadol, gedolim of the past 60 years from around the world. The largest grave in this section is that of Rabbi Aharon Rokeach, the fourth

Belzer Belzer ( or ), or Beltzer , is a Yiddish surname. It derives from the adjectival form of ''Belz Belz ( uk, Белз; pl, Bełz; yi, בעלז ') is a small city in Lviv Oblast of Western Ukraine, near the border with Poland, located between the ...

Rebbe, which has become a shrine for thousands of visitors annually. An area of ''dalet amos'' (four cubits) surrounds this grave. An iron parapet constructed nearby allows Kohanim to pray near the rabbinical graves without exposing themselves to ''tumah'' (ritual impurity). Another ''Chelkas Harabbonim'' is located on the north slope of the hill; this is the resting place for Rabbis Shlomo Wolbe, Nosson Meir Wachtfogel, and Yosef Shalom Elyashiv, among others. A grave known as a '' segula'' (propitious remedy) for childless women is that of

Miriam ha-Koveset Miriam ( he, מִרְיָם ''Mīryām'', lit. 'Rebellion') is described in the Hebrew Bible as the daughter of Amram and Jochebed, and the older sister of Moses and Aaron. She was a prophetess and first appears in the Book of Exodus. The T ...

( he, מרים הכובסת, Miriam the Laundress), who only worked in the homes of Torah scholars, including Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv and the Zvhiller Rebbe, Rabbi Shlomo Goldman. Once Miriam asked the Zvhiller Rebbe for a blessing for children, but he blessed her that in her merit, others would merit to have children. Twenty-nine years after her death in 1964, one of her neighbors had a dream in which Miriam appeared to her, told her of the Zvhiller Rebbe's promise, and gave her directions to her grave. On her yahrzeit that year, busloads of women came to pray at the grave while a Torah scholar recited prayers for the elevation of her soul. There were 32 known cases of women who prayed at Miriam's grave and gave birth to children that year. Since then, her grave, located near the main parking lot, has been renovated and enlarged to accommodate women year-round.

Notable rabbis buried at Har HaMenuchot

* Yehezkel Abramsky,

Av Beit Din The ''av beit din'' ( ''ʾabh bêth dîn'', "chief of the court" or "chief justice"), also spelled ''av beis din'' or ''abh beth din'' and abbreviated ABD (), was the second-highest-ranking member of the Sanhedrin during the Second Temple period, ...

of London * Yaakov Ades,

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gadol and member of the Jerusalem beth din * Yehuda Amital, founder of Yeshivat Har Etzion, Meimad movement *

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, av bet din of Washington, D.C. and founder of the Yeshiva of Greater Washington-Tiferet Gedaliah * Baruch Ashlag, kabbalist * Yehuda Ashlag, the ''Baal HaSulam'' * Ezra Attiya,

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of Porat Yosef Yeshiva, Jerusalem * Chaim Yehuda Leib Auerbach, rosh yeshiva of Shaar Hashamayim Yeshiva *

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, Jerusalem posek * Baruch Ben Haim, assistant chief rabbi of the Syrian Jewish community in Brooklyn,

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* Zelig Reuven Bengis, rosh av beit din of Jerusalem * Amram Blau, one of the founders of Neturei Karta *

Abraham Yochanan Blumenthal Abraham, ; ar, , , name=, group= (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaism, he is the founding father of the special relationship between the ...

, founder of Zion Blumenthal Orphanage * Nachman Bulman, rabbi in the United States and Israel *

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, rabbi-songwriter *

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, Reb Chaim of Yerushalayim *

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, Jerusalem rabbi *

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, the Mattersdorfer Rav * Mordechai Eliyahu, former Sephardi

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of Israel * Yosef Shalom Elyashiv, Lithuanian Orthodox gadol and posek *

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, Gateshead, Posek Hador * Moshe Feinstein, American gadol and posek * Binyomin Beinush Finkel, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Mir, Jerusalem * Eliezer Yehuda Finkel, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Mir, Belarus and Jerusalem *

Eliyahu Boruch Finkel Eliyahu Boruch Finkel (25 December 1947 – March 31, 2008) was an influential ''maggid shiur'' (lecturer) at the Mir yeshiva in Jerusalem. Biography He was born in Jerusalem, Israel to Rabbi Moshe Finkel, son of the rosh yeshiva of the Mir ...

, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Mir, Jerusalem * Nosson Tzvi Finkel, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Mir, Jerusalem * Tzvi Pesach Frank, chief rabbi of Jerusalem * Yozef Friedlander, Lisker Rebbe * Yaakov Yosef Herman, Orthodox Jewish pioneer in the United States in the early 20th century. *

Yitzhak Kaduri Yitzhak Kaduri (, ar, إسحاق كدوري), also spelled Kadouri, Kadourie, Kedourie; "Yitzhak" ( – 28 January 2006), was a renowned Mizrahi Haredi rabbi and kabbalist who devoted his life to Torah study and prayer on behalf of the Jewish ...

, Sephardi kabbalist * Meir Kahane, Kach party founder * Jacob S. Kassin, chief rabbi of the Syrian Jewish community in Brooklyn,

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, rosh yeshiva of Telz- Cleveland *

Aharon Kotler Aharon Kotler (1892–1962) was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi and a prominent leader of Orthodox Judaism in Lithuania and the United States; the latter being where he founded Beth Medrash Govoha in Lakewood Township, New Jersey. Early life Kotler w ...

, founder and rosh yeshiva of Beth Medrash Govoha, Lakewood, New Jersey *

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, rosh yeshiva of Beth Medrash Govoha * Chaim Kreiswirth, av beit din of

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, Haredi Israeli rabbi and author of ''Ohr Hachamah'' *

Aaron Aryeh Leifer According to Abrahamic religions, Aaron ''′aharon'', ar, هارون, Hārūn, Greek (Septuagint): Ἀαρών; often called Aaron the priest ()., group="note" ( or ; ''’Ahărōn'') was a prophet, a high priest, and the elder brother of ...

, Nadvorna Rebbe *

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, Pittsburger Rebbe *

Zion Levy Zion (Sion) Rajamim Levy ( he, ציון רחמים לוי, pronounced ''Ṣiyyon Raḥamim Levi'') (1925–2008) was the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Panama for 57 years. His tenure is thought to be the longest of any religious leader in the regi ...

, chief rabbi of Panama * Aharon Lichtenstein, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Har Etzion in

Alon Shvut Alon Shvut ( he, אַלּוֹן שְׁבוּת) is an Israeli settlement located southwest of Jerusalem, one kilometer northeast of Kfar Etzion, in the West Bank. Established in June 1970 in the heart of the Etzion bloc, Alon Shvut became the p ...

* Gershon Liebman, rosh yeshiva of the Novardok Yeshiva network in France * Aryeh Leib Malin, rosh yeshiva of Beth Hatalmud Rabbinical College * Isser Zalman Meltzer, rosh yeshiva of Slutsk and Etz Chaim, Jerusalem * Yisroel Ber Odesser, Breslov rabbi * Chanoch Dov Padwa, av beit din of London * Menachem Porush, legislator, educator, journalist * Louis Isaac Rabinowitz, chief rabbi of South Africa and deputy mayor of Jerusalem * Bezalel Rakow,

Gateshead Gateshead () is a large town in northern England. It is on the River Tyne's southern bank, opposite Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle to which it is joined by seven bridges. The town contains the Gateshead Millennium Bridge, Millennium Bridge, Sage ...

Rav * Aharon Rokeach, Belzer Rebbe * Tibor Rosenbaum, Hungarian-born Swiss rabbi and businessman *

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, Komarno Rebbe *

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, Chicago Rabbi *

Naftali Shakovitzky According to the Book of Genesis, Naphtali (; ) was the last of the two sons of Jacob and Bilhah (Jacob's sixth son). He was the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Naphtali. Some biblical commentators have suggested that the name ''Naphtali ...

, Gateshead Rav *

Chaim Shmuelevitz Chaim Leib Halevi Shmuelevitz, ( he, חיים לייב שמואלביץ ;1902–1979) — also spelled Shmulevitz — was a member of the faculty of the Mirrer Yeshiva for more than 40 years, in Poland, Shanghai and Jerusalem, serving as Rosh ...

, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Mir, Jerusalem *

Akiva Sofer Akiva ben Yosef (Mishnaic Hebrew: ''ʿĂqīvāʾ ben Yōsēf''; – 28 September 135 CE), also known as Rabbi Akiva (), was a leading Jewish scholar and sage, a '' tanna'' of the latter part of the first century and the beginning of the second c ...

, av beit din of

Pressburg Bratislava (, also ; ; german: Preßburg/Pressburg ; hu, Pozsony) is the capital and largest city of Slovakia. Officially, the population of the city is about 475,000; however, it is estimated to be more than 660,000 — approximately 140% of ...

* Yochanan Sofer, leader of the Erlau (Eger) dynasty. *

Meshulam Dovid Soloveitchik Meshulam Dovid Soloveitchik ( he, משולם דוד סולובייצ'יק also known as Reb Dovid or Rav Dovid; 21 October 1921 – 31 January 2021) was a Haredi rabbi and rosh yeshiva of one of the branches of the Brisk yeshivas in Jerusalem. ...

, rosh yeshiva of Brisk * Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik, Brisker Rav *

Baruch Sorotzkin Rephoel Baruch Sorotzkin (February 5, 1917 - February 10, 1979) was the Rosh Yeshiva of the Telz Yeshiva in Cleveland and among American Jewry's foremost religious leaders. He was born on February 5, 1917 (13th of Shevat, 5677) in Zhetl, in the ...

, Rosh Yeshivas Telz-Cleveland * Zalman Sorotzkin, av beit din of Lutsk * Nosson Meir Wachtfogel, mashgiach ruchani, Beth Medrash Govoha * Eliezer Waldenberg, medical

halakhist ''Halakha'' (; he, הֲלָכָה, ), also transliterated as ''halacha'', ''halakhah'', and ''halocho'' ( ), is the collective body of Jewish religious laws which is derived from the written and Oral Torah. Halakha is based on biblical commandm ...

and member of the Jerusalem beit din *

Chaim Walkin Chaim Walkin (September 1945 – 6 November 2022) was a Chinese-born Israeli Orthodox Judaism, Orthodox rabbi, dean, and lecturer. Lineage Chaim Walkin was born into a rabbinical family. His grandfather, Rabbi Aron Walkin, was the Chief Rabbi ...

, rabbi and lecturer * Simcha Wasserman, Jerusalem rabbi * Dov Berish Weidenfeld, av beit din of Tchebin ( Trzebinia) * Noah Weinberg, founder and rosh yeshiva of Aish HaTorah * Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg, Orthodox

rabbi A rabbi () is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi – known as '' semikha'' – following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form o ...

, posek ("decisor" of Jewish law) and

* Shlomo Wolbe, mashgiach, Be'er Yaakov yeshiva * Avraham Yoffen, rosh yeshiva of Beis Yosef Novardok *

Mordechai Leib Kaminetzky Mordechai Leib Kaminetzky (1859–1955) was a Hareidi rabbi in Sha'arei Hesed, Jerusalem who served as a teacher in the Etz Chaim Yeshiva. Birth Rabbi Mordechai Leib was born in Drahichyn, Belarus to Rabbi Zev Menachem Mendel and Chaya Basha Kami ...

, Jerusalem rabbi *

, Mekubal / kabbalist *

Mordechai Sharabi Mordechai Sharabi (1908, Shara'b As Salam, Yemen – 1984, Jerusalem) was a rabbi and the founder and rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Nahar Shalom, a yeshiva for the study of the Kabbalah of Shalom Sharabi, in the Jerusalem neighborhood of Mahane Ye ...

, Mekubal / kabbalist and Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivat Nahar Shalom

Notable rabbis reinterred at Har HaMenuchot

Chaim Joseph David Azulai Haim Yosef David Azulai ben Yitzhak Zerachia (1724 – 1 March 1806) (), commonly known as the Hida (the acronym of his name, ), was a Jerusalem born rabbinical scholar, a noted bibliophile, and a pioneer in the publication of Jewish religious ...

, the ''Chida'' * Yosef Yozel Horwitz, the Alter of Novardok * Meir Shapiro, Rav of Lublin *

Menachem Ziemba Rabbi Menachem Ziemba (1883–1943) ( he, מנחם זמבה) was a distinguished pre-World War II Rabbi, known as a Talmudic genius and prodigy. He is known to be fluent in all of Talmud as well as many of the works of the later Rabbis such as Ra ...

, Rav of Warsaw

Zionist personalities buried at Har HaMenuchot

Rachel Yanait Ben-Zvi Rachel Yanait Ben-Zvi ( he, רחל ינאית בן-צבי; 1886 – 16 November 1979) was an Israeli author and educator, and a leading Labor Zionist. Ben-Zvi was the wife of the second President of Israel, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi. Biography Rachel Yana ...

* Yitzhak Ben-Zvi * Naftali Herz Imber

Other notable people buried at Har Hamenuchot

Tuvia Bielski Tuvia Bielski (May 8, 1906 – June 12, 1987) was a Belarusian Jewish militant who was leader of the Bielski group, a group of Jewish partisans who set up refugee camps for Jews fleeing the Holocaust during World War II. Their camp was situated ...

, leader of the

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Dora Bloch Dora may stand for: *Dora (given name) Places United States *Dora, Alabama *Dora, Arkansas * Dora, Missouri *Dora, New Mexico * Dora, Oregon *Dora, Pennsylvania *Mount Dora, Florida Other countries *Lake Dora (Tasmania) *Lake Dora (Western A ...

, killed by Idi Amin after Operation Entebbe * Udi, Ruth, Yoav, Elad, and Hadas Fogel, victims of the 2011 Itamar attack * Yossef Kurt Gutfreund, one of the eleven victims of the Munich massacre 1972 * Yaakov Yosef Herman, American Orthodox pioneer * Menachem Elon, former Deputy Chief Israeli Supreme Court * Barno Itzhakova, Bukharian Jewish singer *

George Mantello George Mantello (born György Mandl; 11 December 1901 25 April 1992), a businessman with various diplomatic activities, born into a Jewish family from Transylvania, helped save thousands of Hungarian Jews from the Holocaust while working for the ...

, Hungarian Orthodox Jew. As First Secretary of El Salvador in Switzerland, he saved large number of Jews during the Holocaust by providing them with protection papers. He also publicized the Auschwitz Protocols. * Miriam Monsonego, victim of the 2012 Toulouse and Montauban shootings *

Itzhak Nener Itzhak Nener ( he, יצחק ננר; 22 August 1919 - 27 April 2012) was an Israeli jurist who cofounded the International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists and served as vice-president of Liberal International. Biography Yitzhak Nener w ...

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and Vice President of Liberal International * Paul Reichmann, Canadian businessman and member of the Reichmann family * Yonatan, Arieh, and Gabriel Sandler, victims of the 2012 Toulouse and Montauban shootings *

Yona Bogale Yona Bogale ( he, יונה בוגלה; 1908–1987) was an Ethiopian Jewish educator and public figure, who served as the director of the Beta Israel education network in Ethiopia and worked vigorously for the immigration of Ethiopian Jews to Isra ...

, first leader of the

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community in Israel * The 7 Sassoon children killed in a

Shabbat Shabbat (, , or ; he, שַׁבָּת, Šabbāṯ, , ) or the Sabbath (), also called Shabbos (, ) by Ashkenazim, is Judaism's day of rest on the seventh day of the week—i.e., Saturday. On this day, religious Jews remember the biblical storie ...

fire in Brooklyn NY * Jacques Lipchitz, modernist sculptor * Mordechai Omer, director of Tel Aviv Art Museum * Peretz Smolenskin, writer of the Haskalah movement

References

External links

Burial in Jerusalem: The Har HaMenuchot Cemetery

Kiddush Chelka Ceremony at Har HaMenuchos by the Belz Community
{{DEFAULTSORT:Har HaMenuchot 1951 establishments in Israel Jewish cemeteries in Jerusalem Geography of Jerusalem Hills of Israel Landforms of Jerusalem District