Haplogroup S-M230, also known as S1a1b (and previously as S* or K2b1a4), is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is by far the most numerically significant subclade of Haplogroup S1a (and its sole primary subclade, Haplogroup S-P405). S-M230 is commonly found among populations of the highlands of

Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...

. It is also found at lower frequencies in adjacent parts of

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

and

Melanesia Melanesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It extends from Indonesia's New Guinea in the west to Fiji in the east, and includes the Arafura Sea. The region includes the four independent countries of Fiji, Va ...

. ( )

Origin

Distribution

One study has reported finding haplogroup S-M230 in: 52% (16/31) of a sample from the

(PNG) Highlands; 21% (7/34) of a sample from the

Moluccas The Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Maluku'') or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located ...

; 16% (5/31) of a sample from the Papua New Guinea coast; 12.5% (2/16) of a sample of Tolai from New Britain; 10% (3/31) of a sample from

Nusa Tenggara The Lesser Sunda Islands or nowadays known as Nusa Tenggara Islands ( id, Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara, formerly ) are an archipelago in Maritime Southeast Asia, north of Australia. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up t ...

, and; 2% (2/89) of a sample from the

West New Guinea Western New Guinea, also known as Papua, Indonesian New Guinea, or Indonesian Papua, is the western half of the Melanesian island of New Guinea which is administered by Indonesia. Since the island is alternatively named as Papua, the region ...

lowlands/coast.( ) One subclade, Haplogroup S-M226.1 (S1a1b1d1a; previously S1d) has been found at low frequencies in the

Admiralty Islands The Admiralty Islands are an archipelago group of 18 islands in the Bismarck Archipelago, to the north of New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean. These are also sometimes called the Manus Islands, after the largest island. These rainforest-co ...

and along the coast of mainland PNG. .

Phylogenetics

Structure & position within Haplogroup S

;S1a * S1a1 Z42413 ** S1a1a *** S1a1a1 P60, P304, P308 *** S1a1a2 ** S1a1b M230, P202, P204 – "demoted" in 2016 from its previous position as the basal Haplogroup S* (and known before that as Haplogroup K5) *** S1a1b1 (M254) (previously known as K2b1a4a) *** S1a1b1 (M254) **** S1a1b1a (P57) **** S1a1b1b (P61) **** S1a1b1c (P83) **** S1a1b1d (SK1891) * S1a2 P79, P307 * S1a3 P315 ** S1a3a Z41763 ** S1a3b~ P401 :(Based on the 2017

ISOGG The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) is an independent non-commercial nonprofit organization of genetic genealogists run by volunteers. It was founded by a group of surname DNA project administrators in 2005 to promote DNA te ...

tree,International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2017), ''Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2017''
(24 March 2017). the 2015

tree,International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), ''Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015''.
(Access date: 1 February 2015.)) the 2008 YCC tree and other published research.)

History

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Origin

Distribution

Phylogenetics

Structure & position within Haplogroup S

History

Research publications

2005 YCC tree

2008 YCC tree

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA S subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

Footnotes

Works cited

Sources for conversion tables

Further reading

Phylogenetics