Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of

sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. These include West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa. Geopolitically, in addition to the List of sov ...

. Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro- haplogroup N. Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are B, U (and thus K), F, R0 (and thus HV, H, and V), and JT (the ancestral haplogroup of J and T).

Origin

Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago. This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the Coastal Migration out of East Africa to West, South and Southeast Asia. It has been suggested that the early lineage of haplogroups M, N and R along the coastal route during the period of roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago. Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity in the indigenous population of South Asia. Tribes and castes of Western and Southern India show higher diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status. Larruga et al. (2017) found mtDNA R spread out to Eurasia and Australia from a core area along the Southeast Asian coast. The Ust'-Ishim man fossil of Siberia, dated ca. 45,000 years old, belongs to haplogroup R* (formerly classified as U*).

Distribution

Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Australasia,

Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...

, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, East Asia, Europe, North Africa and

Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004), ...

. The basal R* clade is found among the

Soqotri Soqotri (also spelt Socotri, Sokotri, or Suqutri; autonym: ماتڸ دسقطري, ''mɛ́taḷ di-saḳɔ́ṭri''; , ''al-luḡah al-suquṭriyyah'') is a South Semitic language spoken by the Soqotri people on the island of Socotra and the two ...

(1.2%), as well as in Northeast Africa (1.5%), the Middle East (0.8%), the Near East (0.8%), and the

Arabian peninsula The Arabian Peninsula, (; ar, شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة, , "Arabian Peninsula" or , , "Island of the Arabs") or Arabia, is a peninsula of Western Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate ...

(0.3%). Haplogroup R has also been observed among Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Northern Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late

New Kingdom New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...

, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods. Subclade R2 was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from western Iran in Tepe Abdul Hosein.

Subclades

*Haplogroup R ** R0 or pre-HV ***R0a or (preHV)1: Occurs commonly in the Arabian peninsula, with its highest frequency observed among the Soqotri. Moderate frequencies found in North Africa, the

, and Central Asia. *** HV: It is a west Eurasian haplogroup mainly found throughout the Middle East, including Iran. It is also found in North Africa, Central Asia and South Asia. ***** V: Found at moderately low frequencies around Europe; the highest frequency is in the

Sami people Acronyms * SAMI, ''Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange'', a closed-captioning format developed by Microsoft * Saudi Arabian Military Industries, a government-owned defence company * South African Malaria Initiative, a virtual expertise net ...

40%. ****HV1: Mainly in the Middle East. ****HV2: Mainly in South Asia. ****HV3: Mainly in Eastern Europe. **** H: In

West Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago an ...

. It is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Europe. **R1 ****R1a* (3337): Found in Brahmins from Uttar Pradesh (India). ****R1a1: Found in Northwest Caucasian people like Kabardins and Adygei people. Observed in eastern European populations like northwestern Russians and

Poles Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Ce ...

. ****R1b: Observed in an Eastern hunter gatherer from Karelia, Russia, dated to 5500 BCE. *****R1b1: Observed in Bulgaria, Armenia (including an ancient specimen), and India ******R1b1a: Observed in Uyghurs ******R1b1b: Observed in Finland (including Finland Swedes) *****R1b2 ******R1b2a: Observed in Yakuts ******R1b2b: Observed in Uyghurs ** pre-JT or R2'JT ***R2: Found mainly in

Balochistan (Pakistan) Balochistan (; bal, بلۏچستان; ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southwestern region of the country, Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan by land area but is the least populated one. It shares land ...

. ****(13500): Found in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh (India). ****(150, 303+1C): In Iran, Georgia and Turkey. *** JT **** J: The highest frequency is in the

Near East The ''Near East''; he, המזרח הקרוב; arc, ܕܢܚܐ ܩܪܒ; fa, خاور نزدیک, Xāvar-e nazdik; tr, Yakın Doğu is a geographical term which roughly encompasses a transcontinental region in Western Asia, that was once the hist ...

(12%), 21% in Saudi Arabia. J declines towards Europe at 11%, Caucasus 8%, North Africa 6% and becomes practically missing in East Asia. **** T: The highest frequency is in the Caspian region ( Caucasus, Northern Iran, Turkmenistan). It is important in Europe (almost 10%), Middle East, Central Asia, Pakistan and North Africa. Small frequency in the

and India. **R3: Found in Armenia. Also observed in an ancient individual from Hungary, dating to 7000 years ago **R5: Widely spread in the Indian subcontinent. Specially in Madhya Pradesh ( India) at 17%. ***R5a ****R5a1: Found within the Indo-European speaking populations of India. ****R5a2: Specially among Dravidic groups of India and

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

. **R6'7 (16362) The most important presence is among Austroasiatic language-speakers from India (10%). ***R6: Small frequencies in India and Pakistan found prominently in both Tamil and Kashmiri populations. ***R7: In the Indian subcontinent ''. in ****R7a: Mainly in East India, specially in Santals from Bihar and Jharkhand. ****R7b: Specially in Dravidian tribes of East India. **R8: The highest frequency occurs towards East India, especially within Orissa (12%), and it is found among the Austroasiatic tribes ( Munda and

Khasi Khasi may refer to: * Khasi people, an ethnic group of Meghalaya, India * Khasi language, a major Austroasiatic language spoken in Meghalaya, India * Khāṣi language, an Indo-Aryan language of Jammu and Kashmir, India See also * Khasi Hills * Gh ...

speakers). It is also present in low frequency among speakers of Dravidian, Indo-European, and Tibeto-Burman (''e.g.''

Nyishi The Nyishi community is the largest ethnic group in Arunachal Pradesh in north-eastern India. In Nyishi, ''Nyi'' refers to "a human" and the word ''shi'' denotes "highland".The Nyishis are mentioned as the Daflas in the contemporary Ahom docu ...

, Changpa, Sherpa).'' ***R8a: Found mainly in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (India). ***R8b: In Orissa, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh (India). **R9 (16304) ***R9b: It appears mostly in Southeast Asia. Found all over Indonesia, in Indochina, Malaysia, in Aboriginal Malays like Semelai at 28% and Temuan 21%. ***(249d) ****R9c: All over the

Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago (Indonesian/Malay: , tgl, Kapuluang Malay) is the archipelago between mainland Indochina and Australia. It has also been called the " Malay world," "Nusantara", "East Indies", Indo-Australian Archipelago, Spices Archipe ...

and Taiwan. Mainly in

Batak Batak is a collective term used to identify a number of closely related Austronesian ethnic groups predominantly found in North Sumatra, Indonesia, who speak Batak languages. The term is used to include the Karo, Pakpak, Simalungun, Toba, ...

( Palawan) at 58%, the Tsou of Taiwan (22.9%),Albert Min-Shan Ko, Chung-Yu Chen, Qiaomei Fu, ''et al.'' (2014), "Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan." ''The American Journal of Human Genetics'' 94, 426–436, March 6, 2014. and Alor (Indonesia) at 11%. **** F: Fairly common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Higher frequencies occur in some areas like Nicobar at 50% and Arunachal Pradesh 31% ( India), and Shors people from Siberia at 44%. There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Guangdong (China), Maluku (Indonesia), Thailand and Vietnam. **R11'B (16189) ***R11: Found in

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

, mainly in

Lahu people The Lahu people ( Lāhùzú; Lahu: ''Ladhulsi'' / ''Kawzhawd''; vi, La Hủ) are an ethnic group of China and Mainland Southeast Asia. Etymology The Chinese name "Lahu" literally means "to drag favour from heaven" (拉, lā, "to drag" ...

from Yunnan at 12.5%. Also in

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

, Korea,Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." ''Electrophoresis'' (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151. Chams, and Rajasthan (India). *** B ****B4: It is found often in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Madagascar and Indigenous peoples of the Americas. ****B5: Spread in East Asia and Southeast Asia. ***R24: Found in Philippines. **R12'21 ***R12: Found in

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

. ***R21: In indigenous peoples of Malaysia like Jahai Negritos at 63% and Senoi 37% as well as in the

Maniq The Maniq or Mani are an ethnic group of Thailand. They are more widely known in Thailand as the ''Sakai'' ( th, ซาไก), a controversial derogatory term meaning'barbarism'. They are the only Negrito group in Thailand and speak a variety of ...

of Southern Thailand and in a few other

Thai Thai or THAI may refer to: * Of or from Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia ** Thai people, the dominant ethnic group of Thailand ** Thai language, a Tai-Kadai language spoken mainly in and around Thailand *** Thai script *** Thai (Unicode block ...

and Malaysian individuals. **R14: Found in Papua New Guinea and in

Austronesian Austronesian may refer to: *The Austronesian languages *The historical Austronesian peoples The Austronesian peoples, sometimes referred to as Austronesian-speaking peoples, are a large group of peoples in Taiwan, Maritime Southeast Asia, M ...

speakers of East Timor and Lembata. **R22 or R12: Very frequent in the Shompen (10/29 = 34.5%). Elsewhere found mainly in south-central Indonesia (11.4% Mataram, 8.0% Waingapu, 7.3%

Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...

, 1.9% Borneo) and in Cham of Bình Thuận, Vietnam (7/168 = 4.2%), with singleton or sporadic occurrences in Thailand,

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

, Java,

Sulawesi Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Ar ...

, and Alor. **R23: Small clade found in

and

Sumba Sumba ( id, Pulau Sumba) is an island in eastern Indonesia. It is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands and is in the province of East Nusa Tenggara. Sumba has an area of , and the population was 779,049 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as a ...

(Indonesia). **R30 ***R30a: Found in Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh (India), in the Tharu people from Nepal and Sinhalese people from

. ***R30b: Found in Punjab. ***R30* (1598, 16189): Found in Punjab, Nepal and

. **R31 ***R31a: In Brahmins from Uttar Pradesh and Rajputs from Rajasthan (India). ***R31b: In

Reddys Reddy (also transliterated as ''Raddi'', ''Reddi'', ''Reddiar'', ''Reddappa'', ''Reddy'') is a caste that originated in India, predominantly settled in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. They are classified as a forward caste. The origin of the ...

from Andhra Pradesh (India). **R32 Found in Mauritius ** P: It is characteristic of Sahul. Found in Philippines and East Indonesia. ***(16176) ****P1: Widespread in Melanesia. Higher frequencies occur in Papua New Guinea. Also found in Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Polynesia. ****P2'10 *****P2: In Melanesia, specially in New Guinea and

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

. *****P10: Found in Philippines. ****P9 (or AuE): In Aboriginal Australians from the central region. ***P3: In

and Melanesia. ***P4: In

and Melanesia. ** U ***U1: It appears mostly in the Middle East and Caucasus. Found from India to the Mediterranean and to the rest of Europe. ***U5: Approximately 11% of total Europeans and 10% of European-Americans. The highest frequency is in the

. ***U6: It is common in North Africa and the

, especially in the Maghreb. Highest frequencies of the subclade occur among Algerian

Berbers , image = File:Berber_flag.svg , caption = The Berber ethnic flag , population = 36 million , region1 = Morocco , pop1 = 14 million to 18 million , region2 = Algeria , pop2 ...

(29%) and Egyptian

Copts Copts ( cop, ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ; ar, الْقِبْط ) are a Christian ethnoreligious group indigenous to North Africa who have primarily inhabited the area of modern Egypt and Sudan since antiquity. Most ethnic Copts are C ...

(27.6%). U6 has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt prehistoric site. ***U2'3'4'7'8'9 (1811): Widely spread in

and the Indian subcontinent. ****U8 ***** K

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation'' and subsequent published research. *R ** R0 (formerly pre-HV) ***R0a ****R0a1 ****R0a2 *** HV ****HV0 (formerly pre-V) *****HV0a ****** V **** H **R1 ***R1a ****R1a1 *****R1a1a ** R2'JT ***R2 *** JT **** J **** T **R5 ***R5a ****R5a1 *****R5a1a ****R5a2 *****R5a2a *****R5a2b ******R5a2b1 ******R5a2b2 ******R5a2b3 ******R5a2b4 **R6'7 ***R6 ****R6a *****R6a1 ******R6a1a ***R7 ****R7a *****R7a1 ******R7a1a ******R7a1b *******R7a1b1 *******R7a1b2 ****R7b *****R7b1 ******R7b1a **R8 - India ***R8a - Sri Lanka ****R8a1 *****R8a1a ******R8a1a1 ******R8a1a2 ******R8a1a3 - South Africa, Norway *****R8a1b ****R8a2 ***R8b ****R8b1 ****R8b2 **(16304) ***R9 ****R9b - Cambodia, Thailand ( Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province and Roi Et Province), Guinea *****R9b1 - China, Uyghur, Thailand (

Mon Mon, MON or Mon. may refer to: Places * Mon State, a subdivision of Myanmar * Mon, India, a town in Nagaland * Mon district, Nagaland * Mon, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India * Mon, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Grisons * An ...

Central Thailand Central Thailand (Central plain) or more specifically Siam (also known as Suvarnabhumi and Dvaravati) is one of the regions of Thailand, covering the broad alluvial plain of the Chao Phraya River. It is separated from northeast Thailand (Isan) by ...

in Western Thailand), Laos ( Lao in Vientiane), Vietnam ( La Hủ), Denmark ******R9b1a *******R9b1a1 - Philippines (

Mamanwa The Lumad are a group of Austronesian indigenous people in the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning "native" or "indigenous". The term is short for Katawhang Lumad (Literally: "indigenous people"), the autonym officially adopte ...

) ********R9b1a1a - China, Thailand ( Karen and Thai Lue in

Northern Thailand Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thailand ...

, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province,

and Eastern Thailand), Cambodia ( Banteay Meanchey), Malaysia ( Semelai, aboriginal Malay), Singapore, Indonesia ( Tengger,

Palembang Palembang () is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra. The city proper covers on both banks of the Musi River on the eastern lowland of southern Sumatra. It had a population of 1,668,848 at the 2020 Census. Palembang ...

, Padang, Manado), Vietnam ( Giarai) *******R9b1a2 - Taiwan ( Tsou), Thailand ( Lao Isan in Loei Province,

in Western Thailand) ********R9b1a2a - China (Han from Tai'an, ''etc.''), Vietnam (

Tay Tay may refer to: People and languages * Tay (name), including lists of people with the given name, surname and nickname * Tay people, an ethnic group of Vietnam ** Tày language *Atayal language, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan (ISO 639 ...

, ''etc.''), Russia ( Tubalar) ********R9b1a2b - China, Taiwan (Minnan, Hakka), Vietnam (

), Thailand ( Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province,

Tai Khuen Tai or TAI may refer to: Arts and entertainment *Tai (comics) a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain *Tai Fraiser, a fictional character in the 1995 film ''Clueless'' *Tai Kamiya, a fictional character in ''Digimon'' Businesses and organisations ...

from Northern Thailand) *******R9b1a3 - Thailand, China ( Han, Dai), Vietnam ( Dao, Nùng, ''etc.''), Kazakhstan ******R9b1b - China, Vietnam, Cambodia (

Siem Reap Siem Reap ( km, សៀមរាប, ) is the second-largest city of Cambodia, as well as the capital and largest city of Siem Reap Province in northwestern Cambodia. Siem Reap has French colonial and Chinese-style architecture in the Old F ...

), Thailand ( Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province, Tai Yuan from

from

) *****R9b2 - Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam ****R9c - China (Barghut from Hulun Buir), Taiwan *****R9c1 ******R9c1a - Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan ( Makatao), Thailand ( Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province) *******R9c1a1 - Taiwan ( Makatao, Rukai, Puyuma, ''etc.''), Guam *******R9c1a2 - Taiwan ( Tsou, Bunun) *******R9c1a3 - Philippines (

of Palawan) ******R9c1b *******R9c1b1 - China ( Han), Vietnam ( Kinh, Dao), Thailand ( Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan in

, Thai Lue in

), Myanmar *******R9c1b2 - Thailand ( Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province), Taiwan ( Makatao, ''etc.''), Philippines ( Ifugao, Bugkalot), East Timor **** F ****R22 **R11'B (16189) ***R11 ****R11a *** B ***R24 **R12'21 ***R12 ***R21 **R22 **R14 **R23 **R30 ***R30a ***R30b ****R30b1 **R31 ***R31a ****R31a1 ***R31b **R32 ** P ** U

References

External links

*Mannis van Oven'
PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree R
*Ian Logan'

{{MtDNA R