Haplogroup R2, or R-M479, is a
Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by
genetic marker A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be ...
M479. It is one of two primary descendants of
Haplogroup R Haplogroup R may refer to:
* Haplogroup R (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
* Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread amongst modern populations.
S ...
(R-M207), the other being
R1 (R-M173).
R-M479 has been concentrated geographically in
South Asia
South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.;;;;;;;; ...
and
Central Asia
Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...
since prehistory. It appears to reach its highest levels among the
Burusho people
The Burusho, or Brusho, also known as the Botraj, are an ethnolinguistic group indigenous to the Yasin, Hunza, Nagar, and other valleys of Gilgit–Baltistan in northern Pakistan, as well as in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Their language, Burus ...
in
North Pakistan
Northern Pakistan () is a tourism region in the Geography of Pakistan, northern and northwestern parts of Pakistan, comprising the administrative units of Gilgit-Baltistan (formerly known as ''Northern Areas''), Azad Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ...
.
[Julie Di Cristofaro , Erwan Pennarun , Stéphane Mazières, Natalie M. Myres, Alice A. Lin, Shah Aga Temori, Mait Metspalu, Ene Metspalu, Michael Witzel, Roy J. King, Peter A. Underhill, Richard Villems & Jacques Chiaroni , 2013, “Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge”, ‘’PLoS One’’ (October 18).](_blank)
(17 June 2017.) However, it also appears to be present at low levels in the
Caucasus
The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historically ...
,
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
,
Anatolia
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...
and
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
.
It has two primary branches:
R2a (M124) and
R2b (R-FGC21706)
Structure
*
R (M207/Page37/UTY2)
**
R1 (M173/P241/Page29)
** R2 (M479/PF6107, L266/PF6108, L722, L726)
***
R2a (M124, F820/Page4, L381, P249)
**** R2a1 (L263)
**** R2a2 (P267/PF6109)
*** R2b (FGC21706, FGC50198, FGC50325, FGC50333, SK2163, SK2164, SK2165, SK2166)
**** R2b1 (FGC50339)
''Source: ISOGG 2017.''
Geographical distribution
Most research has tested only for the presence of R-M479 (R2) and R-M124 (R2a) – or SNPs downstream from M124 like P249, P267, L266, PAGES00004, and L381 SNPs). Because the other primary branch,
R2b (R-FGC21706) was discovered later than R2a, it has often not been tested for. Hence most results are best described as R2(xR2a).
In addition, relatively little research has been done within South Asia, which is known to have the greatest concentration of R2. (Hence the figures cited in the table right may not be indicative of true frequencies, i.e. Pakistan is the only South Asian country that has been included.)
In 2013, R2(xR2a) was found in 5 out of 19 males from the
Burusho minority of North Pakistan.
R2a (R-M124)
Haplogroup R2a
Haplogroup R2a, or haplogroup R-M124, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic markers M124, P249, P267, L266, and is mainly found in South Asia as well as in Central Asia, Caucasus, Southwest Asia, and the Arab countries with low ...
(R-M124) is characterized by
SNPs M124, F820/Page4, L381, P249,
and is mainly found in
South Asia
South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.;;;;;;;; ...
, with lower frequencies in
Central Asia
Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...
and the
Caucasus
The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historically ...
. R-M124 is also found in multiple Jewish populations:
Iraqi Jews
The history of the Jews in Iraq ( he, יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים, ', ; ar, اليهود العراقيون, ) is documented from the time of the Babylonian captivity c. 586 BC. Iraqi Jews constitute one of the world's oldest and mos ...
,
Persian Jews
Persian Jews or Iranian Jews ( fa, یهودیان ایرانی, ''yahudiān-e-Irāni''; he, יהודים פרסים ''Yəhūdīm Parsīm'') are the descendants of Jews who were historically associated with the Persian Empire, whose successor ...
,
Mountain Jews
Mountain Jews or Caucasus Jews also known as Juhuro, Juvuro, Juhuri, Juwuri, Juhurim, Kavkazi Jews or Gorsky Jews ( he, יהודי קווקז ''Yehudey Kavkaz'' or ''Yehudey he-Harim''; russian: Горские евреи, translit=Gorskie Yevrei ...
, and
Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews ( ; he, יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכְּנַז, translit=Yehudei Ashkenaz, ; yi, אַשכּנזישע ייִדן, Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or ''Ashkenazim'',, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: , singu ...
.
[Kevin Alan Brook, ''The Jews of Khazaria, Third Edition'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2018, p. 185.]
R2b (R-FGC21706)
It is found especially in the Indian subcontinent.
Yfull Q tree
2021 YFull
Phylogenetic tree
Description of the SNP M479
See also
Y-DNA R-M207 subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
Notes
External links
Digging into Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)
List of R2 frequency
(404)
R2-M124-WTY (Walk Through the Y) Project
The India Genealogical DNA Project
R2 Y-Chromosome Haplogroup DNA Project
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup R-M479 (Y-Dna)
R-M479
R
ca:Haplogrup R2 del cromosoma Y humà
es:Haplogrupo R2 ADN-Y
ru:Гаплогруппа R2 (Y-ДНК)