Haplogroup O-K18

Haplogroup O-K18 also known as O-F2320 and (as of 2017) Haplogroup O1b1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-K18 is a descendant branch of Haplogroup O-P31. Based on its disjunct distribution, O-K18 can be further divided into south subclade O1b1a1-PK4 and north subclade O1b1a2-CTS4040. O-CTS4040 is widely distributed in East Asia, whereas O-PK4 is more frequent in South China and Southeast Asia. O-PK4 is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.

Origin

In a paper published in 2011 by a group of Chinese researchers affiliated with Fudan University, it has been suggested that China is the origin of the expansion of haplogroup O-M268, the parent haplogroup of O-F2320.

Distribution

Haplogroup O-K18 is distributed widely in Asia, from southern India to the Altai Mountains and Central Asia in the west, and from Indonesia to northern China and Japan in the east. According to its distribution, O-K18 can be roughly divided into north subclade O-CTS4040 and south subclade O-PK4. O-CTS4040 is overall uncommon, but it is relatively abundant in Northern and Eastern parts of China (about 5%). It is also found at low frequencies of approximately 1% or less at the periphery of its distribution in other Indo-Pacific area like Vietnamese, Koreans, Japanese, West Kalimantan, Hazaras, and Arabs (Qatar). The other haplogroup O-PK4 consists of O-F838 and O-M95. O-F838 are more frequent in the South Han in China, showing the same trend with the its parallel branch O-M95 in China. The other branch, O-M95, is the best known subclade for the whole Y Haplogroup O-K18. O-M95 is found only at marginally low frequencies of approximately 1% at the periphery of its distribution in southern India, Central Asia, northern China, and Japan, but many populations within the vast intervening territory in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China display a greatly elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M95 Y-chromosomes. Haplogroup O-M122, which attains its peak frequency among speakers of Sino-Tibetan and Hmong–Mien languages in China and Southeast Asia, and Haplogroup O-M119, which predominates among Taiwanese aborigines and many populations of the Philippines, also generally occur among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South China and the Indochinese Peninsula, but usually at much lower frequencies than Haplogroup O-M95.

Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples.

According to the National Geographic project regarding O-M95: The Austro-Asiatic language family developed in groups containing men from this lineage. As these groups spread across Southeast Asia in successive waves, they spread their language. Today, the distribution of men from this lineage matches the pattern of these waves of migration. It is 42 percent of male lineages in Java, 40 percent of male lineages in Vietnam, and 38 percent of male lineages in Borneo. It accounts for 28 percent of the male population in Malaysia. It is present in Sumatra in about 14 percent of the male population. In mainland China, it is, on average, about 3 percent of the male population but a lot higher in ethnic minorities of South China. In South Asia, it is 9 percent of the Pardhan, between 1 and 2 percent of the Andh, and 10 percent of the Naikpod. It is around 59 percent of Balinese male lineages.

Haplogroup O-M95 is generally found in high percentages in most Austro-Asiatic ethnic groups but also found high in the Tai-Kradai people of South China and Southeast Asia, and Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese of Indonesia. It is also widespread in ethnic minorities of South China related to language families of East Asian origin and Southeast Asian origin.

Subclade Distribution

O-K18

= O-CTS4040

=
O-CTS4040 is relatively rare and is usually marked as O1B*/O2*-M268(PK4-, M176-) in the past academic report. It shares a common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, O-PK4, approximately 24,405 (95% CI 17,810 <-> 27,604) ybp according to Karmin ''et al.'' 2022, approximately 23,410 years before present according to 23mofang, or approximately 22,100 (95% CI 20,400 <-> 23,900) years before present according to YFull.

It is mainly distributed in East Asia and is mainly found in Han Chinese and occasionally found in Taiwan plains tribes, Vietnamese, Dai, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, West Kalimantan, Hazaras, and Arabs (Qatar). TMRCA of Han Chinese, Dai, Vietnamese, and Japanese members estimated to be 15,900 5% CI 13,300 <-> 16,400ybp. Relative paper illustrates O-P31/M268(PK4-, M176-) is found in North China (6.2%), East China (4.8%) and South China (3.1%).

Analysis of DNA extracted from a tooth from what are believed to be the remains of Cao Ding shows that he belonged to this clade. The researchers also found that the Y-chromosome of Cao Ding matches those of self-proclaimed living descendants of Cao Cao who hold lineage records dating back to more than 100 generations ago. Cao Cao laid the foundation of Cao Wei

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