Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)

Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is most common in Central Africa and West Africa.
It diverged from L1-6 at about 140,000 years ago ( 95% CI).
Its emergence is associated with the early peopling of Africa by anatomically modern humans during the Eemian, and it is now mostly found in African pygmies.

Distribution

Haplogroup L1 is found most commonly in Central Africa and West Africa. It reaches its highest frequency among the Mbenga Pygmies.
It is likely that it was formerly more widespread, and was constrained to its current area as a result of the Bantu migration (which is largely associated with haplogroup L2).
Haplogroup L1 has been observed in specimens from the island cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800).
An ancient Beaker culture individual at the Camino de las Yeseras in Spain (San Fernando de Henares, Madrid; 4245 / RISE695F) has also been found to carry the L1b1a mitochondrial haplogroup.''Iñigo Olalde'' et al
The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe
2017

Phylogeny

L1 has two branches, L1c and L1b (the formerly named haplogroups L1d, L1k, L1a, L1f have been re-classified into haplogroup L0, as L0d, L0k, L0a, L0f; L1e as L5).

L1c

Haplogroup L1c emerged at about 85 kya. It reaches its highest frequencies in West and Central Africa, notably among the Mbenga Pygmy peoples.
see map
. Among the Mbenga, it is carried by 100% of Ba-Kola, 97% of Ba-Benzélé, and 77% of Biaka.Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. 2007
History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation.
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195 Other populations in which L1c is particularly prevalent include the Bedzan (Tikar) people (100%), Baka people from Gabon (97%) and Cameroon (90%),Lluis Quintana-Murci et al. MtDNA diversity in Central Africa: from hunter-gathering to agriculturalism. CNRS-Institut Pasteur, Paris the Bakoya (97%), and the Ba-Bongo (82%). Common also in São Tomé (20%) and Angola (16–24%).Batini, Chiara et al 2006
Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial L1c haplogroup: Genetic signatures of the prehistory of Central Africa
/ref>

Phylogeny:

*L1c
**L1c1'2'4'6
***L1c1
****L1c1a
*****L1c1a1
******L1c1a1a
*******L1c1a1a1
********L1c1a1a1a
********L1c1a1a1b
*********L1c1a1a1b1
*******L1c1a1a2
******L1c1a1b
*****L1c1a2
******L1c1a2a
*******L1c1a2a1
*******L1c1a2a2
******L1c1a2b
******L1c1a2c
****L1c1b'c'd
*****L1c1b
*****L1c1c'd
******L1c1c
******L1c1d
***L1c2'4
****L1c2
*****L1c2a
******L1c2a1
*******L1c2a1a
*******L1c2a1b
******L1c2a2
*****L1c2b
******L1c2b1
******L1c2b2
****L1c4
*****L1c4a
*****L1c4b
***L1c6
**L1c3
***L1c3a
****L1c3a1
****L1c3a1a
***L1c3b'c
****L1c3b
*****L1c3b1
******L1c3b1a
******L1c3b1b
*****L1c3b2
****L1c3c

L1b

Haplogroup L1b is much more recent, dated at about 10 kya. It is frequent in West Africa. It has also been found in Mozambique (1%), Ethiopia (2%), Egypt (1%), the Nile Valley (4%), Kung (1%), Cape Verde (8%), Senegal (17–20%), Niger/ Nigeria (15%), Guinea Bissau (11%), Morocco (4–5%), and Algeria (1–2%).

Phylogeny:
*L1b
**L1b1
***L1b1a
****L1b1a1'4
*****L1b1a1
*****L1b1a4
****L1b1a2
*****L1b1a2a
****189
*****L1b1a3
******L1b1a3a
*******L1b1a3a1
****L1b1a5
****L1b1a6
****L1b1b7

See also

* Genealogical DNA test
*Genetic genealogy
* Human mitochondrial genetics
* Population genetics
* Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

References

Notes

{{Reflist, group=Note

External links

PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree L
van Oven & Kayser M. 2009.

from ''National Geographic''
African Haplogroup L mtDNA Sequences Show Violations of Clock-like Evolution
*Ian Logan'


*Ian Logan'


L1
YFull MTree 1.02.00 (under construction)

L1