Interpolation maps for L1 haplogroup total

Haplogroup L1 is a

human mitochondrial DNA Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondri ...

(mtDNA) haplogroup. It is most common in

Central Africa Central Africa is a subregion of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions. Angola, Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, ...

and

West Africa West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Maurit ...

. It diverged from L1-6 at about 140,000 years ago (

95% CI In frequentist statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is a range of estimates for an unknown parameter. A confidence interval is computed at a designated ''confidence level''; the 95% confidence level is most common, but other levels, such as 9 ...

). Its emergence is associated with the early

peopling of Africa Early human migrations are the earliest migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents. They are believed to have begun approximately 2 million years ago with the early expansions out of Africa by '' Homo erect ...

by anatomically modern humans during the

Eemian The Eemian (also called the last interglacial, Sangamonian, Sangamonian Stage, Ipswichian, Mikulin, Kaydaky, penultimate,NOAA - Penultimate Interglacial Period http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/global-warming/penultimate-interglacial-period Valdivia or Ri ...

, and it is now mostly found in

African pygmies The African Pygmies (or Congo Pygmies, variously also Central African foragers, "African rainforest hunter-gatherers" (RHG) or "Forest People of Central Africa") are a group of ethnicities native to Central Africa, mostly the Congo Basin, trad ...

Distribution

Haplogroup L1 is found most commonly in

and

. It reaches its highest frequency among the Mbenga

Pygmies In anthropology, pygmy peoples are ethnic groups whose average height is unusually short. The term pygmyism is used to describe the phenotype of endemic short stature (as opposed to disproportionate dwarfism occurring in isolated cases in a pop ...

. It is likely that it was formerly more widespread, and was constrained to its current area as a result of the

Bantu migration The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu language, Proto-Bantu-speaking Bantu peoples, group, which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of ...

(which is largely associated with haplogroup L2). Haplogroup L1 has been observed in specimens from the island cemetery in

Kulubnarti Kulubnarti ("Kulb island") is a long island in northern Sudan. Located on the Nile, around south of the Egyptian border, it is part of the village of Kulb. Until the fifteenth century, Kulubnarti was a remote area. It was one of the last known re ...

Sudan Sudan ( or ; ar, السودان, as-Sūdān, officially the Republic of the Sudan ( ar, جمهورية السودان, link=no, Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa. It shares borders with the Central African Republic t ...

, which date from the

Early Christian Early Christianity (up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325) spread from the Levant, across the Roman Empire, and beyond. Originally, this progression was closely connected to already established Jewish centers in the Holy Land and the Jewish d ...

period (AD 550–800). An ancient

Beaker culture The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the Inverted bell, inverted-bell beaker (archaeology), beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the E ...

individual at the Camino de las Yeseras in

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

(San Fernando de Henares, Madrid; 4245 / RISE695F) has also been found to carry the L1b1a mitochondrial haplogroup.''Iñigo Olalde'' et al
The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe
2017

Phylogeny

Interpolation maps for haplogroup L1b and L1c

L1 has two branches, L1c and L1b (the formerly named haplogroups L1d, L1k, L1a, L1f have been re-classified into haplogroup L0, as L0d, L0k, L0a, L0f; L1e as L5).

L1c

Haplogroup L1c emerged at about 85 kya. It reaches its highest frequencies in West and Central Africa, notably among the Mbenga

Pygmy In anthropology, pygmy peoples are ethnic groups whose average height is unusually short. The term pygmyism is used to describe the phenotype of endemic short stature (as opposed to disproportionate dwarfism occurring in isolated cases in a pop ...

peoples.
see map
. Among the Mbenga, it is carried by 100% of Ba-Kola, 97% of Ba-Benzélé, and 77% of Biaka.Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. 2007
History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation.
Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195 Other populations in which L1c is particularly prevalent include the Bedzan (Tikar) people (100%), Baka people from

Gabon Gabon (; ; snq, Ngabu), officially the Gabonese Republic (french: République gabonaise), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, it is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north ...

(97%) and

Cameroon Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the C ...

(90%),Lluis Quintana-Murci et al. MtDNA diversity in Central Africa: from hunter-gathering to agriculturalism. CNRS-Institut Pasteur, Paris the

Bakoya The Bakoya are pygmies, earlier known as Négrilles or Babinga, who inhabitant the rainforest between Cameroon and the Great Lake region of the Congo Basin in Central Africa. Since the 1930s, the Bakoya, in particular, have settled in Gabon in the ...

(97%), and the Ba-Bongo (82%). Common also in

São Tomé São Tomé is the capital and largest city of the Central African island country of São Tomé and Príncipe. Its name is Portuguese for " Saint Thomas". Founded in the 15th century, it is one of Africa's oldest colonial cities. History Álva ...

(20%) and

Angola , national_anthem = " Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...

(16–24%).Batini, Chiara et al 2006
Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial L1c haplogroup: Genetic signatures of the prehistory of Central Africa
/ref> Phylogeny: *L1c **L1c1'2'4'6 ***L1c1 ****L1c1a *****L1c1a1 ******L1c1a1a *******L1c1a1a1 ********L1c1a1a1a ********L1c1a1a1b *********L1c1a1a1b1 *******L1c1a1a2 ******L1c1a1b *****L1c1a2 ******L1c1a2a *******L1c1a2a1 *******L1c1a2a2 ******L1c1a2b ******L1c1a2c ****L1c1b'c'd *****L1c1b *****L1c1c'd ******L1c1c ******L1c1d ***L1c2'4 ****L1c2 *****L1c2a ******L1c2a1 *******L1c2a1a *******L1c2a1b ******L1c2a2 *****L1c2b ******L1c2b1 ******L1c2b2 ****L1c4 *****L1c4a *****L1c4b ***L1c6 **L1c3 ***L1c3a ****L1c3a1 ****L1c3a1a ***L1c3b'c ****L1c3b *****L1c3b1 ******L1c3b1a ******L1c3b1b *****L1c3b2 ****L1c3c

L1b

Haplogroup L1b is much more recent, dated at about 10 kya. It is frequent in

. It has also been found in

Mozambique Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi ...

(1%),

Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...

(2%),

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...

(1%), the

Nile Valley The Nile, , Bohairic , lg, Kiira , Nobiin: Áman Dawū is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa and has historically been considered the longest rive ...

(4%),

Kung Kung or Küng may refer to: * ǃKung people * ǃKung language * Kung (Haida village), an historical village of the Haida people of the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia, Canada; also Kung Indian Reserve No. 11 at the same location * Kun ...

(1%),

Cape Verde , national_anthem = () , official_languages = Portuguese , national_languages = Cape Verdean Creole , capital = Praia , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , demonym ...

(8%),

Senegal Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 � ...

(17–20%),

Niger ) , official_languages = , languages_type = National languagesNigeria Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...

(15%),

Guinea Bissau Guinea-Bissau ( ; pt, Guiné-Bissau; ff, italic=no, 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 𞤄𞤭𞤧𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮, Gine-Bisaawo, script=Adlm; Mandinka: ''Gine-Bisawo''), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau ( pt, República da Guiné-Bissau, links=no ) ...

(11%),

Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to ...

(4–5%), and

Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...

(1–2%). Phylogeny: *L1b **L1b1 ***L1b1a ****L1b1a1'4 *****L1b1a1 *****L1b1a4 ****L1b1a2 *****L1b1a2a ****189 *****L1b1a3 ******L1b1a3a *******L1b1a3a1 ****L1b1a5 ****L1b1a6 ****L1b1b7

References

Notes

{{Reflist, group=Note

External links

PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree L
van Oven & Kayser M. 2009.

from ''

National Geographic ''National Geographic'' (formerly the ''National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is a popular American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. Known for its photojournalism, it is one of the most widely ...

''
African Haplogroup L mtDNA Sequences Show Violations of Clock-like Evolution
*Ian Logan'

*Ian Logan'

L1
YFull MTree 1.02.00 (under construction) L1

Distribution

Phylogeny

L1c

L1b

See also

References

Notes

External links