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Hans (Heinrich) Keller (11 March 19196 November 1985) was an Austrian-born British musician and writer, who made significant contributions to
musicology Musicology (from Greek μουσική ''mousikē'' 'music' and -λογια ''-logia'', 'domain of study') is the scholarly analysis and research-based study of music. Musicology departments traditionally belong to the humanities, although some mu ...
and music criticism, as well as being a commentator on such disparate fields as
psychoanalysis PsychoanalysisFrom Greek: + . is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might b ...
and
football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...
. In the late 1950s, he invented the method of " wordless functional analysis", in which a musical composition is analysed in musical sound alone, without any words being heard or read. He worked full-time for the BBC between 1959 and 1979.


Life and career

Keller was born into a wealthy and culturally well-connected
Jew Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""Th ...
ish family in
Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...
,Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
"he described himself as an 'unpious Jew'"
and, as a boy, was taught by the same
Oskar Adler Oskar Adler (4 June 187515 May 1955) was an Austrian violinist, physician and esoteric savant. He was the brother of the political theorist Max Adler and a key early influence on his contemporary Arnold Schoenberg. His friend and student Hans K ...
who had, decades earlier, been
Arnold Schoenberg Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg (, ; ; 13 September 187413 July 1951) was an Austrian-American composer, music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter. He is widely considered one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was as ...
's boyhood friend and first teacher. He also came to know the composer and performer Franz Schmidt, but was never a formal pupil. In 1938, the
Anschluss The (, or , ), also known as the (, en, Annexation of Austria), was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938. The idea of an (a united Austria and Germany that would form a " Greater Germany ...
forced Keller to flee to London (where he had relatives), and, in the years that followed, he became a prominent and influential figure in the UK's musical and music-critical life. Initially active as a violinist and
violist ; german: Bratsche , alt=Viola shown from the front and the side , image=Bratsche.jpg , caption= , background=string , hornbostel_sachs=321.322-71 , hornbostel_sachs_desc=Composite chordophone sounded by a bow , range= , related= *Violin family ...
, he soon found his niche as a highly prolific and provocative writer on music, as well as an influential teacher, lecturer, broadcaster and coach. An original thinker never afraid of controversy, Keller's passionate support of composers whose work he saw as under-valued or insufficiently understood made him a tireless advocate of
Benjamin Britten Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976, aged 63) was an English composer, conductor, and pianist. He was a central figure of 20th-century British music, with a range of works including opera, other ...
and
Arnold Schoenberg Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg (, ; ; 13 September 187413 July 1951) was an Austrian-American composer, music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter. He is widely considered one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was as ...
, as well as an illuminating analyst of figures such as
Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 17565 December 1791), baptised as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period (music), Classical period. Despite his short life, his ra ...
,
Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn ( , ; 31 March 173231 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the string quartet and piano trio. His contributions to musical form have led ...
,
Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classical ...
and
Mendelssohn Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic music, Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositi ...
. Many of Keller's earliest articles appeared in the journals ''Music Review'' and ''
Music Survey ''Music Survey'' was a short-lived academic journal covering classical and contemporary music, which flourished in the United Kingdom for a brief period after World War II. Though it was published for only five years and in that time had only a ...
'', the latter of which was co-edited by him after he joined the founding editor Donald Mitchell for the so-called 'New Series' (1949–52). In later years, much of his advocacy was carried out from within the
BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
, where he came to hold several senior positions and was a regular contributor to '' The Listener'' magazine. When
William Glock Sir William Frederick Glock, CBE (3 May 190828 June 2000) was a British music critic and musical administrator who was instrumental in introducing the Continental avant-garde, notably promoting the career of Pierre Boulez. Biography Glock was bo ...
was appointed controller of music at the BBC in 1959 one of his first acts was to recruit Keller as music talks producer. It was at the BBC that Keller (in collaboration with
Susan Bradshaw Susan Bradshaw (Monmouth, 8 September 1931 – London, 30 January 2005) was a British pianist, teacher, writer, and composer. She was mainly associated with contemporary music, and especially with the work of Pierre Boulez, several of whose writi ...
) perpetrated in 1961 the "
Piotr Zak Piotr (or Pjotr) Zak is the name of a fictional Polish composer whose alleged composition ''Mobile for Tape and Percussion'' was broadcast twice on the BBC Third Programme on 5 June 1961 in a performance supposedly played by "Claude Tessier" and " ...
" hoax, broadcasting a deliberately nonsensical series of random noises, as a new avant-garde piece by a fictitious Polish composer. The hoax was designed to demonstrate the poor quality of critical discourse surrounding contemporary music at a problematic stage in its historical development; in this aspect, the hoax was a failure, as no critic expressed any particular enthusiasm for Piotr Zak's piece, with all published reviews being roundly dismissive of the work. In 1967, Keller had a famous encounter with the rock group
Pink Floyd Pink Floyd are an English rock band formed in London in 1965. Gaining an early following as one of the first British psychedelic music, psychedelic groups, they were distinguished by their extended compositions, sonic experimentation, philo ...
on the TV show ''The Look of the Week'' in which he interviewed band members
Syd Barrett Roger Keith "Syd" Barrett (6 January 1946 – 7 July 2006) was an English singer, songwriter, and musician who co-founded the rock band Pink Floyd in 1965. Barrett was their original frontman and primary songwriter, becoming known for his ...
and
Roger Waters George Roger Waters (born 6 September 1943) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and composer. In 1965, he co-founded the progressive rock band Pink Floyd. Waters initially served as the bassist, but following the departure of singer-so ...
. Keller was generally puzzled by, or even contemptuous of, the group and its music, repeatedly returning to the criticism that they were too loud for his taste. He ended his interview segment with the band by saying: "my verdict is that it is a little bit of a regression to childhood – but, after all, why not?" This interview was released as part of Pink Floyd's 2016 box set, ''
The Early Years 1965–1972 ''The Early Years 1965–1972'' is a box set that details the early work of the English rock band Pink Floyd released on 11 November 2016. It was released by Pink Floyd Records with distribution held by Warner Music for the UK and Europe and So ...
''. Keller's gift for systematic thinking, allied to his philosophical and psycho-analytic knowledge, bore fruit in the method of " wordless functional analysis" (abbreviated by the
football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...
-loving Keller as " FA"), designed to furnish incontrovertibly audible demonstrations of a masterwork's "all-embracing background unity". This method was developed in tandem with a "Theory of Music" that explicitly considered musical structure from the point of view of ''listener expectations''; the "meaningful contradiction" of expected "background" by unexpectable "foreground" was seen as generating a work's expressive content. An element of Keller's theory of unity was the "Principle of Reversed and Postponed Antecedents and Consequents", which has not been widely adopted. His term "
homotonal ''Homotonal'' (same-tonality) is a technical musical term pertaining to the tonal structure of multi-movement compositions. It was introduced into musicology by Hans Keller. According to Keller's definition and usage, a multi-movement composition ...
ity", however, has proved useful to musicologists in several fields. Keller was married to the artist
Milein Cosman Emilie Cosman, known as Milein Cosman, (31 March 1921 – 21 November 2017) was a German-born artist based in England. She is best known for her drawings and prints of leading cultural figures, dancers and musicians in action, such as Francis Baco ...
, whose drawings illustrated some of his work. His manuscripts (radio broadcasts and musicological writings) are kept at the
Cambridge University Library Cambridge University Library is the main research library of the University of Cambridge. It is the largest of the over 100 libraries within the university. The Library is a major scholarly resource for the members of the University of Cambri ...
.


Dedications and awards

As a man prominent in the world of '
contemporary music Contemporary classical music is classical music composed close to the present day. At the beginning of the 21st century, it commonly referred to the post-1945 modern forms of post-tonal music after the death of Anton Webern, and included serial ...
' (even working for several years as the BBC's "Chief Assistant, New Music"), Keller had close personal and professional ties with many composers and was frequently the dedicatee of new compositions. Those who dedicated works to him include: * Judith Bingham: ''Pictured Within'', for piano solo (1981) *
Benjamin Britten Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976, aged 63) was an English composer, conductor, and pianist. He was a central figure of 20th-century British music, with a range of works including opera, other ...
: String Quartet No.3, Op. 94 *
Benjamin Frankel Benjamin Frankel (31 January 190612 February 1973) was a British composer. His best known pieces include a cycle of five string quartets, eight symphonies, and concertos for violin and viola. He was also notable for writing over 100 film scores ...
: String Quartet No.5, Op.43 * Philip Grange: ''In Memoriam HK'', for solo trombone (c.1990) * David Matthews:
Piano Trio A piano trio is a group of piano and two other instruments, usually a violin and a cello, or a piece of music written for such a group. It is one of the most common forms found in classical chamber music. The term can also refer to a group of musi ...
No.1; 'To Hans Keller' *
Robert Matthew-Walker Robert Matthew-Walker (born 23 July 1939) is an English composer, writer, editor marketer and broadcaster, mainly involved in classical music. Robert Matthew-Walker was born in Lewisham, London, and studied at Goldsmiths College, the Universit ...
:
Piano Sonata A piano sonata is a sonata written for a solo piano. Piano sonatas are usually written in three or four movements, although some piano sonatas have been written with a single movement ( Scarlatti, Liszt, Scriabin, Medtner, Berg), others with t ...
No.3 – ''Fantasy-Sonata: Hamlet'', Op.34 (1980) * Bayan Northcott *
Buxton Orr Buxton Orr (18 April 1924 – 27 December 1997) was a Glasgow-born Anglo-Scottish composer and teacher. Life Originally trained as a doctor, Orr gave up medicine and switched to music in 1952, studying composition at the Guildhall School of Mu ...
: Piano Trio No.1; 'In admiration and friendship' * Robert Simpson: Symphony No.7; "To Hans and Milein Keller" *
Josef Tal Josef Tal ( he, יוסף טל; September 18, 1910 – August 25, 2008) was an Israeli composer. He wrote three Hebrew operas; four German operas, dramatic scenes; six symphonies; 13 concerti; chamber music, including three string quartets; ...
: Double Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra; "To Hans and Milein Keller". ''Homage to Hans Keller'' (1982) by
Anthony Burgess John Anthony Burgess Wilson, (; 25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993), who published under the name Anthony Burgess, was an English writer and composer. Although Burgess was primarily a comic writer, his Utopian and dystopian fiction, d ...
is perhaps a special case. Written immediately after Keller reviewed the operetta '' Blooms of Dublin'' as a "pathetic pastiche", Burgess scored the piece for four tubas.
Roger Lewis Roger Lewis (born 26 February 1960) is a Welsh academic, biographer and journalist. Biography Lewis was raised in Bedwas, Monmouthshire, and educated at Bassaleg School in Newport. He then attended the University of St Andrews, graduating MA, ...
describes it as "a kind of lavatorial blast".Lewis, Roger. ''Anthony Burgess'' (2002) In December 1979, Keller received the "Special Award" of the Composers' Guild of Great Britain. In September 1985, just weeks before his death from
motor neurone disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease, is a neurodegenerative disease that results in the progressive loss of motor neurons that control voluntary muscles. ALS is the most comm ...
, he received from the President of Austria the ''Ehrenkreuz für Wissenschaft und Kunst, 1 Klasse'' ("Cross of Honour for Arts and Sciences, 1st Class").


Writings

*‘Film Music’, Sight and Sound, no.60 (1946–7), 136; no.62 (1947), 63–4; no.64 (1947–8), 168–9; MR, x (1949), 50–51, 138, 225–6, 303; xi (1950), 52–3; Music Survey, i (1949), 196–7; ii (1949–50), 25–7, 101–2, 188–9, 250–51; iii (1950–51), 42–3; MT, xcvi (1955), 265–6 *Benjamin Britten: Albert Herring (London, 1947) *Benjamin Britten: The Rape of Lucretia (London, 1947) *The Need for Competent Film Music Criticism (London, 1947) *‘Britten and Mozart: a Challenge in the Form of Variations on an Unfamiliar Theme’, ML, xxix (1948), 17–30; unauthorized Ger. trans., ÖMz, v (1950), 138–47 *‘The Beggar's Opera’, Tempo, no.10 (1948–9), 7–13 *‘Resistances to Britten's Music: their Psychology’, Music Survey, ii (1949–50), 227–36 *‘Arthur Benjamin and the Problem of Popularity’, Tempo, no.15 (1950), 4–15 *‘Schoenberg and the Men of the Press’, Music Survey, iii (1950–51), 160–68 *‘Is Opera Really Necessary?’, Opera, ii (1951), 337–45, 402–9 *ed., with D. Mitchell: Benjamin Britten: a Commentary on his Works from a Group of Specialists (London, 1952) ncl. ‘Peter Grimes: the Story, the Music not Excluded’, 111–31; ‘The Musical Character’, 319–51 *‘The Idomeneo Gavotte's Vicissitude’, MR, xiv (1953), 155–7 *‘Film Music: British’, Grove5 *‘National Frontiers in Music’, Tempo, no.33 (1954), 23–30 *‘First Performances: Dodecaphoneys’, MR, xvi (1955), 323–9 *‘First Performances: their Pre- and Reviews’, MR, xvi (1955), 141–7 *‘Strict Serial Technique in Classical Music’, Tempo, no.37 (1955), 12–24 *‘The Chamber Music’, The Mozart Companion, ed. H.C.R. Landon and D. Mitchell (London, 1956), 90–137 *‘The Entführung's “Vaudeville”’, MR, xvii (1956), 304–13 *‘Key Characteristics’, Tempo, no.40 (1956), 5–16 *‘KV503: the Unity of Contrasting Themes and Movements’, MR, xvii (1956), 48–58, 120–29 *‘The New in Review’, MR, xvii (1956), 94–5, 153–4, 251–3, 332–6; xviii (1957), 48–51, 150–53, 221–4; xix (1958), 52–4, 137–41, 226–8, 319–22; xx (1959), 71–2, 159–62, 289–99; xxi (1960), 79–80; xxii (1961), 51–2 *‘Serial Octave Transpositions’, MMR, lxxxvi (1956), 139–43, 172–7 *‘A Slip of Mozart's: its Analytical Significance’, Tempo, no.42 (1956–7), 12–15 *‘Elgar the Progressive’, MR, xviii (1957), 294–9 *‘Functional Analysis: its Pure Appreciation’, MR, xviii (1957), 202–6; xix (1958), 192–200; see also MR, xxi (1960), 73–6, 237–9 *‘Rhythm: Gershwin and Stravinsky’, The Score, no.20 (1957), 19–31 *‘Schoenberg's “Moses and Aron”’, The Score, no.21 (1957), 30–45 *‘Knowing Things Backwards’, Tempo, no.46 (1958), 14–20 *‘Principles of Composition’, The Score, no.26 (1960), 35–45; no.27 (1960), 9–21 *‘New Music: Beethoven's Choral Fantasy’, The Score, no.28 (1961), 38–47 *‘Whose Fault is the Speaking Voice?’, Tempo, no.75 (1965–6), 12–17 *‘Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’, ‘Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky’, The Symphony, i, ed. R. Simpson (Harmondsworth, 1966–7), 50–103, 342–53 *‘The Contemporary Problem’, Tempo, no.82 (1967), 29; no.83 (1967–8), 24–5; no.84 (1968), 25–6; no.85 (1968), 30–33; no.86 (1968), 26–7; no.87 (1968–9), 76–9; no.88 (1969), 56–7; no.89 (1969), 25, 27–8; no.91 (1969–70), 34–6 *‘Towards a Theory of Music’, The Listener (11 June 1970) *‘Shostakovich's Twelfth Quartet’, Tempo, no.94 (1970), 6–15 *‘Closer Towards a Theory of Music’, The Listener (18 Feb 1971) *‘Music and Psychopathology’, History of Medicine, iii/2 (1971), 3–7 *‘Mozart's Wrong Key Signature’, Tempo, no.98 (1972), 21–7 *‘Schoenberg: the Future of Symphonic Thought’, PNM, xiii/1 (1974–5), 3–20 *‘Music 1975’, New Review, no.24 (1976), 17–53 *‘The Classical Romantics: Schumann and Mendelssohn’, Of German Music: a Symposium, ed. H.-H. Schönzeler (London and New York, 1976), 179–218 *‘Description, Analysis and Criticism: a Differential Diagnosis’, Soundings ardiff vi (1977), 108–20 *‘My Family, You and I’, New Review, nos.34–5 (1977), 13–23 *1975 (1984 minus 9) (London, 1977) *‘The State of the Symphony: not only Maxwell Davies’, Tempo, no.125 (1978), 6–11 *‘Operatic Music and Britten’, The Operas of Benjamin Britten, ed. D. Herbert (London, 1979), xiii–xxxi *‘Schoenberg's Return to Tonality’, Journal of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute, v/1 (1981), 2–21 *‘Epilogue/Prologue: Criticism and Analysis’, MAn, i (1982), 9–31 *(with M. Cosman): Stravinsky Seen and Heard (London, 1982) *‘Goethe and the Lied’, Goethe Revisited: a Collection of Essays, ed. E.M. Wilkinson (London, 1984), 73–84 *‘The Musician as Librettist’, Opera, xxxv (1984), 1095–9 *‘Personal Recollections: Oskar Adler's and My Own’, in H. Truscott: The Music Forum of Franz Schmidt, i: The Orchestral Music (London, 1984), 7–17 *‘Whose Authenticity?’, EMc, xii (1984), 517–19 *‘Functional Analysis of Mozart's G minor Quintet’, MAn, iv (1985), 73–94 *The Great Haydn Quartets: Their Interpretation (London, 1986) *Criticism (London, 1987) *C. Wintle, ed.: Essays on Music (Cambridge, 1994) *C. Wintle, ed.: Three Psychoanalytic Notes on Peter Grimes (1946) (London, 1995)


Bibliography

* Hans Keller and Donald Mitchell (Contrs & Eds): ''Benjamin Britten – A Commentary on His Works from a Group of Specialists'' (). * Hans Keller and Milein Cosman: ''Stravinsky Seen and Heard'' (Toccata Press; ). * Hans Keller (Ed. Julian Hogg): ''Criticism'' 1987 (). * Hans Keller: ''Music, Closed Societies and Football'' 1986 () * Hans Keller: ''The Great Haydn Quartets – Their Interpretation'' (OUP; ). * Hans Keller (Ed. Christopher Wintle): ''Hans Keller – Essays on Music'' (). * Hans Keller (Ed. Christopher Wintle): ''Music and Psychology – From Vienna to London (1939–1952)'' (). * Hans Keller (Ed. Gerold W. Gruber): ''Functional Analysis: the Unity of Contrasting Themes: Complete Edition of the Analytical Scores'' (Lang 2001; ). * A. M. Garnham, ''Hans Keller and the BBC: the musical conscience of British broadcasting, 1959–79'' (Ashgate 2003; ). * ''The Keller Instinct'': TV documentary by Hans Keller and Anton Weinberg (Channel 4, 1985) * "Hans Keller: The Last Interview" (conversation with Anton Weinberg, transcr. and ed.
Mark Doran Mark may refer to: Currency * Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark, the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina * East German mark, the currency of the German Democratic Republic * Estonian mark, the currency of Estonia between 1918 and 1927 * Fi ...
, ''
Tempo In musical terminology, tempo (Italian, 'time'; plural ''tempos'', or ''tempi'' from the Italian plural) is the speed or pace of a given piece. In classical music, tempo is typically indicated with an instruction at the start of a piece (often ...
''), No. 195 (January 1996), pp. 6–12. *''The Keller Column: Essays by Hans Keller'' (Ed. R. Matthew-Walker, Lengnick & Co., 1990) * ''Der Turm'' (The Tower) Libretto: Hans Keller (G) (1983), opera in 2 acts by
Josef Tal Josef Tal ( he, יוסף טל; September 18, 1910 – August 25, 2008) was an Israeli composer. He wrote three Hebrew operas; four German operas, dramatic scenes; six symphonies; 13 concerti; chamber music, including three string quartets; ...
* Hans Keller: ''The Jerusalem Diary – Music, Society and Politics'', 1977 and 1979 (ed. C. Wintle & F. Williams) 2001, * A. M. Garnham, ''Hans Keller and Internment: The Development of an Emigré Musician 1938–48'' (Plumbago 2011; ). *
Josef Tal Josef Tal ( he, יוסף טל; September 18, 1910 – August 25, 2008) was an Israeli composer. He wrote three Hebrew operas; four German operas, dramatic scenes; six symphonies; 13 concerti; chamber music, including three string quartets; ...
: "About My Friend, Hans Keller". In: ''Music in Time – A Publication of the Jerusalem Rubin Academy of Music and Dance'' (1988/89), pp. 73–76.


References


Sources

* ''
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography The ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (''DNB'') is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published since 1885. The updated ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (''ODNB'') was published on 23 September ...
'' * ''
Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians. Along with the German-language ''Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', it is one of the largest reference works on the history and theo ...
''


Further reading

* * Spice, Nicholas
'The Phonic and the Phoney: Being Hans Keller'
''London Review of Books'', 4 February 2021


External links


At the National Portrait Gallery
* * *

* List of émigré composers in Britain
The Cosman Keller Art & Music Trust
{{DEFAULTSORT:Keller, Hans 1919 births 1985 deaths Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United Kingdom after the Anschluss BBC Radio 3 presenters British music theorists British writers about music Deaths from motor neuron disease Musicians from Vienna Neurological disease deaths in England 20th-century British musicologists