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Hans Bellmer (13 March 1902 – 24 February 1975) was a German artist, best known for the life-sized
pubescent The adjective pubescent may describe: * people or animals undergoing puberty * plants that are hairy, covered in trichomes * insects that are covered in setae In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a ...
female
doll A doll is a physical model, model typically of a human or humanoid character, often used as a toy for children. Dolls have also been used in traditional religious rituals throughout the world. Traditional dolls made of materials such as clay and ...
s he produced in the mid-1930s. Historians of art and photography also consider him a
Surrealist Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to l ...
photographer.


Biography

Bellmer was born in the city of
Kattowitz Katowice ( , , ; szl, Katowicy; german: Kattowitz, yi, קאַטעוויץ, Kattevitz) is the capital city of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland and the central city of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area. It is the 11th most popul ...
, then part of the
German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...
(now
Katowice Katowice ( , , ; szl, Katowicy; german: Kattowitz, yi, קאַטעוויץ, Kattevitz) is the capital city of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland and the central city of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area. It is the 11th most popul ...
,
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
). Up until 1926, he worked as a draftsman for his own advertising company. Bellmer is most famous for the creation of a series of dolls as well as photographs of them. He was influenced in his choice of art form in part by reading the published letters of
Oskar Kokoschka Oskar Kokoschka (1 March 1886 – 22 February 1980) was an Austrian artist, poet, playwright, and teacher best known for his intense Expressionism, expressionistic portraits and landscapes, as well as his theories on vision that influenced the ...
(''Der Fetisch'', 1925). Bellmer's doll project is also said to have been catalysed by a series of events in his personal life. Hans Bellmer takes credit for provoking a physical crisis in his father and brings his own artistic creativity into association with childhood insubordination and resentment toward a severe and humorless paternal authority. Perhaps this is one reason for the nearly universal, unquestioning acceptance in the literature of Bellmer's promotion of his art as a struggle against his father, the police, and ultimately, fascism and the state. Events of his personal life also including meeting a beautiful teenage cousin in 1932 (and perhaps other unattainable beauties), attending a performance of Jacques Offenbach's
Tales of Hoffmann ''The Tales of Hoffmann'' (French: ) is an by Jacques Offenbach. The French libretto was written by Jules Barbier, based on three short stories by E. T. A. Hoffmann, who is the protagonist of the story. It was Offenbach's final work; he died in ...
(in which a man falls tragically in love with an automaton), and receiving a box of his old toys. After these events, he began to actually construct his first dolls. In his works, Bellmer explicitly sexualized the doll as a young girl. The dolls incorporated the principle of "ball joint", which was inspired by a pair of sixteenth-century articulated wooden dolls in the
Kaiser Friedrich Museum The Bode-Museum (English: ''Bode Museum''), formerly called the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum (''Emperor Frederick Museum''), is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin. It was built from 1898 to 1904 by order of Germa ...
Jonathan Hirschfeld has claimed (without further argumentation) that Bellmer initiated his doll project to oppose the
fascism Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy an ...
of the
Nazi Party The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that crea ...
by declaring that he would make no work that would support the new German state. Represented by mutated forms and unconventional poses, his dolls (according to this view) were directed specifically at the cult of the perfect body then prominent in Germany. He visited Paris in 1935 and made contacts there, such as
Paul Éluard Paul Éluard (), born Eugène Émile Paul Grindel (; 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952), was a French poet and one of the founders of the Surrealist movement. In 1916, he chose the name Paul Éluard, a matronymic borrowed from his maternal ...
, but returned to Berlin because his wife Margarete was dying of
tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in ...
. Bellmer produced the first doll in Berlin in 1933. Long since lost, the assemblage can nevertheless be correctly described thanks to approximately two dozen photographs Bellmer took at the time of its construction. Standing about fifty-six inches tall, the doll consisted of a modeled torso made of flax fiber, glue, and plaster; a mask-like head of the same material with glass eyes and a long, unkempt wig; and a pair of legs made from broomsticks or dowel rods. One of these legs terminated in a wooden, club-like foot; the other was encased in a more naturalistic plaster shell, jointed at the knee and ankle. As the project progressed, Bellmer made a second set of hollow plaster legs, with wooden ball joints for the doll's hips and knees. There were no arms to the first sculpture, but Bellmer did fashion or find a single wooden hand, which appears among the assortment of doll parts the artist documented in an untitled photograph of 1934, as well as in several photographs of later work. Bellmer's 1934 anonymous book, ''The Doll'' (''Die Puppe''), produced and published privately in Germany, contains 10 black-and-white photographs of Bellmer's first doll arranged in a series of "
tableaux vivants A (; often shortened to ; plural: ), French for "living picture", is a static scene containing one or more actors or models. They are stationary and silent, usually in costume, carefully posed, with props and/or scenery, and may be theatrica ...
" (living pictures). The book was not credited to him, as he worked in isolation, and his photographs remained almost unknown in Germany. Yet Bellmer's work was eventually declared "degenerate" by the Nazi Party, and he was forced to flee Germany to France in 1938, where Bellmer's work was welcomed by the
Surrealists Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to l ...
around
André Breton André Robert Breton (; 19 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer and poet, the co-founder, leader, and principal theorist of surrealism. His writings include the first ''Surrealist Manifesto'' (''Manifeste du surréalisme'') o ...
. He aided the French Resistance during the war by making fake passports. He was imprisoned in the
Camp des Milles The Camp des Milles was a French internment camp, opened in September 1939, in a former tile factory near the village of Les Milles, part of the commune of Aix-en-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône).Guénaël LemoueeCamp des Milles : la mémoire de la ...
prison at
Aix-en-Provence Aix-en-Provence (, , ; oc, label= Provençal, Ais de Provença in classical norm, or in Mistralian norm, ; la, Aquae Sextiae), or simply Aix ( medieval Occitan: ''Aics''), is a city and commune in southern France, about north of Marseille. ...
, a
brickworks A brickworks, also known as a brick factory, is a factory for the manufacturing of bricks, from clay or shale. Usually a brickworks is located on a clay bedrock (the most common material from which bricks are made), often with a quarry for cl ...
camp for German nationals, from September 1939 until the end of the
Phoney War The Phoney War (french: Drôle de guerre; german: Sitzkrieg) was an eight-month period at the start of World War II, during which there was only one limited military land operation on the Western Front, when French troops invaded Germ ...
in May 1940. After the war, Bellmer lived the rest of his life in Paris. Bellmer gave up doll-making and spent the following decades creating erotic drawings, etchings, sexually explicit photographs, paintings, and prints of pubescent girls. In 1954, he met Unica Zürn, who became his companion until her suicide in 1970. He continued working into the 1960s. Of his own work, Bellmer said, "What is at stake here is a totally new unity of form, meaning and feeling: language-images that cannot simply be thought up or written up … They constitute new, multifaceted objects, resembling polyplanes made of mirrors … As if the illogical was relaxation, as if laughter was permitted while thinking, as if error was a way and chance, a proof of eternity.” Bellmer died 24 February 1975 of bladder cancer.Webb and Short, 187. He was buried beside Zürn at
Père Lachaise Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery (french: Cimetière du Père-Lachaise ; formerly , "East Cemetery") is the largest cemetery in Paris, France (). With more than 3.5 million visitors annually, it is the most visited necropolis in the world. Notable figures ...
with a tomb marked "Bellmer – Zürn".


In popular culture

The New York-based
post-punk Post-punk (originally called new musick) is a broad genre of punk music that emerged in the late 1970s as musicians departed from punk's traditional elements and raw simplicity, instead adopting a variety of avant-garde sensibilities and non-roc ...
band
Bellmer Dolls Bellmer Dolls is a New York-based post-punk band. Biography Named after the life-sized mannequins of German Surrealist Hans Bellmer,
took their name from the dolls of Hans Bellmer. The 2003 film ''
Love Object ''Love Object'' is a 2003 American horror film written and directed by Robert Parigi. Kenneth (played by Desmond Harrington) is an efficient but socially awkward technical writer who develops an obsessive relationship with Nikki, a realistic sex d ...
'' contains clear references to Bellmer's work, including the protagonist's obsessive relationship with a
sex doll A sex doll (also love doll, fuck doll or blowup doll) is a type of anthropomorphic sex toy in the size and shape of a sexual partner. The sex doll may consist of an entire body, or just a head, pelvis, or other body part (vagina, anus, mouth, ...
and the use of Bellmer's name as a leading character, Lisa Bellmer. '' Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence'', a 2004
anime is Traditional animation, hand-drawn and computer animation, computer-generated animation originating from Japan. Outside of Japan and in English, ''anime'' refers specifically to animation produced in Japan. However, in Japan and in Japane ...
film, features elements of Bellmer's erotic and uncanny dolls. Additionally, director
Mamoru Oshii is a Japanese filmmaker, television director and writer. Famous for his philosophy-oriented storytelling, Oshii has directed a number of acclaimed anime films, including ''Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer'' (1984), ''Angel's Egg'' (1985), ...
has referred to Bellmer's dolls as an inspiration for the film. A creature from the 2001 video game ''
Silent Hill 2 is a 2001 survival horror game developed by Team Silent, a group in Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo, and published by Konami. The game was released from September to November, originally for the PlayStation 2. The second installment in ...
'' named Mannequin bears a strong resemblance to Bellmer's dolls. However,
Masahiro Ito Masahiro is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include: *, Japanese councillor (''Rōjū'') *, Japanese baseball player *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese ski jumper *, Japanese artist *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese ...
, the monster designer of the game, commented on this saying that they had no influence on his design of the Mannequin; instead his inspiration came from traditional Japanese folklore. The New York-based avant-garde band Naked City used images of Bellmer's dolls for the front cover and liner notes of their final album, ''
Absinthe Absinthe (, ) is an anise-flavoured spirit derived from several plants, including the flowers and leaves of ''Artemisia absinthium'' ("grand wormwood"), together with green anise, sweet fennel, and other medicinal and culinary herbs. Historical ...
''.


Exhibitions

* 1963: Galerie Daniel Cordier, Paris; "Hans Bellmer” * 1966: Robert Fraser Gallery, London; Bellmer's de Sade Engravings (closed by police) * 1967: Kestner-Gesellschaft, Hannover; Kunst-Verein, Berlin; Galerie Wolfgang Ketterer, Munich; "Hans Bellmer” * 1970:
Stedelijk Museum The Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam (; Municipal Museum Amsterdam), colloquially known as the Stedelijk, is a museum for modern art, contemporary art, and design located in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
, Amsterdam; "Hans Bellmer” * 1971: CNAC Archives, Paris; "Hans Bellmer (retrospective)” * 1975:
Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago The Museum of Contemporary Art (MCA) Chicago is a contemporary art museum near Water Tower Place in downtown Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The museum, which was established in 1967, is one of the world's largest contemporary ...
; "Hans Bellmer, Drawings and Sculpture. * 1976: Galerie André Francois Petit, Paris; Galerie Brusberg, Hannover; "Hommage à Hans Bellmer” * 1983: Centre Georges Pompidou and Filipacchi, Paris; "Hans Bellmer, Photographe” * 1984:
Kestnergesellschaft Kestner Gesellschaft (Kestner Society) is an art institution in Hanover, Germany, founded in 1916 to promote the arts. Its founders included the painter Wilhelm von Debschitz (1871–1948). The association blossomed under the management of and , ...
, Hannover; "Hans Bellmer, Photographien” * 1985: Editions Graphiques, London; "Hans Bellmer” * 1990: Isidore Ducasse Fine Arts, New York; "Hans Bellmer” * 1991:
Krannert Art Museum The Krannert Art Museum (KAM) is a fine art museum located at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in Champaign, Illinois, United States. It has of space devoted to all periods of art, dating from ancient Egypt to contemporary photography ...
, Champaign, IL; ''Hans Bellmer: Photographs'' * 1992: Musée Saint-Roch, Issoudun; "Hans Bellmer par son Graveur Cécile Reims” * 1997:
Musée-Galerie de la Seita The Musée-Galerie de la Seita was a museum of tobacco-related objects located in the 7th arrondissement of Paris at 12, rue Surcouf, Paris, France. It opened in 1979 and closed in June 2000.Ubu Gallery Ubu may refer to: Arts and entertainment *The title character of ''Ubu Roi'' (''King Ubu''), an 1896 French play by Alfred Jarry and subsequent plays * Ubu Repertory Theater, New York City, dedicated to presenting French plays translated into En ...
, New York; Galerie Berinson, Berlin; "Photographs and Drawings for the 30s” * 2001:
International Center of Photography The International Center of Photography (ICP), at 79 Essex Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City, consists of a museum for photography and visual culture and a school offering an array of educational courses and programming. ...
, New York; ''Behind Closed Doors: The Art of Hans Bellmer'' * 2006:
Centre Georges Pompidou The Centre Pompidou (), more fully the Centre national d'art et de culture Georges-Pompidou ( en, National Georges Pompidou Centre of Art and Culture), also known as the Pompidou Centre in English, is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of ...
, Paris; "Hand Bellmer: Anatomie du Désir”; Whitechapel Gallery, London 'Hans Bellmer' * 2010: ''
Neue Nationalgalerie The Neue Nationalgalerie (New National Gallery) at the Kulturforum is a museum for modern art in Berlin, with its main focus on the early 20th century. It is part of the National Gallery of the Berlin State Museums. The museum building and its ...
'' Berlin; ''Double Sexus: Bellmer – Bourgeois''


Bibliography

* ''Die Puppe'', 1934. * ''La Poupée'', 1936. (Translated to French by Robert Valançay) * ''Trois Tableaux, Sept Dessins, Un Texte'', 1944. * ''Les Jeux de la Poupée'', 1944. (Text by Bellmer with Poems by
Paul Eluard Paul may refer to: *Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name) * Paul (surname), a list of people People Christianity *Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chri ...
) * "Post-scriptum," from ''Hexentexte'' by Unica Zürn, 1954. * ''L'Anatomie de l'Image'', 1957. * "La Pére" in ''Le Surréalisme Même'', No. 4, Spring 1958. (Translated to French by Robert Valançay in 1936) * "Strip-tease" in ''Le Surréalisme Même'', No. 4, Spring 1958. * ''Friedrich Schröder-Sonnenstern'', 1959. * ''Die Puppe: Die Puppe, Die Spiele der Puppe, und Die Anatomie des Bildes'', 1962. (Text by Bellmer with Poems by Eluard) * ''Oracles et Spectacles'', 1965. * ''Mode d'Emploi'', 1967. * "88, Impasse de l'Espérance," 1975. (Originally written in 1960 for an uncompleted book by
Gisèle Prassinos Gisèle Prassinos (26 February 1920 – 15 November 2015) was a French writer of Greek heritage, associated with the surrealist movement. She was born in Istanbul, Turkey and emigrated to France with her family at the age of two, where they li ...
entitled ''L'Homme qui a Perdu son Squelette'') * ''The Doll'', translated and with an introduction by Malcolm Green in a facsimile of the 1962 German edition, London, Atlas Press, 2005,


Notes


References

* Fabrice Flahutez, « Hans Bellmer et Georges Bataille, une collaboration éditoriale », cat. exhib. (French) ''Sous le signe de Bataille. Masson, Fautrier, Bellmer'', Christian Dérouet (currator), Musée ZERVOS à Vézelay, 2012. * Fabrice Flahutez, « Bellmer illustrateur de Bataille. Des pièces inédites au dossier des gravures d’Histoire de l’œil (1945–1947) », in ''Les Nouvelles de l’estampe'', n°227–228, mars 2010, p. 27–32.(French) * ''Hans Bellmer: Anatomie du Désir'' (2006, ditions_Gallimard_/_Centre_Pompidou.html" ;"title="Centre_Pompidou.html" ;"title="ditions Gallimard / Centre Pompidou">ditions Gallimard / Centre Pompidou">Centre_Pompidou.html" ;"title="ditions Gallimard / Centre Pompidou">ditions Gallimard / Centre Pompidou.(French) * ''The Doll'', Hans Bellmer, Atlas Press, London, 2006, trans. Malcolm Green (first complete translation of Bellmer's suite of essays, poems and photos from the final German version) * Sue Taylor. ''Hans Bellmer: The Anatomy of Anxiety'' (2002, MIT Press). * Therese Lichtenstein, ''Behind Closed Doors: The Art of Hans Bellmer,'' University of California Press, 2001. * Fabrice Flahutez, « Hans Bellmer : l’anagramme poétique au service d’un rêve surréaliste », ''Histoire de l’art'', n° 52, Paris, 2001, p. 79–94.(French) * Céline Masson, ''La fabrique de la poupée chez Hans Bellmer'', Paris, éd. L'Harmattan, 2000.(French) * Pierre Dourthe, ''Hans Bellmer : Le Principe de Perversion'', Paris, Jean-Pierre Faur Éditeur, 1999.(French) * Fabrice Flahutez, ''Catalogue raisonné des estampes de Hans Bellmer'', Paris, Nouvelles Éditions Doubleff, 1999.(French) *
Robert C. Morgan Robert C. Morgan (born 1943) is an American art critic, art historian, curator, poet, and artist. Biography Robert C. Morgan received his M.F.A. in sculpture from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst in 1975 and his Ph.D. in art education f ...
. "Hans Bellmer:The Infestation of Eros", in ''A Hans Bellmer Miscellany'', Anders Malmburg, Malmo and Timothy Baum, New York, 1993


Further reading

* Marvin Altner: ''Hans Bellmer, die Spiele der Puppe. Zu den Puppendarstellungen in der bildenden Kunst von 1914–1938''. VDG-Verlag, Weimar 2005, (zugl. FU Dissertation, Berlin 2002) * Renate Berger: ''Pars pro toto, Zum Verhältnis von künstlerischer Freiheit und sexueller Integrität''. In: Renate Berger, Daniela Hammer-Tugendhat (Hrsg.): ''Der Garten der Lüste, Zur Deutung des Erotischen und Sexuellen bei Künstlern und ihren Interpreten''. DuMont, Köln 1985, S. 150–199, * Pierre Dourthe: ''Hans Bellmer. Le principe de perversion''. Faur, Paris 1999, * Alex Grall (Hrsg.): ''Die Zeichnungen von Hans Bellmer''. Propyläen-Verlag, Berlin 1969 * Malcolm Green: ''Introduction'', in ''The Doll'', Hans Bellmer, trans. Malcolm Green. Atlas Press, London 2006, * Therese Lichtenstein: ''Behind Closed Doors. The Art of Hans Bellmer''. University of California Press, New York 2001, * Gottfried Sello
''Den Puppen verfallen''.
In: ''
Die Zeit ''Die Zeit'' (, "The Time") is a German national weekly newspaper published in Hamburg in Germany. The newspaper is generally considered to be among the German newspapers of record and is known for its long and extensive articles. History The ...
'', Nr. 19/1967 * Michael Semff/Anthony Spira (Hrsg.): ''Hans Bellmer''. Hatje Cantz Verlag, Ostfildern 2006, * Sue Taylor: ''Hans Bellmer. The Anatomy of Anxiety''. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 2002, * Peter Webb, Robert Short: ''Hans Bellmer.'' Quartet Books, New York 1985 * Peter Webb, Robert Short: ''Death, Desire and the Doll: The Life and Art of Hans Bellmer.'' Solar Books, 2006.


External links


SF MOMA page
showing the complete series of the first book, ''Die Puppe'' (in its French version, ''La Poupée'', 1936).
Tate Collection Page

MoMA Collection Page
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Bellmer, Hans 1902 births 1975 deaths People from the Province of Silesia 20th-century German painters German male painters German sculptors German male sculptors 20th-century French painters French male painters Modern painters Modern sculptors People from Katowice German surrealist artists French surrealist artists Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery 20th-century French sculptors 20th-century French male artists French male sculptors Deaths from bladder cancer Deaths from cancer in France