Henry Lyle Adams (May 16, 1943 – December 21, 2020,
Assiniboine-Sioux) was an American
Native rights
Indigenous rights are those rights that exist in recognition of the specific condition of the Indigenous peoples. This includes not only the most basic human rights of physical survival and integrity, but also the rights over their land (includ ...
activist known as a successful strategist,
tactician, and negotiator.
He was instrumental in resolving several key conflicts between Native Americans and state and federal government officials after 1960. Born on a reservation in Montana and based in Washington state for much of his life, he participated in protests and negotiations in Washington, DC and
Wounded Knee, South Dakota
Wounded Knee ( lkt, Čaŋkpé Opí) is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 364 at the 2020 census.
The town is named for the Wounded Knee Cr ...
.
Adams was instrumental in working to assert and protect Native American fishing and hunting rights on traditional territories free of state restrictions. He fostered change through protests and court challenges. The ruling in ''
United States v. Washington
''United States v. Washington'', 384 F. Supp. 312 (W.D. Wash. 1974), aff'd, 520 F.2d 676 (9th Cir. 1975), commonly known as the Boldt Decision (from the name of the trial court judge, George Hugo Boldt), was a legal case in 1974 heard in t ...
'' (1974), known as the
Boldt Decision
''United States v. Washington'', 384 F. Supp. 312 (W.D. Wash. 1974), aff'd, 520 F.2d 676 (9th Cir. 1975), commonly known as the Boldt Decision (from the name of the trial court judge, George Hugo Boldt), was a legal case in 1974 heard in t ...
, upheld by the
United States Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point o ...
(1979), reaffirmed native treaty fishing rights on ceded territory. It resulted in tribes becoming the co-managers of salmon and other fishing resources with the state of Washington, and reserving a portion of the annual harvest for them.
Adams participated in the
American Indian Movement
The American Indian Movement (AIM) is a Native American grassroots movement which was founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1968, initially centered in urban areas in order to address systemic issues of poverty, discrimination, and police ...
, including its occupation of the Department of Interior Building in
Washington, DC
)
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan ...
in 1972 and in the 71-day standoff of the
Wounded Knee incident
The Wounded Knee Occupation, also known as Second Wounded Knee, began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 Oglala Lakota (sometimes referred to as Oglala Sioux) and followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized and occupied ...
in 1973. In both cases Adams played important roles in negotiating peaceful resolutions of volatile situations. He continued his work to press for tribal sovereignty, as well as with tribes to restore the role of their elders. In 2006 he was honored with the 'American Indian Visionary Award' by ''
Indian Country Today
''ICT News'' (formerly known as ''Indian Country Today'') is a daily digital news platform that covers the Indigenous world, including American Indians, Alaska Natives and First Nations.
It was founded in 1981 as a weekly print newspaper, ''The ...
.''
Early life and education
Adams was born to an
Assiniboine
The Assiniboine or Assiniboin people ( when singular, Assiniboines / Assiniboins when plural; Ojibwe: ''Asiniibwaan'', "stone Sioux"; also in plural Assiniboine or Assiniboin), also known as the Hohe and known by the endonym Nakota (or Nakoda ...
family on the
Fort Peck Indian Reservation
The Fort Peck Indian Reservation ( asb, húdam wįcášta, dak, Waxchį́ca oyáte) is located near Fort Peck, Montana, in the northeast part of the state. It is the home of several federally recognized bands of Assiniboine
The Assinibo ...
in Montana on May 16, 1943.
[Donald P. Baker]
"Activist Tells of BIA Sacking; Brutality Movie Called Spark"
''Washington Post,'' p. A1, November 25, 1972, at ''Framing Red Power'' project, accessed January 10, 2016 His birthplace was
Wolf Point, Montana
Wolf Point ( asb, šųktógeja oʾípa) is an incorporated ranchingtown in, and the county seat of, Roosevelt County, Montana, United States. The population was 2,517 at the 2020 census, down 4% from 2,621 in the 2010 Census. It is the larges ...
also known as Poverty Flats.
His father Louis Adams, a bronc and
bull rider
Bull riding is a rodeo sport that involves a rider getting on a bucking bull and attempting to stay mounted while the animal tries to buck off the rider.
American bull riding has been called "the most dangerous eight seconds in sports." To recei ...
, and his mother Jessie, a rodeo rider and horsewoman, divorced when he was young.
The family was given an English surname when his grandfather, Two Hawk Boy, was sent away at age nine
to Fort Peck Indian Boarding School, one of the
Indian boarding school
American Indian boarding schools, also known more recently as American Indian residential schools, were established in the United States from the mid 17th to the early 20th centuries with a primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Na ...
s established to assimilate Native American children into European-American society in the United States. He was renamed as John Adams, and his children retained the surname.
Hank Adams, also known as Yellow Eagle, had one sister, Lois.
His family moved to Washington State toward the end of World War II.
They settled in
Taholah, Washington
Taholah is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Quinault Indian Reservation, in Grays Harbor County, Washington, United States. Named for a Quinault chief in 1905, its population was 840 at the 2010 census. The headquarters for the Quinault ...
, part of the
Quinault Indian Reservation
The Quinault Indian Nation ( or ; QIN), formerly known as the Quinault Tribe of the Quinault Reservation, is a federally recognized tribe of Quinault, Queets, Quileute, Hoh, Chehalis, Chinook, and Cowlitz peoples. on the
Olympic Peninsula
The Olympic Peninsula is a large arm of land in western Washington that lies across Puget Sound from Seattle, and contains Olympic National Park. It is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, the north by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the ...
.
While growing up, Adams regularly fished and worked as a fruit and vegetable picker on nearby farms, where he gained a strong work ethic.
Adams was student-body president, editor of the school newspaper and yearbook, and played football and basketball
[S. Robinson, "Hank Adams Receives 'Visionary' Award"](_blank)
, Spring 2006, ''NWIFC News'', Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, accessed January 10, 2016 at Moclips-Aloha High School in
Moclips, Washington
Moclips is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Grays Harbor County, Washington, United States. The population was 207 at the 2010 census. It is located near the mouth of the Moclips River.
According to Edmond S. ...
, graduating in 1961.
He worked part of the time in a sawmill on the Quinault Reservation.
Adams attended the
University of Washington
The University of Washington (UW, simply Washington, or informally U-Dub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington.
Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast; it was established in Seattle a ...
for two years, from 1961 to 1963.
While in school, he commuted to the
Quinault Reservation
The Quinault Indian Nation ( or ; QIN), formerly known as the Quinault Tribe of the Quinault Reservation, is a federally recognized tribe of Quinault, Queets, Quileute, Hoh, Chehalis, Chinook, and Cowlitz peoples.[suicide
Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Mental disorders (including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorders, anxiety disorders), physical disorders (such as chronic fatigue syndrome), and s ...]
epidemic.
He left university in November 1963 immediately after the assassination of President
John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination ...
and pursued full-time work on suicide prevention for Native American youth.
That year also marked the start of his long partnership fighting for treaty rights with activist
Billy Frank Jr. (
Nisqually).
Activism
Adams joined the
National Indian Youth Council
The National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) is the second oldest American Indian organization in the United States with a membership of more than 15,000.National Indian Youth Council, Inc."NIYC History" Retrieved on 2009-09-30. It was the first in ...
(NIYC) in 1963.
While serving as Special Projects Director from 1963 to 1967,
he met actor
Marlon Brando
Marlon Brando Jr. (April 3, 1924 – July 1, 2004) was an American actor. Considered one of the most influential actors of the 20th century, he received numerous accolades throughout his career, which spanned six decades, including two Academ ...
, who later became involved in the Native American rights movement and supported protesters at several events.
Adams organized a protest march for March 3, 1964 on Washington's capital
Olympia
The name Olympia may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Film
* ''Olympia'' (1938 film), by Leni Riefenstahl, documenting the Berlin-hosted Olympic Games
* ''Olympia'' (1998 film), about a Mexican soap opera star who pursues a career as an athlet ...
, to call attention to the state's attempt to limit Indian treaty fishing rights.
More than 1,000 Native Americans and supporters attended the event.
He invited Brando to the event, whose visit garnered national media attention.
The day before, a "fish-in" protest in Washington state was organized at Franks Landing,
the first of a series of
civil disobedience
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government (or any other authority). By some definitions, civil disobedience has to be nonviolent to be called "civil". Hen ...
actions Native Americans modeled on the
sit-ins
A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change. The protestors gather conspicuously in a space or building, refusing to mo ...
of the
African American civil rights movement. Brando was arrested at the "fish-in" and was swiftly released.
In 1964 and 1965, Adams was active as the research secretary for the
National Congress of American Indians
The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native rights organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilati ...
.
In April 1964, he refused to be inducted into the military unless traditional Indian treaty rights were honored by the federal government.
Although his rebellion attracted media attention, he later served a two-year term in the Army from 1965 to 1967.
In 1968 Adams became the leader of the Survival of American Indians Association (SAIA). This collection of 200 members was concerned with protecting traditional Indian fishing rights, which were under pressure from sports and commercial fishermen and local governments. Native Americans asserted that their rights to fish superseded state regulations. Near the end of 1968, Adams became directly involved in the struggle and fought against state fishing regulation of Native Americans on the
Nisqually River
The Nisqually River is a river in west central Washington in the United States, approximately long. It drains part of the Cascade Range southeast of Tacoma, including the southern slope of Mount Rainier, and empties into the southern end of Pu ...
in Washington. This had been traditional Nisqually territory before the tribe ceded it to the United States. Adams was arrested several times for protest actions between 1968 and 1971.
In 1971, he was shot in the stomach at point-blank range by a gunman during the Northwest
Fish Wars.
Sports fishermen were irate that Native Americans were challenging their fishing.
In 1968, Adams served on the national steering committee of the
Poor People's Campaign
The Poor People's Campaign, or Poor People's March on Washington, was a 1968 effort to gain economic justice for poor people in the United States. It was organized by Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCL ...
, organized by
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist, one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968 ...
.
He was among the Native Americans in April 1968 who occupied the National Mall in Washington D.C. and "reached out across the racial divide in common cause with other poor people".
Adams led a group of over 100 residents of
Resurrection City
The Poor People's Campaign, or Poor People's March on Washington, was a 1968 effort to gain economic justice for poor people in the United States. It was organized by Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SC ...
, including Native Americans in tribal regalia, to the United States Supreme Court in Washington DC on May 29, 1968.
His efforts resulted in 25 tribal leaders gaining entrance to the building, where they chanted and drummed during hours of waiting. They wanted to directly hand their complaint to the justices, but the latter declined to meet with them.
In 1968 and 1972, Adams sought the Republican nomination as candidate for the House of Representatives from
Washington's 3rd congressional district
Washington's 3rd congressional district encompasses the southernmost portion of Western Washington. It includes the counties of Lewis, Pacific, Wahkiakum, Cowlitz, Clark, and Skamania; as well as a small portion of southern Thurston county. Th ...
. He was unsuccessful but supported Republican candidates.
In 1971, Adams wrote a 15-point proposal for national changes with the goal of establishing a "system of bilateral relationships between Indian tribes and the federal government." This was the basis of the
Twenty Point Proposal that AIM and other organizations later submitted to federal officials in 1972 during the
Trail of Broken Treaties
The Trail of Broken Treaties (also known as the Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan and the Pan American Native Quest for Justice) was a 1972 cross-country caravan of American Indian and First Nations organizations that started on the West Coast of ...
events in Washington, DC.
Boldt Decision
Adams continued to work on the fishing rights issue, also lobbying representatives in Washington. He compiled and presented information critical to making the case for Native American fishing rights in the legal challenge ''
United States v. Washington
''United States v. Washington'', 384 F. Supp. 312 (W.D. Wash. 1974), aff'd, 520 F.2d 676 (9th Cir. 1975), commonly known as the Boldt Decision (from the name of the trial court judge, George Hugo Boldt), was a legal case in 1974 heard in t ...
''. This was settled in 1974, and is widely known as the
Boldt Decision
''United States v. Washington'', 384 F. Supp. 312 (W.D. Wash. 1974), aff'd, 520 F.2d 676 (9th Cir. 1975), commonly known as the Boldt Decision (from the name of the trial court judge, George Hugo Boldt), was a legal case in 1974 heard in t ...
. At the trial, Adams served in the unprecedented role of lay-lawyer, directly representing tribal fishermen in front of Judge Boldt at the
.
[
The ]United States Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point o ...
affirmed that Native Americans in the Northwest had the right to continue to fish in traditional territories and in traditional ways exempt from state restrictions. This included fishing at traditional grounds off the reservations. Adams was active on the issue as a strategist and worked in concert with Billy Frank Jr
Billy may refer to:
* Billy (name), a name (and list of people with the name)
Animals
* Billy (dog), a dog breed
* Billy (pigeon), awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945
* Billy (pygmy hippo), a pet of U.S. President Calvin Coolidge
* Billy, a yo ...
.
The courts acted to uphold the treaty-protected fishing rights. They empowered tribes to partner with the state of Washington to co-manage the salmon and other fishing resources.
Adams continued to work with issues related to the Boldt Decision throughout his lifetime.
Trail of Broken Treaties
Adams was active in the American Indian Movement
The American Indian Movement (AIM) is a Native American grassroots movement which was founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1968, initially centered in urban areas in order to address systemic issues of poverty, discrimination, and police ...
(AIM) and accompanied members of AIM on their 1972 Trail of Broken Treaties
The Trail of Broken Treaties (also known as the Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan and the Pan American Native Quest for Justice) was a 1972 cross-country caravan of American Indian and First Nations organizations that started on the West Coast of ...
protest caravan across the country. The protesters called for more sovereignty
Sovereignty is the defining authority within individual consciousness, social construct, or territory. Sovereignty entails hierarchy within the state, as well as external autonomy for states. In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the perso ...
for indigenous American tribes. The Trail of Broken Treaties caravan stopped in Minneapolis, Minnesota where Adams drafted a proposal of Twenty Points
The Trail of Broken Treaties (also known as the Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan and the Pan American Native Quest for Justice) was a 1972 cross-country caravan of American Indian and First Nations organizations that started on the West Coast of ...
, listing a series of demands. Angered by the refusal of the Nixon administration to meet with them, protesters conducted an unplanned occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as Indian Affairs (IA), is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to American Indians and A ...
offices at the Department of Interior headquarters in Washington, D.C.
The group asked for a re-opening of treaty negotiations, and asked for the federal judiciary to accept the Native American right to interpret treaties, and to abolish laws that threatened Indian sovereignty and life. Although Nixon's representatives did not accept this list, it established a record of goals for Native American sovereignty and self-determination. Adams's leadership and commitment to clarifying the key issues eventually helped to change government policy. Since then, federally recognized tribes have made gains in autonomy and self-governance, and Congress has passed legislation to support this.
Occupation of Main Interior Building
Adams was instrumental in saving Indian lives in two of the major Red Power protests of the early 1970s. During the occupation of Bureau of Indian Affairs offices in the Main Interior Building
The Main Interior Building, officially known as the Stewart Lee Udall Department of the Interior Building, located in Washington, D.C., is the headquarters of the United States Department of the Interior.
Located in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood ...
in 1972, Adams was the main negotiator on behalf of the Indians. During negotiations with the White House for the events that occurred during the takeover, Adams was key to gaining amnesty from prosecution for the protesters.[ Months later, Adams participated in the 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee (see below).
]
Wounded Knee incident
In February 1973, AIM protesters led what became known as the Wounded Knee incident
The Wounded Knee Occupation, also known as Second Wounded Knee, began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 Oglala Lakota (sometimes referred to as Oglala Sioux) and followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized and occupied ...
, a 71-day occupation protest within the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation ( lkt, Wazí Aháŋhaŋ Oyáŋke), also called Pine Ridge Agency, is an Oglala Lakota Indian reservation located entirely within the U.S. state of South Dakota. Originally included within the territory of the Gr ...
in South Dakota
South Dakota (; Sioux language, Sioux: , ) is a U.S. state in the West North Central states, North Central region of the United States. It is also part of the Great Plains. South Dakota is named after the Lakota people, Lakota and Dakota peo ...
. Adams helped to end the occupation in a peaceful manner. He was the intermediary between Frank Fools Crow
Frank Fools Crow (circa 1890 – 1989) was an Oglala Lakota civic and religious leader. 'Grandfather', or 'Grandpa Frank' as he was often called, was a nephew of Black Elk who worked to preserve Lakota traditions, including the Sun Dance and y ...
, the head of the Lakota
Lakota may refer to:
*Lakota people, a confederation of seven related Native American tribes
*Lakota language, the language of the Lakota peoples
Place names
In the United States:
*Lakota, Iowa
*Lakota, North Dakota, seat of Nelson County
*Lakota ...
occupation, and representatives of President Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was ...
's White House.["Hank Adams as negotiator"](_blank)
''Indian Country Today'', accessed January 10, 2016 Leonard Garment
Leonard Garment (May 11, 1924 – July 13, 2013) was an American attorney, public servant, and arts advocate. He served U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford in the White House in various positions from 1969 to 1976, including Counselor ...
, the lead White House aide in resolving both the Interior building takeover and the Wounded Knee incident, said: "Hank Adams' role in the peaceful resolution of some very difficult problems is still vividly clear in my mind.". Adams worked mainly behind the scenes on both of these issues. Adams said of his work: "Some of the things you prevent from happening are as important as many of the things you are able concretely to achieve."
Documentary work
In order to heighten awareness of the treaty fishing disputes in the Pacific Northwest, Adams produced ''As Long as the Rivers Run,'' a documentary film. Filmed between 1968 and 1970, this work documented the struggles between Native Americans and government officials during the Fish Wars, a series of actions where Indigenous Americans sought to uphold their fishing rights. Adams dedicated this film to his sister-in-law, Valerie Bridges, who died in a drowning incident while demonstrating for fishing rights.[The film was shown in 1972 to occupiers of the ]Main Interior Building
The Main Interior Building, officially known as the Stewart Lee Udall Department of the Interior Building, located in Washington, D.C., is the headquarters of the United States Department of the Interior.
Located in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood ...
, BIA headquarters in Washington, D.C.. Adams later said that since the film showed violence against Native American women during protests, it may have contributed to the occupiers trashing the Interior building.
''As Long as the Rivers Run'' was digitally remastered and made available to the public after it was acquired by the nonprofit organization
A nonprofit organization (NPO) or non-profit organisation, also known as a non-business entity, not-for-profit organization, or nonprofit institution, is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, in co ...
Salmon Defense.
Legacy
Adams was considered by many in the Indian community as one of the most influential people in the movement. Leonard Garment
Leonard Garment (May 11, 1924 – July 13, 2013) was an American attorney, public servant, and arts advocate. He served U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford in the White House in various positions from 1969 to 1976, including Counselor ...
, the lead White House aide in resolving both the BIA occupation and Wounded Knee incident, said of Adams: "Hank Adams' role in the peaceful resolution of some very difficult problems is still vividly clear in my mind."[
]Vine Deloria Jr.
Vine Victor Deloria Jr. (March 26, 1933 – November 13, 2005, Standing Rock Sioux) was an author, theologian, historian, and activist for Native American rights. He was widely known for his book '' Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto ...
(Standing Rock Sioux
The Standing Rock Reservation ( lkt, Íŋyaŋ Woslál Háŋ) lies across the border between North and South Dakota in the United States, and is inhabited by ethnic " Hunkpapa and Sihasapa bands of Lakota Oyate and the Ihunktuwona and Pabaks ...
), an historian, major Native American writer, and rights activist, said Adams was one of the most important Indians of the last 60 years.
Adams was a member of the Franks Landing Indian Community of the Nisqually people. He died on December 21, 2020 in Olympia, Washington.
Honors
* The American Institute for Public Service
The Jefferson Awards Foundation was created in 1972 by the American Institute for Public Service. The Jefferson Awards are given at both national and local levels. Local winners are ordinary people who do extraordinary things without expectatio ...
honored Adams in 1981 with a Jefferson Award for Public Service
The Jefferson Awards Foundation was created in 1972 by the American Institute for Public Service. The Jefferson Awards are given at both national and local levels. Local winners are ordinary people who do extraordinary things without expectation ...
.
* Adams received an Abraham Lincoln Award from the National Education Association
The National Education Association (NEA) is the largest labor union in the United States. It represents public school teachers and other support personnel, faculty and staffers at colleges and universities, retired educators, and college stude ...
in 1971 for "courageous actions in support of equal opportunity" and for his "tireless activism".
* In 2006 he was honored with the American Indian Visionary Award by ''Indian Country Today
''ICT News'' (formerly known as ''Indian Country Today'') is a daily digital news platform that covers the Indigenous world, including American Indians, Alaska Natives and First Nations.
It was founded in 1981 as a weekly print newspaper, ''The ...
'', the third person to receive the award."Hank Adams wins Indian Country Today's American Indian Visionary Award"
, January 2006, at Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission website
References
Further reading
* David Eugene Wilkins, ''The Hank Adams Reader: An Exemplary Native Activist and the Unleashing of Indigenous Sovereignty,'' Fulcrum Publishing, 2011
External links
''Hank Adams Papers (1958-1978)''
Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
Princeton University is a private university, private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the List of Colonial Colleges, fourth-oldest ins ...
Library, Special Collections
Jason A. Heppler, ''Framing Red Power: Newspapers, the Trail of Broken Treaties, and the Politics of Media''
2009-2016, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
S. Robinson, "Hank Adams Receives 'Visionary' Award"
Spring 2006, ''NWIFC News'', Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
Editorial: "Honoring an American Indian Visionary"
March 4, 2006, ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer
The ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'' (popularly known as the ''Seattle P-I'', the ''Post-Intelligencer'', or simply the ''P-I'') is an online newspaper and former print newspaper based in Seattle, Washington, United States.
The newspaper was foun ...
''
Editorial: "To honor Hank Adams, we must all honor the promises of tribal treaties"
January 3, 2021, ''The Olympian
''The Olympian'' is a newspaper based in Olympia, Washington, in the United States.
History
Olympia was home to the first newspaper to be published in modern-day Washington, ''The Columbian'', which published its first edition on September 11, ...
''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Adams, Hank
Native American activists
1943 births
2020 deaths
Assiniboine people
Members of the American Indian Movement
People from Wolf Point, Montana
Military personnel from Washington (state)
Washington (state) Republicans
20th-century Native Americans