was a noted Japanese writer and critic.

Biography

Haniya was born in Taiwan, then a Japanese colony, to a samurai family named Hannya after the ''Hannya Shingyo'' ( Heart Sutra). He had a sickly childhood and suffered from tuberculosis in his teens. Although originally interested in

anarchism Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessa ...

, in 1931 he joined the Japanese Communist Party, becoming its Agriculture Director the following year, whereupon he was promptly arrested and imprisoned. While in the prison's hospital, he devoted himself to studying Immanuel Kant's '' Critique of Pure Reason''. In 1933, Haniya underwent a coerced "ideological conversion" ('' tenkо̄''), after which he was allowed to leave prison and return to society. During the war years, he eked out a meager living as the editor of a small magazine on economics and a freelance translator. During the war years, Haniya began a lengthy novel called ''Departed Souls'' (死靈, ''Shirei''), which he considered his life's work. A

pastiche A pastiche is a work of visual art, literature, theatre, music, or architecture that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike parody, pastiche pays homage to the work it imitates, rather than mocking it ...

of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novels '' The Brothers Karamazov'' and ''

Demons A demon is a malevolent supernatural entity. Historically, belief in demons, or stories about demons, occurs in religion, occultism, literature, fiction, mythology, and folklore; as well as in media such as comics, video games, movies, anime, ...

'', Haniya's novel was bitterly critical of the Japan Communist Party (JCP) and the Communist International under Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, which Haniya viewed as capricious and cruel. Because of its strong anti-communism, ''Departed Souls'' was praised and upheld as an exemplar of successful ''tenkо̄'' conversion by the wartime police state. After World War II , when the Japan Communist Party was legalized under the U.S.-led Occupation of Japan, many of Haniya's old comrades rejoined the party, but Haniya did not. He returned to leftist activism, but remained strongly critical of the JCP and

Stalinism Stalinism is the means of governing and Marxist-Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953 by Joseph Stalin. It included the creation of a one-party totalitarian police state, rapid industrialization, the theory ...

. Shortly after the war, Haniya founded an influential literary magazine entitled ''Kindai Bungaku'' ("Modern Literature"). In this role he discovered and published Kōbō Abe, who subsequently joined Haniya's avant-garde group ''Yoru no Kai'' (Night Group). In 1960, Haniya participated in the massive Anpo protests against the

U.S.-Japan Security Treaty The , more commonly known as the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in English and as the or just in Japanese, is a treaty that permits the presence of U.S. military bases on Japanese soil, and commits the two nations to defend each other if one or th ...

, but was bitterly disappointed at the failure of the protests to stop the treaty, and lamented that the movement did not evolve into a broader socialist revolution. Haniya angrily declared the protests to have been a "revolutionless revolution." During the course of the protests in 1960, many radical left-wing student activists became disillusioned with the Communist Party. Haniya's writings became popular among these students because of his strong stand against the JCP, which led Haniya, along with similarly anti-JCP writers and critics such as

Takaaki Yoshimoto , also known as ''Ryūmei Yoshimoto'', was a Japanese poet, philosopher, and literary critic. As a philosopher, he is remembered as a founding figure in the emergence of the New Left in Japan, and as a critic, he was at the forefront of a moveme ...

, to become remembered as the intellectual forefathers of the anti-JCP "

New Left The New Left was a broad political movement mainly in the 1960s and 1970s consisting of activists in the Western world who campaigned for a broad range of social issues such as civil and political rights, environmentalism, feminism, gay rights, g ...

" in Japan. Haniya was a prolific writer; after his death, Kodansha published his complete works in a set of 19 volumes. He won the 6th Tanizaki Prize in 1970 for his collection ''Black Horses in the Darkness and Other Stories''. When Haniya died in 1997, he was still working on his novel ''Departed Souls'', which by that time extended to over 9,000 pages in length.

Selected works

* ''Departed Souls'', (''Shirei'', 死靈), 1933-1997 (first published beginning in 1946) * ''Black Horses in the Darkness and Other Stories'', (''Yami no naka no kuroi uma'', 闇のなかの黒い馬), 1970

References

External link

1909 births 1997 deaths Anti-natalists 20th-century Japanese novelists Japanese male short story writers 20th-century Japanese short story writers 20th-century Japanese male writers {{Japan-writer-stub