Hanafis

The Hanafi school ( ar, حَنَفِية, translit=Ḥanafiyah; also called Hanafite in English), Hanafism, or the Hanafi fiqh, is the oldest and one of the four traditional major Sunni schools (maddhab) of Islamic Law (Fiqh). It is named after the 8th century Kufan scholar, Abu Hanifa, a Tabi‘i of Persian origin whose legal views were preserved primarily by his two most important disciples, Imam Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani. It is considered one of the most widely accepted maddhab amongst Sunni Muslim community and is called the ''Madhhab of Jurists'' (maddhab ahl al-ray).

The importance of this maddhab lies in the fact that it is not just a collection of rulings or sayings of Imam Abu Hanifa alone, but rather the rulings and sayings of the council of judges he established belong to it. It had a great excellence and advantage over the establishment of Sunni Islamic legal science. No one before Abu Hanifa preceded in such works. He was the first to solve the cases and organize them into chapters and was followed by Imam Malik ibn Anas in arranging Al-Muwatta. Since the Sahaba and the successors of the Sahaba did not put attention in establishing the science of Sharia or codifying it in chapters or organized books, but rather relied on the strength of their memorization for transmitting knowledge, Abu Hanifa feared that the next generation of the Muslim community would be misled, for not understanding the Islamic Sharia laws well. He began with ''Taharah'' (purification), then with ''Salat'' (prayer), then with other acts of ''Ibadah'' (worship), then ''Muwamalah'' (public treatment), then sealed the book with ''Mawarith'' (inheritance) which is what the jurists relied on him after his pass.

Under the patronage of the Abbasids, the Hanafi school flourished in Iraq and spread throughout the Islamic world, firmly establishing itself in Muslim Spain, Greater Khorasan and Transoxiana by the 9th-century, where it acquired the support of every rulers including Ghaznavids, Delhi Sultanate, Kazakh Sultanate and the local Samanid rulers. Turkic expansion introduced the school to the Indian subcontinent and Anatolia, and it was adopted as the chief legal school of the Ottoman and Mughal Empire. In the modern Republic of Turkey, the Hanafi jurisprudence is enshrined in Diyanet, the directorate for religious affairs, through the constitution (art. 136).

The Hanafi school is the maddhab with the largest number of adherents, followed by approximately one third of Sunni Muslims worldwide.Jurisprudence and Law – Islam
Reorienting the Veil, University of North Carolina (2009) It is mostly followed in Turkey, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Egypt, the Balkans, the Levant, Central Asia, Morocco and Bangladesh, in addition to parts of Russia, China, and India.Siegbert Uhlig (2005), "Hanafism" in ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica'': D-Ha, Vol 2, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, , pp. 997–99 The other primary Sunni legal schools are the Maliki, Shafi`i and Hanbali schools.

History

The circumference of Islamic Sharia is very vast. However, there was no ''madhhab'' existed in the form current structure among the Sahaba. To them, the only sources of Sharia were the Quran and the Sunnah. If not found in these two sources, consensus used to be adopted. Furthermore, throughout history, the Companions have differed in their practice of knowledge, variation in expertising in certain religious matters, except for those on which there had consensus. The Companions did not live all in specific areas, but were engaged in establishing the Shari'ah in the conquered Muslim areas, and due to differences in knowledge, the Shari'ah took on different forms in those areas. At the end of the era of the Companions, the Tabi'is used to find solutions by adopting different ways to know and convey the Islamic Shari'ah. Therefore, it is said that the ingredients and formulas for establishing the Islamic Shari'ah were prepared by the Sahaba and the Tabi'is. At the end of the Tabi'i period, various wars and the expansion of the Islamic world felt the need to give the Shari'ah a scientific form—Fiqh—which Abu Hanifa, one of the last Tabi'in did by making a unique methodology after working 40 years. At the same time he also established the Islamic credology—Aqeeda as a individual religious science.

Ja'far al-Sadiq, a descendant of Muhammad and the 5th Sunni Sheikh and 6th Shi'ite Imam, was reportedly a teacher of Abu Hanifah and Malik ibn Anas who in turn was a teacher of Al-Shafi‘i, who in turn was a teacher of Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Thus all of the four great Imams of Sunni ''Fiqhs'' are connected to Ja'far directly and indirectly.

In the early history of Islam, Hanafi doctrine was not fully compiled. It was compiled in the 3rd Hijri century and has been gradually developing since then.

The Abbasid Caliphate and most of the Muslim dynasties were some of the earliest adopters of the relatively more flexible Hanafi fiqh and preferred it over the traditionalist Medina-based Fiqhs, which favored correlating all laws to Quran and Hadiths and disfavored Islamic law based on discretion of jurists.John L. Esposito (1999), ''The Oxford History of Islam'', Oxford University Press, , pp. 112–14 The Abbasids patronized the Hanafi school from the 2nd Hijri century onwards. The Seljuk Turkish dynasties of 5th and 6th Hijri centuries, followed by Ottomans and Mughals, adopted Hanafi Fiqh. The Turkic expansion spread Hanafi Fiqh through Central Asia and into Indian subcontinent, with the establishment of Seljuk Empire, Timurid dynasty, several Khanates, Delhi Sultanate, Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Empire. Throughout the reign of 77th Caliph and 10th Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and 5th Mughal emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir, the Hanafi-based Al-Qanun and Fatawa-e-Alamgiri served as the legal, juridical, political, and financial code of most of South Asia.Nazeer Ahmed, ''Islam in Global History'', , pp. 112–14

During the early periods of time that Islam was just being found up (mainly the first 250 years), there were around 100+ school of thoughts.

Genesis of Maddhab

Duration

The genesis stage of Hanafiet is generally reckoned by islamic scholars to begin with the time of the judicial research of Abu Hanifa (d. 150 AH) and end with the death of his senior disciple Hasan bin Ziyad (d. 204 AH).

This stage is concerned with the foundation of the Madhhab and its establishment, the formation of principles and bases upon which orders are determined and branches arises. Abu Zuhra, a prominent 20th century Egyptian Islamic jurist suggested, "The work would have done by the Imam himself. And under his guidance, his senior students would participated in it. Abu Hanifa had a unique "discussions and debate" method to conduct on the issues until they were settled. If resolved, Abu Yusuf would have been ordered to codify it."

Work

Explaining the method of Abu Hanifa in teaching his companions, Al-Muwaffaq Al-Makki says, “Abu Hanifa established his doctrine by consultation among them. He never possess the rulings arbitrarily without them. He was diligent in practicing religion and exaggerated in advising about God, His Messenger and the believers. He would pick up questions one by one and present to them. He would heared what they had and say what he had. Debates would have continued with them for a month or more until one of the sayings was settled in it. Then Judge Abu Yusuf would formulate the principle from that, thus, he formulated all the principles.” Accordingly, the students of Abu Hanifa were participants in the establishment of this jurisprudential structure, not they were just listeners, accepting what was presented to them. And Abu Yusuf was not the only one who recorded what the opinion settled on, but in the circle of Abu Hanifa there were ten blogging, headed by the four big ones: Abu Yusuf, Muhammad bin Al-Hassan Al-Shaibani, Zufar bin Al-Hudhayl, Hassan bin Ziyad al-Luluii.

Methodology

Hanafi ''usul'' recognises the Quran, hadith, consensus (''ijma''), legal analogy (''qiyas''), juristic preference (''istihsan'') and normative customs (''urf'') as sources of the Sharia. Abu Hanifa is regarded by modern scholars as the first to formally adopt and institute ''qiyas'' as a method to derive Islamic law when the Quran and hadiths are silent or ambiguous in their guidance; and is noted for his general reliance on personal opinion (''ra'y'').

Nevertheless the usage of ''Ra'y'' as one of the sources of their jurisprudence, the Hanafite scholars still prioritize the textual approach of the Sahaba for their jurisprudence, as careful examination by modern Islamic jurisprudence researcher Ismail Poonawala, has found that the influence of the hadiths narrated by Zubayr regarding Rajm (stoning) execution as a form of punishment towards adulterers to be within Abu Hanifa's rulings in the Hanafite school of thought for such kinds of punishments' validity and furthermore, how to implement the punishment in accordance with Muhammad's teachings due to self-confession of the accused. This Hanafite stoning law which is based on hadiths narrated by Zubayr arguably has historical and profound influence as various governments have implemented Hanafite code of law in their state laws from the late medieval to modern period:

* Fatawa 'Alamgiri: Fatawa 'Alamgiri is an Islamic edict book first implemented as state law in India during the reign of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Later, the British Raj also implemented this law in an effort to better control their Indian Muslim subjects.

* Qanun: The Ottoman Empire through their Qanun law which is not dissimilar from Fatawa 'Alamgiri was formed and canonized as state law by Suleiman the Magnificent. This law indirectly influenced their ally, the Sultanate of Aceh, who also had its own version of Rajm (stoning) law in their law codex. This codex even became the autonomical legal codex of modern-day Aceh province, as the province recognizes Sharia law based on Qanun which they call Qanun Jinayat. This Hanafite law of Rajm (stoning) in Aceh has survived to the 21st century as it was officially recognized by the Indonesian government in 2014, in addition to the Selangor state of Malaysia recognizing it in 1995 as an autonomical law, The fundamentalist Taliban faction also reportedly follow their own variant of Hanafi Qanun.

The foundational texts of Hanafi madhab, credited to Abū Ḥanīfa and his students Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani, include ''Al-Fiqh al-Akbar'' (theological book on jurisprudence), '' Al-fiqh al-absat'' (general book on jurisprudence), ''Kitab al-Athar'' (thousands of hadiths with commentary), '' Kitab al-Kharaj'' and '' Kitab al-Siyar'' (doctrine of war against unbelievers, distribution of spoils of war among Muslims, apostasy and taxation of dhimmi).

Istihsan

The Hanafi school favours the use of ''istihsan'', or juristic preference, a form of ''ra'y'' which enables jurists to opt for weaker positions if the results of ''qiyas'' lead to an undesirable outcome for the public interest (''maslaha''). Although ''istihsan'' did not initially require a scriptural basis, criticism from other schools prompted Hanafi jurists to restrict its usage to cases where it was textually supported from the 9th-century onwards.

List of Hanafi scholars

See also

* Karwan-I-Islami
* Islamic schools and branches
* Maturidi
* List of major Hanafi books
* List of Hanafis

Notes

References

Further reading

* Branon Wheeler
''Applying the Canon in Islam: The Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Ḥanafī Scholarship''
(Albany, SUNY Press, 1996).
* Nurit Tsafrir, ''The History of an Islamic School of Law: The Early Spread of Hanafism'' (Harvard, Harvard Law School, 2004) (Harvard Series in Islamic Law, 3).
* Behnam Sadeghi (2013), The Logic of Law Making in Islam: Women and Prayer in the Legal Tradition, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 6, "The Historical Development of Hanafi Reasoning",
* Theory of Hanafi law: ''Kitab Al-Athar'' of Imam Abu Hanifah, Translator: Abdussamad, Editors: Mufti 'Abdur Rahman Ibn Yusuf, Shaykh Muhammad Akram (Oxford Centre of Islamic Studies),
* Hanafi theory of war and taxation: Majid Khadduri (1966), ''The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani's'', Johns Hopkins University Press,
*

External links

Hanafiyya
Bulend Shanay, Lancaster University
Kitab al-siyar al-saghir (Summary version of the Hanafi doctrine of War)
Muhammad al-Shaybani, Translator – Mahmood Ghazi
The Legal Aspects of Marriage according to Hanafi Fiqh
Islamic Quarterly London, 1985, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 193–219
Al-Hedaya
A 12th century compilation of Hanafi fiqh-based religious law, by Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani, Translated by Charles Hamilton
Development of family law in Afghanistan: The role of the Hanafi Madhhab
Central Asian Survey, Volume 16, Issue 3, 1997

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Sunni Islam
Schools of Sunni jurisprudence
Sunni Islamic branches