Hammuda Pasha Bey (), died April 13, 1666
[Ibn Abi Dhiaf, ''Présent des hommes de notre temps. Chroniques des rois de Tunis et du pacte fondamental'', vol. II, éd. Maison tunisienne de l'édition, Tunis, 1990, p. 47] was the second
Bey
Bey ( ota, بك, beğ, script=Arab, tr, bey, az, bəy, tk, beg, uz, бек, kz, би/бек, tt-Cyrl, бәк, translit=bäk, cjs, пий/пек, sq, beu/bej, sh, beg, fa, بیگ, beyg/, tg, бек, ar, بك, bak, gr, μπέης) is ...
of the
Tunisia
)
, image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa
, image_map2 =
, capital = Tunis
, largest_city = capital
, ...
n
Muradid dynasty
The Muradid dynasty was a dynasty of beys that ruled Tunisia from 1613 to 1702. They were succeeded in 1705 by the Husainid dynasty.
History
The dynasty was founded by Murad I Bey, a janissary of Corsican origin. Ramdan Bey, ruler of Tunis, had ...
. He reigned from 1631 until his death.
[Ibn Abi Dhiaf, ''op. cit'', p. 42]
Reign
Son of
Murad I Bey and an
odalisque named Yasmine, both from
Corsica
Corsica ( , Upper , Southern ; it, Corsica; ; french: Corse ; lij, Còrsega; sc, Còssiga) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It is the fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of ...
, Hammuda was notable for his strength as much as his generosity and concern for his people.
During his reign, he led many expeditions against dissident tribes in the northwest and south of the country in order to maintain order and security.
In 1637, Hammuda orchestrated the election of
Usta Murad as
Dey
Dey (Arabic: داي), from the Turkish honorific title ''dayı'', literally meaning uncle, was the title given to the rulers of the Ottoman Algeria, Regency of Algiers (Algeria), Tripoli, Libya, Tripoli,Bertarelli (1929), p. 203. and Ottoman Tu ...
, commander of the
Ottoman military in Tunis. Usta Murad, a friend of his father, was an old
corsair
A corsair is a privateer or pirate, especially:
* Barbary corsair, Ottoman and Berber pirates and privateers operating from North Africa
* French corsairs, privateers operating on behalf of the French crown
Corsair may also refer to:
Arts and ...
, who European sources claim had captured around 900 ships and more than 20,000 prisoners to be sold as
slaves
Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave—someone forbidden to quit one's service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as property. Slavery typically involves slaves being made to perf ...
at market in Tunis.
He obtained from the subsequent Dey,
Ahmed Khodja
Ahmad ( ar, أحمد, ʾAḥmad) is an Arabic male given name common in most parts of the Muslim world. Other spellings of the name include Ahmed and Ahmet.
Etymology
The word derives from the root (ḥ-m-d), from the Arabic (), from the ve ...
Dey the right to a force of almost 600 footmen drawn from the
sipahis to serve as a bodyguard; their command was guaranteed to the
agha of the sipahis. In addition, in his reign the island of
Djerba, which belonged to the pasha of
Tripoli
Tripoli or Tripolis may refer to:
Cities and other geographic units Greece
*Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in ...
was definitively annexed by Tunis, although this was in large part the result of
Yusuf Dey Yusuf Dey (c.1560 in Tripoli – 1637 at Tunis) was Dey of Tunis from 1610 until his death.
Biography
Son of Mustapha El Turki, an Ottoman Turkish soldier stationed at Tripoli, he took up a post in the militia of Tunis. He was recognised by ...
's diplomatic efforts.
In 1647, at the height of his power, he appointed all the officials and managed to gain control of the
janissary force in Tunis. In 1659, the Ottoman sultan
Mehmed IV named him
pasha
Pasha, Pacha or Paşa ( ota, پاشا; tr, paşa; sq, Pashë; ar, باشا), in older works sometimes anglicized as bashaw, was a higher rank in the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, gener ...
of Tunis. But his piratical activities bothered the European powers and
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
sent a large
naval squadron
A squadron, or naval squadron, is a significant group of warships which is nonetheless considered too small to be designated a fleet. A squadron is typically a part of a fleet. Between different navies there are no clear defining parameters t ...
to perform a demonstration of force. Hammuda, wishing to avoid conflict, signed a treaty on 25 December 1665. In it he specifies that Tunisia rcognised the preeminence of the French consul over other foreign ambassadors and granted them the right to engage in commerce throughout the whole of Tunisia.
Achievements
![Hamouda Bacha Mosque1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Hamouda_Bacha_Mosque1.JPG)
Hammond a Pasha established peace and order throughout the country. Bin Abi Dinar al-Kairaouani said of his reign that merchants could move everywhere freely without arms.
A dedicated builder, Hammuda was responsible for the construction of many
souks
A bazaar () or souk (; also transliterated as souq) is a marketplace consisting of multiple small stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, North Africa and India. However, temporary open markets elsewhere, such as in the W ...
of the
Medina of Tunis, as well as many palaces, including the
Dar Hammouda Pacha
Dar Hammuda Pasha is an old palace in the medina of Tunis. It is considered one of the oldest and biggest palaces of the medina that kept their original architecture.
Localization
It is located in Tunis, in the prestigious Sidi Ben Arous Street ...
and the predecessor of the modern
Dar El Bey
Dar El Bey ( ar, دار الباي), also known as the government palace ( ar, قصر الحكومة) is an old palace in the medina of Tunis, more precisely in the city's Kasbah. Nowadays, it serves as the office of the Head of Government o ...
. In 1655, he had Ottoman architects build the
Hammouda Pacha Mosque
Hammouda Pacha Mosque or Hamouda Pacha al Mouradi ( ar, مسجد حمودة باشا) is a mosque in Tunis, Tunisia. It is an official historical monument.
Localization
This mosque is located in the Medina of Tunis, Medina area of the city, in ...
in the Turkish style, with an elegant octagonal minaret, below which he constructed his family mausoleum.
[Ibn Abi Dhiaf, ''op. cit'', p. 43]
Among his other achievements are the construction of a
bimaristan
A bimaristan (; ), also known as ''dar al-shifa'' (also ''darüşşifa'' in Turkish) or simply maristan, is a hospital in the historic Islamic world.
Etymology
''Bimaristan'' is a Persian word ( ''bīmārestān'') meaning "hospital", with '' ...
(hospital) in the medina of Tunis and the reconstruction, with embellishments, of the mausoleum of
Sidi Sahab (mosque of Barbier) at
Kairouan.
In 1643 he bought the old pleasure palace of the
Hafsids
The Hafsids ( ar, الحفصيون ) were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Berber descentC. Magbaily Fyle, ''Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa'', (University Press of America, 1999), 84. who ruled Ifriqiya (western ...
at
Le Bardo
Le Bardo ( ar, الباردو ' also Bārdaw, Bardaw, and Bardois) is a Tunisian city west of Tunis. As of 2004, the population is 73,953.
Built by the Hafsid dynasty in the 14th century, the name Bardo comes from the Spanish word "prado" meanin ...
from the
divan
A divan or diwan ( fa, دیوان, ''dīvān''; from Sumerian ''dub'', clay tablet) was a high government ministry in various Islamic states, or its chief official (see ''dewan'').
Etymology
The word, recorded in English since 1586, meanin ...
of the Turkish garrison in Tunis. Composed initially of three pavilions, which he had restored, he aggrandised it by adding orchards, a
hammam, a cafe,
souk
A bazaar () or souk (; also transliterated as souq) is a marketplace consisting of multiple small stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, North Africa and India. However, temporary open markets elsewhere, such as in the W ...
s and a
funduq for visitors. His son
Murad II Bey Mourad II Bey, died 1675Ibn Abi Dhiaf, ''Présent des hommes de notre temps. Chroniques des rois de Tunis et du pacte fondamental'', vol. II, éd. Maison tunisienne de l'édition, Tunis, 1990, p. 54 in the palace of BardoIbn Abi Dhiaf, ''op. cit'', ...
made this his primary residence, dwelling there almost permanently.
Marriages and succession
![Mausolée Mourad Bey](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Mausol%C3%A9e_Mourad_Bey.jpg)
Hammuda's father had married him to the very popular princess
Aziza Othmana
Aziza Othmana (1606-1669) was a Tunisian princess belonging to the Mouradites dynasty.Sadok Zmerli et Hamadi Sahili, ''Figures tunisiennes'', éd.
References
1606 births
1669 deaths
African princesses
Tunisian women
Date of birth unkno ...
, granddaughter of
Othman Dey. Her inheritance and the property given to her by Hammuda Pasha made up the most important
habous
A waqf ( ar, وَقْف; ), also known as hubous () or ''mortmain'' property is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitable ...
in the country; in totally it is believed to have amounted to almost 90,000
hectare
The hectare (; SI symbol: ha) is a non-SI metric unit of area equal to a square with 100-metre sides (1 hm2), or 10,000 m2, and is primarily used in the measurement of land. There are 100 hectares in one square kilometre. An acre is a ...
s scattered through the whole country. The revenue of these lands financed several funds supporting the needy at the
Aziza Othmana hospital Aziza or Azizah may refer to:
__NOTOC__ Given name Aziza
* Aziza Abdel-Halim, chairwoman of the Muslim Women's National Network Australia
* Aziza Brahim (born 1976), Sahrawi singer
* Aziza Jafarzadeh (1921–2003), Azerbaijani writer
* Aziza Mus ...
as well as the maintenance of religious buildings in Tunis and in the holy cities of
Mecca
Mecca (; officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah ()) is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red ...
,
Medina
Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (, , Turkish: Medine-i Münevvere) and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah (, ), is the Holiest sites in Islam, second-holiest city in Islam, ...
, and
Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
. Only a portion was retained for her descendants. It was not until 1957 that the habous was dissolved and Aziza Othmana's property was liquidated or nationalised.
Hammuda's other spouses reflect mostly the need for political alliances:
* Second spouse: Fatma, daughter of a Turkish
odalisque, freed by a Hmida Charfi;
* Third spouse: Hiziyya, daughter of Ali Thabet,
[Their children inherited the El Abdellia palace at La Marsa, bought by Ali Thabet some years earlier] an assistant and companion of Yusuf Dey, and mother of Murad II Bey;
* Fourth spouse: Khadija, daughter of the
qaid
Qaid ( ar , قائد ', "commander"; pl. '), also spelled kaid or caïd, is a word meaning "commander" or "leader." It was a title in the Norman kingdom of Sicily, applied to palatine officials and members of the ''curia'', usually to those w ...
Ja'afar, a rich and treacherous
corsair
A corsair is a privateer or pirate, especially:
* Barbary corsair, Ottoman and Berber pirates and privateers operating from North Africa
* French corsairs, privateers operating on behalf of the French crown
Corsair may also refer to:
Arts and ...
* Fifth spouse: Mira, daughter of Mouhamed Askri, sheikh of the Hannacha tribe (
Algeria–Tunisia border
The Algeria–Tunisia border is 1,034 km (642 mi) in length and runs from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the tripoint with Libya in the south.
Description
The border starts in the north at the Mediterranean coast, proceeding overland ...
).
In 1663, tired by age, he progressively divested himself of power in favour of his three sons:
Murad II Bey Mourad II Bey, died 1675Ibn Abi Dhiaf, ''Présent des hommes de notre temps. Chroniques des rois de Tunis et du pacte fondamental'', vol. II, éd. Maison tunisienne de l'édition, Tunis, 1990, p. 54 in the palace of BardoIbn Abi Dhiaf, ''op. cit'', ...
received the succession to the Beylik of Tunis, Mohamed el-Hafsi Bey gained the
sanjak
Sanjaks (liwāʾ) (plural form: alwiyāʾ)
* Armenian language, Armenian: նահանգ (''nahang''; meaning "province")
* Bulgarian language, Bulgarian: окръг (''okrǔg''; meaning "county", "province", or "region")
* el, Διοίκησι ...
s of
Kairouan,
Sfax,
Sousse
Sousse or Soussa ( ar, سوسة, ; Berber:''Susa'') is a city in Tunisia, capital of the Sousse Governorate. Located south of the capital Tunis, the city has 271,428 inhabitants (2014). Sousse is in the central-east of the country, on the Gulf ...
,
Monastir and the whole southern part of the country, and the youngest brother Hussein Bey gained the sanjaks on the border with Algeria. Hammuda died in 1666 at Dar El Bey, which he had built so that he could reside closer to his people.
On his death he was buried in the mausoleum located under his
mosque
A mosque (; from ar, مَسْجِد, masjid, ; literally "place of ritual prostration"), also called masjid, is a place of prayer for Muslims. Mosques are usually covered buildings, but can be any place where prayers ( sujud) are performed, ...
, in the corner opposite the minaret.
See also
*
*
Citations
General sources
Alphonse Rousseau, ''Annales tunisiennes ou aperçu historique sur la régence de Tunis'', éd. Bastide, Alger, 1864
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasha Bey, Hammuda
1666 deaths
Muradid dynasty
Year of birth unknown
Tunisian people of French descent