The haloacid dehydrogenase superfamily (HAD superfamily) is a superfamily of

enzyme Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products ...

s that include phosphatases, phosphonatases,

P-type ATPase The P-type ATPases, also known as E1-E2 ATPases, are a large group of evolutionarily related ion and lipid pumps that are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. P-type ATPases are α-helical bundle primary transporters named based upon thei ...

s, beta-phosphoglucomutases, phosphomannomutases, and

dehalogenase A dehalogenase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a halogen atom from a substrate. Examples include: * Reductive dehalogenases * 4-chlorobenzoate dehalogenase * 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenase * Dichloromethane dehalogenase * Fl ...

s, and are involved in a variety of

cellular Cellular may refer to: *Cellular automaton, a model in discrete mathematics * Cell biology, the evaluation of cells work and more * ''Cellular'' (film), a 2004 movie *Cellular frequencies, assigned to networks operating in cellular RF bands *Cell ...

processes ranging from

amino acid Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Only 22 alpha a ...

biosynthesis to

detoxification Detoxification or detoxication (detox for short) is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism, including the human body, which is mainly carried out by the liver. Additionally, it can refer to the period of ...

Examples

A HAD domain is found in several distinct proteins including: * Phospholipid-translocating ATPase , a putative lipid-flipping enzyme involved in cold tolerance in '' Arabidopsis'' * 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (KDO) 8-phosphate phosphatase (), which catalyses the final step in the biosynthesis of KDO - a component of

lipopolysaccharide Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide that are bacterial toxins. They are composed of an O-antigen, an outer core, and an inner core all joined by a covalent bond, and are found in the outer ...

Gram-negative bacteria Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall ...

* Mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase (), which

hydrolyse Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile. Biological hydrolys ...

s mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate to form the

osmolyte Osmolytes are low-molecular weight organic compounds that influence the properties of biological fluids. Their primary role is to maintain the integrity of cells by affecting the viscosity, melting point, and ionic strength of the aqueous solution. ...

mannosylglycerate * Phosphoglycolate phosphatase (), which catalyses the

dephosphorylation In biochemistry, dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate (PO43−) group from an organic compound by hydrolysis. It is a reversible post-translational modification. Dephosphorylation and its counterpart, phosphorylation, activate and de ...

of 2-phosphoglycolate *5´-Nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) which either catalyzes the hydrolysis of IMP. or IMP and GMP *Hypothetical proteins Human genes encoding proteins that contain this domain include: * ATP8B3, ATP8B4,

ATP10A Phospholipid-transporting ATPase VA also known as ATPase class V type 10A or aminophospholipid translocase VA is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP10A'' gene. Function The protein encoded by ''ATP10A'' belongs to the family of P- ...

, ATP10B, ATP10D

References

{{InterPro content, IPR013200 Protein domains Protein superfamilies