The haloacid dehydrogenase superfamily (HAD superfamily) is a

superfamily SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...

enzyme Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecule ...

s that include

phosphatases In biochemistry, a phosphatase is an enzyme that uses water to cleave a phosphoric acid monoester into a phosphate ion and an alcohol. Because a phosphatase enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of its substrate, it is a subcategory of hydrolases. Pho ...

, phosphonatases,

P-type ATPase The P-type ATPases, also known as E1-E2 ATPases, are a large group of evolutionarily related ion pump, ion and lipid pumps that are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. P-type ATPases are α-helical bundle active transport, primary transpor ...

beta-phosphoglucomutase In enzymology, a β-phosphoglucomutase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :β-D-glucose 1-phosphate \rightleftharpoons β-D-glucose 6-phosphate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, β-D-glucose 1-phosphate, and one product, ...

s, phosphomannomutases, and

dehalogenase A dehalogenase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a halogen atom from a substrate. Examples include: * Reductive dehalogenases * 4-chlorobenzoate dehalogenase * 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenase In enzymology, a 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA ...

s, and are involved in a variety of cellular processes ranging from

amino acid Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Only 22 alpha ...

biosynthesis to

detoxification Detoxification or detoxication (detox for short) is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism, including the human body, which is mainly carried out by the liver. Additionally, it can refer to the period of ...

Examples

A HAD

domain Domain may refer to: Mathematics *Domain of a function, the set of input values for which the (total) function is defined ** Domain of definition of a partial function **Natural domain of a partial function **Domain of holomorphy of a function *Do ...

is found in several distinct proteins including: * Phospholipid-translocating ATPase , a putative lipid-flipping enzyme involved in cold tolerance in ''

Arabidopsis ''Arabidopsis'' (rockcress) is a genus in the family Brassicaceae. They are small flowering plants related to cabbage and mustard. This genus is of great interest since it contains thale cress (''Arabidopsis thaliana''), one of the model org ...

'' * 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (KDO) 8-phosphate phosphatase (), which catalyses the final step in the biosynthesis of KDO - a component of

lipopolysaccharide Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide that are bacterial toxins. They are composed of an O-antigen, an outer core, and an inner core all joined by a covalent bond, and are found in the outer ...

Gram-negative bacteria Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wa ...

Mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase The enzyme mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.70) catalyzes the reaction :2-''O''-(α-D-mannosyl)-3-phosphoglycerate + H2O = 2-''O''-(α-D-mannosyl)-D-glycerate + phosphate This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifica ...

(), which

hydrolyse Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile. Biological hydrolysis i ...

s mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate to form the

osmolyte Osmolytes are low-molecular weight organic compounds that influence the properties of biological fluids. Their primary role is to maintain the integrity of cells by affecting the viscosity, melting point, and ionic strength of the aqueous solution. ...

mannosylglycerate * Phosphoglycolate phosphatase (), which catalyses the

dephosphorylation In biochemistry, dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate (PO43−) group from an organic compound by hydrolysis. It is a reversible post-translational modification. Dephosphorylation and its counterpart, phosphorylation, activate and deact ...

of 2-phosphoglycolate *5´-Nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) which either catalyzes the hydrolysis of IMP. or IMP and GMP *Hypothetical proteins Human genes encoding proteins that contain this domain include: *

ATP8B3 The human gene ATP8B3 encodes the protein ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter, class I, type 8B, member 3. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of P-type cation transport ATPases, and to the subfamily of aminophospholipid-tra ...

, ATP8B4, ATP10A, ATP10B, ATP10D

References

{{InterPro content, IPR013200 Protein domains Protein superfamilies