''Halichondria'' is a genus of
sea sponges belonging to the family
Halichondriidae
Halichondriidae is a family of sea sponges belonging to the order Suberitida.
These sponges have a skeleton consisting of dense bundles of spicules occurring in a more or less random pattern.
Genera
The following genera are recognised in the fam ...
.
[A systematic revision of the central West Atlantic: Halichondrida (Demospongiae, Porifera). Part III: Description of valid species]
/ref>
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
This genus of sponges became important through the discovery of cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell (biology), cell divides into two daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in which the cell grows and replicates its chromosome(s) before dividing. In eukar ...
limiting properties of the extract Halichondrin B
Halichondrin B is a polyether macrolide originally isolated from the marine sponge ''Halichondria okadai'' by Hirata and Uemura in 1986. In the same report, these authors also reported the exquisite anticancer activity of halichondrin B against m ...
, which inhibits cell mitosis
In cell biology, mitosis () is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division by mitosis gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is mainta ...
. The drug Eribulin
Eribulin, sold under the brand name Halaven, is an anticancer medication used to treat breast cancer and liposarcoma.
The most common side effects include fatigue, nausea, hair loss (alopecia), constipation, certain nerve damage causing weakness ...
, a related compound and an inhibitor of microtubule
Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to eukaryotic cells. Microtubules can be as long as 50 micrometres, as wide as 23 to 27 nm and have an inner diameter between 11 an ...
function, has become an important chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherap ...
treatment for certain types of cancer.[
]
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus ''Halichondria'':Halichondria attenuata
''Halichondria attenuata'' is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Halichondriidae
Halichondriidae is a family of sea sponges belonging to the order Suberitida.
These sponges have a skeleton consisting of dense bundles of spicules o ...
'' (Topsent, 1915)
** ''Halichondria maraensis
''Halichondria maraensis'' is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Halichondriidae
Halichondriidae is a family of sea sponges belonging to the order Suberitida.
These sponges have a skeleton consisting of dense bundles of spicules o ...
'' Kim & Sim, 2009
** '' Halichondria schmidti'' Dendy, 1895
** '' Halichondria sitiens'' (Schmidt, 1870)
* Subgenus ''Halichondria'' Fleming, 1828
** ''Halichondria adelpha
''Halichondria adelpha'' is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Halichondriidae
Halichondriidae is a family of sea sponges belonging to the order Suberitida.
These sponges have a skeleton consisting of dense bundles of spicules occ ...
'' de Laubenfels, 1954
** '' Halichondria agglomerans'' Cabioch, 1968
** '' Halichondria aldabrensis'' Lévi, 1961
** '' Halichondria almae'' (Carballo, Uriz & García-Gómez, 1996)
** '' Halichondria arenacea'' Dendy, 1895
** ''Halichondria arenosa
''Halichondria arenosa'' is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Halichondriidae
Halichondriidae is a family of sea sponges belonging to the order Suberitida.
These sponges have a skeleton consisting of dense bundles of spicules occ ...
'' Hentschel, 1929
** '' Halichondria axinelloides'' Swartschewsky, 1906
** '' Halichondria bowerbanki'' Burton, 1930
** '' Halichondria brondstedi'' De Laubenfels, 1936
** '' Halichondria brunnea'' (Schmidt, 1868)
** '' Halichondria cancellosa'' (Carter, 1886)
** '' Halichondria capensis'' Samaai & Gibbons, 2005
** '' Halichondria carotenoidea'' Alvarez & Hooper, 2011
** '' Halichondria cartilaginea'' (Esper, 1794)
** '' Halichondria cebimarensis'' Carvalho & Hajdu, 2001
** '' Halichondria coerulea'' Bergquist, 1967
** '' Halichondria colossea'' Lundbeck, 1902
** '' Halichondria contorta'' (Sarà, 1961)
** '' Halichondria convolvens'' Sarà, 1960
** ''Halichondria cornuloides
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Burton, 1954
** '' Halichondria cristata'' Sarà, 1978
** ''Halichondria cylindrata
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Tanita & Hoshino, 1989
** '' Halichondria darwinensis'' Hooper, Cook, Hobbs & Kennedy, 1997
** ''Halichondria diazae
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Van Soest & Hooper, 2020
** '' Halichondria diversispiculata'' Burton, 1930
** '' Halichondria dubia'' (Czerniavsky, 1880)
** '' Halichondria elenae'' Gastaldi, De Paula, Narvarte, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2018
** ''Halichondria fallax
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' (Marshall, 1892)
** ''Halichondria flexuosa
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' (Sarà, 1978)
** ''Halichondria foetida
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' (Wilson, 1894)
** '' Halichondria foraminosa'' (Czerniavsky, 1880)
** ''Halichondria fragilis
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Kieschnick, 1896
** ''Halichondria gageoenesis
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicule (sponge), spicules arranged in a seemingly ...
'' Kang & Sim, 2008
** '' Halichondria genitrix'' (Schmidt, 1870)
** '' Halichondria gilvus'' Samaai & Gibbons, 2005
** '' Halichondria glabrata'' Keller, 1891
** ''Halichondria heterorrhaphis
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Breitfuss, 1912
** '' Halichondria intermedia'' Brøndsted, 1924
** '' Halichondria isthmica'' (Keller, 1883)
** '' Halichondria japonica'' (Kadota, 1922)
** ''Halichondria knowltoni
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Bergquist, 1961
** '' Halichondria labiata'' Hentschel, 1929
** ''Halichondria lambei
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Brøndsted, 1933
** '' Halichondria lendenfeldi'' Lévi, 1961
** '' Halichondria leuconoides'' Topsent, 1890
** ''Halichondria longispicula
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' (Czerniavsky, 1880)
** '' Halichondria lutea'' Alcolado, 1984
** '' Halichondria magniconulosa'' Hechtel, 1965
** '' Halichondria marianae'' Santos, Nascimento & Pinheiro, 2018
** '' Halichondria melanadocia'' Laubenfels, 1936
** '' Halichondria membranacea'' (Sarà, 1978)
** '' Halichondria microbiana'' Alvarez & Hooper, 1911
** '' Halichondria migottea'' Carvalho & Hajdu, 2001
** '' Halichondria minuta'' Keller, 1891
** ''Halichondria modesta
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' (Pulitzer-Finali, 1986)
** '' Halichondria moorei'' Bergquist, 1961
** '' Halichondria muanensis'' Kang & Sim, 2008
** '' Halichondria nigrocutis'' (Carter, 1886)
** '' Halichondria normani'' Burton, 1930
** ''Halichondria oblonga
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' (Hansen, 1885)
** '' Halichondria okada'' (Kadota, 1922)
** '' Halichondria osculum'' Lundbeck, 1902
** ''Halichondria oshoro
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Tanita, 1961
** ''Halichondria oxiparva
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' (Sarà, 1978)
** ''Halichondria panicea
''Halichondria panicea'', commonly known as the breadcrumb sponge, is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Halichondriidae. This is an abundant sponge of coastal areas of the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea ranging from the ...
'' (Pallas, 1766)
** '' Halichondria papillaris'' (Pallas, 1766)
** '' Halichondria pelliculata'' Ridley & Dendy, 1886
** ''Halichondria phakellioides
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Dendy & Frederick, 1924
** ''Halichondria poa
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' (de Laubenfels, 1947)
** '' Halichondria pontica'' (Czerniavsky, 1880)
** '' Halichondria prostrata'' Thiele, 1905
** ''Halichondria punctata
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Bergquist, 1970
** '' Halichondria renieroides'' (Fristedt, 1887)
** '' Halichondria semitubulosa'' (Lamarck, 1814)
** '' Halichondria solidior'' (Schmidt, 1870)
** '' Halichondria stylata'' Diaz, Pomponi & Van Soest, 1993
** '' Halichondria suberosa'' (Esper, 1794)
** ''Halichondria sulfurea
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Carvalho & Hajdu, 2001
** '' Halichondria surrubicunda'' Hoshino, 1981
** '' Halichondria syringea'' Pulitzer-Finali, 1996
** '' Halichondria tenebrica'' Carvalho & Hajdu, 2001
** '' Halichondria tenuiramosa'' Dendy, 1922
** '' Halichondria tenuispiculata'' Brøndsted, 1916
** '' Halichondria turritella'' (Schmidt, 1870)
** '' Halichondria velamentosa'' (Hansen, 1885)
* Subgenus unassigned
** ''Halichondria albescens'' sensu Johnston, 1842
** '' Halichondria flava'' (Merejkowski, 1878)
** '' Halichondria hongdoenesis'' Kang & Sim, 2008
** ''Halichondria kelleri
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Van Soest & Hooper, 2020
** '' Halichondria lona'' Laubenfels, 1936
** ''Halichondria magellanica
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Dendy, 1924
** ''Halichondria ulleungensis
''Halichondria'' is a genus of sea sponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.
These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.
T ...
'' Kang & Sim, 2008
References
Halichondrida
{{demosponge-stub