Halfdan (floruit 782–807)

Halfdan (, ang, Healfdene, Medieval : "half Dane") was a late 5th and early 6th century legendary Danish king of the Scylding (Skjöldung) lineage, the son of king named Fróði in many accounts, noted mainly as the father to the two kings who succeeded him in the rule of Denmark, kings named Hroðgar and Halga in the Old English poem '' Beowulf'' and named Hróar and Helgi in Old Norse accounts.

Various accounts

According to the ''Chronicon Lethrense'' and Saxo Grammaticus' ''Gesta Danorum'' (Book 2), Halfdan had two brothers named Ro and Skat who also sought the throne. Both were killed by Halfdan. Saxo adds that his brothers' supporters were hanged and that Halfdan continued to reign with great cruelty, but that he reigned long and died peaceably in extreme old age.

The ''Ynglinga saga'' gives Halfdan (in this work also son of a king named Fróði) a brother named Fridleif and says both were great warriors but that Halfdan was the better of the two. This might have been a lead-in to a feud between the brothers if Snorri had been dealing with Danish matters rather than Swedish matters.

Snorri here only tells us that Halfdan attacked King Aun of Sweden and drove him into exile into Götaland. Halfdan then ruled Sweden for twenty years until he died in Uppsala of sickness and was buried in a mound.

According to ''Ynglinga saga'', a Danish king named Fróði the Bold aided Aun's successor Egil against the rebelling thrall Tunni. This may be Froda the Heathobard of ''Beowulf'' who becomes Fróði the slayer of Halfdan in other Norse traditions which do not make his end peaceful.

In the ''Saga of Hrolf Kraki'', this Fróði is Halfdan's younger brother but in the Latin epitome to the ''Skjöldunga saga'' the younger brother, here a half-brother, is named Ingjalldus and this Ingjalldus is later father of a son named Frothi. Since in ''Beowulf'' Froda is father of a son named Ingeld, it is usually considered that the names have accidentally been interchanged in the tradition behind the ''Skjöldunga saga''. In the ''Saga of Hrolf Kraki'', Fróði brother of Halfdan is ruler of a separate kingdom. Halfdan was calm and good-natured but Fróði was cruel and vicious. Fróði attacked Halfdan's hall by night and burned it. Halfdan was killed in the battle and Fróði took over his country and his widow.

But eventually Halfdan's sons in turn killed Fróði to avenge their father's death. Thus the tradition in ''Beowulf'' of a feud between the Danes and Heathobards in which Fróda king of the Heathobards was slain appears in Norse texts as a family feud in which Halfdan's brother Fróði kills Halfdan and Halfdan's sons kill Fróði.

Children of Halfdan

The poem '' Beowulf'' mentions Healfdene as follows:

There is obviously something wrong with line 62. A name of a daughter has dropped out, a daughter who was the wife of someone whose name ends in ''-ela'' and who was a Heatho-Scylfing, a battle-Scylfing. It is likely enough that at some time in copying the poem a scribe was unable to make out the exact spelling of these names and so left the text blank at that point to be fixed up later. It was never fixed up and so the names were lost in later copies.

Surviving Scandinavian texts know nothing about Heorogar though they speak much of the other two sons. Two sources also mention Halfdan's daughter. According to the Latin epitome of the ''Skjöldung saga'', the sons of Halfdanus are called Roas and Helgo and their sister Sigyna is married to a certain Sevillus. In ''Hrólf Kraki's Saga'', Halfdan's eldest child is his daughter Signy who is married to a certain Jarl Sævil. Then Hróar and Helgi are born.

Friedrich Kluge (1896) accordingly suggested that the line be restored as ''hyrde ic þ Sigeneow wæs Sæwelan cwen'', rendering the Norse names in Old English forms. But Kluge has been seldom followed by editors or translators, in part because Sævil in ''Hrólf Kraki's Saga'' is in no way connected with Sweden so far as is told. Since the only certain Swedish (Scylfing) royal name ending in ''-ela'' that has come down to us is Onela, more often ''-ela'' is expanded instead to ''Onela''. By Old English poetic rules of alliteration the name of the daughter must also begin with a vowel. The choice is usually the name Yrs or Yrse, since Scandinavian tradition speaks much of Yrsa the granddaughter of Halfdan and wife of King Adils of Sweden. This assumes great shifting of names and roles, since Adils is the Eadgils of ''Beowulf'', the enemy of Onela. Onela appears in Norse texts as Áli. Accordingly, many editors and translators prefer to simply note that the line is corrupt. But modern commentary sometimes refers to the marriage of Onela and Yrsa without indicating that this exists only through somewhat dubious conjectural emendation.

If the tradition of Halfdan/Healfdene being slain by Fróði/Froda is an old one, it might be that the ''Beowulf'' poet knew that tale and that Heorogar (Healfdene's eldest son in ''Beowulf'') was imagined Heorogar to have died with Halfdan. Unfortunately the ''Beowulf'' poet skims over all such matters.

Other traditions of Harold, Fróði and Halfdan

A similar story is told in the ''Gesta Danorum'' (Book 7) of two brother kings named Harold and Fróði in which the envious Fróði has his brother Harold killed by treachery. Harold leaves two sons behind named Harald and Halfdan, and the story of their vengeance on their uncle Fróði for killing their father Harald is almost identical to that found in Norse texts about Hróar and Helgi's vengeance on their uncle Fróði for killing their father Halfdan.

The ''Chronicon Lethrense'' indeed says that some call Halfdan's son Ro (that is Róar/Hrothgar) Halfdan instead.

As to this second Halfdan, Saxo has much to say about him, including his slaying of Siward king of Sweden and his battles against Erik son of his uncle Fróði by Signe, this Erik now the rightful king of Sweden. After many battles Halfdan gained the upper hand, Erik was bound with chains and left in a wild place for beasts to consume, and Halfdan became king of both Denmark and Sweden. Saxo relates further warlike exploits. Finally, this Halfdan died childless and left his kingdom to his friend King Ungvin of Götaland (see Geatish kings).

It is likely that more than one Halfdan has been confused with one another and with other kings, not to speak of simple invention by story tellers.

See also

* Halfdan the Old
* Origins for Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki

References

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6th-century monarchs in Europe
Characters in Beowulf
English heroic legends
Mythological kings of Sweden
Mythological kings of Denmark
People whose existence is disputed
Scyldings