Hajime Tanabe

was a Japanese philosopher of science, particularly of mathematics and physics. In 1947 he became a member of the Japan Academy, and in 1950 he received the Order of Cultural Merit.

Tanabe was a key member of what has become known in the West as the Kyoto School, alongside philosophers Kitaro Nishida and Keiji Nishitani. While the latter philosophers have received recognition in Western academia, Tanabe's writing has received less notice. Nishida, the figure who is considered the originator of this school, was Tanabe's teacher. Philosophers of this school received opprobrium for their perceived active role in the Japanese militarist regime. However, their participation in resistance to the political environment has been documented widely by James Heisig. Tanabe especially has fallen under scrutiny for his political activities, though scholarship provides some mitigation of the harsher stigma surrounding his career.

Biography

Tanabe was born on February 3, 1885 in Tokyo to a household devoted to education. His father, the principal of Kaisei Academy, was a scholar of Confucius, whose teachings may have influenced Tanabe's philosophical and religious thought. Tanabe enrolled at Tokyo Imperial University, first as a mathematics student before moving to literature and philosophy. After graduation, he worked as a lecturer at Tohoku University and taught English at Kaisei Academy.

In 1916, Tanabe translated Henri Poincaré’s ''La Valeur de la science''. In 1918, he received his doctorate from Kyoto Imperial University with a dissertation entitled ‘Investigations into the Philosophy of Mathematics’ (predecessor to the 1925 book with the same title).

In 1919, at Nishida’s invitation, Tanabe accepted the position of associate professor at Kyoto Imperial University. From 1922 to 23, he studied in Germany — first, under Alois Riehl at the University of Berlin and then under Edmund Husserl at the University of Freiburg. At Freiburg, he befriended the young Martin Heidegger and Oskar Becker. One can recognise the influence of these philosophers in Tanabe.

In September 1923, soon after the Great Kantō Earthquake, the Home Ministry ordered his return, so Tanabe used the little time he had left — about a couple of months — to visit London and Paris, before boarding his return ship at Marseille. He arrived back in Japan in 1924.

In 1928, Tanabe translated Max Planck’s 1908 lecture, ‘Die Einheit des physikalischen Weltbildes’ for the ''Philosophical Essays'' ��学論叢translation series, which he co-edited, for his publisher Iwanami Shoten. The same series published translations of essays by Bruno Bauch, Adolf Reinach, Wilhelm Windelband, Siegfried Marck, Max Planck, Franz Brentano, Paul Natorp, Nicolai Hartmann, Kazimierz Twardowski, Ernst Cassirer, Hermann Cohen, Emil Lask, Victor Brochard, Ernst Troeltsch, Theodor Lipps, Konrad Fiedler, Wincenty Lutosławski, Sergei Rubinstein, Hermann Bonitz, Max Weber, Émile Durkheim, Martin Grabmann, Heinrich Rickert, Alexius Meinong, Karl von Prantl and Wilhelm Dilthey (the series ended before the planned translations of Christoph von Sigwart, Carl Stumpf, Edmund Husserl, Clemens Baeumker, Josiah Royce and Hermann Ebbinghaus were published).

After Nishida's retirement from teaching in 1928, Tanabe succeeded him. Though they began as friends, and shared several philosophical concepts such as the absolute nothing ��対無 Tanabe became increasingly critical of Nishida's philosophy. Many of Tanabe's writings after Nishida left the university obliquely attacked the latter's philosophy.

In 1935, Tanabe published his essay ‘The Logic of Species and the World Schema’ wherein he formulated his own ‘logic of species’ for which he became known.

During the Japanese expansion and war effort, Tanabe worked with Nishida and others to maintain the right for free academic expression. Though he criticized the Nazi-inspired letter of Heidegger, Tanabe himself was caught up in the Japanese war effort, and his letters to students going off to war exhibit many of the same terms and ideology used by the reigning military powers. Even more damning are his essays written in defense of Japanese racial and state superiority, exploiting his theory of the Logic of Species to herald and abet the militaristic ideology. This proposed dialectic argued that every contradictory opposition is to be mediated by a third term in the same manner a species mediates a genus and an individual.

During the war years, however, Tanabe wrote and published little, perhaps reflecting the moral turmoil that he attests to in his monumental post-war work, ''Philosophy as Metanoetics''. The work is framed as a confession of repentance (metanoia) for his support of the war effort. It purports to show a philosophical way to overcome philosophy itself, which suggests that traditional Western thought contained seeds of the ideological framework that led to World War II.

His activities, and the actions of Japan as a whole, haunted Tanabe for the rest of his life. In 1951, he writes:

He lived for another eleven years after writing these words, dying in 1962 in Kita-Karuizawa, Japan.

Thought

As James Heisig and others note, Tanabe and other members of the Kyoto School accepted the Western philosophical tradition stemming from the Greeks. This tradition attempts to explain the meaning of human experience in rational terms. This sets them apart from other Eastern writers who, though thinking about what life means and how best to live a good life, spoke in religious terms.

Although the Kyoto School used Western philosophical terminology and rational exploration, they made these items serve the purpose of presenting a unique vision of reality from within their cultural heritage. Specifically, they could enrich a discussion of the ultimate nature of reality using the experience and thought of various forms of Buddhism like Zen and Pure Land, but embedded in an analysis that calls upon conceptual tools forged and honed in western philosophy by thinkers ranging from Plato to Descartes to Heidegger.

Tanabe's own contribution to this dialog between Eastern and Western philosophy ultimately sets him apart from the other members of the Kyoto School. His radical critique of philosophical reason and method, while stemming from Immanuel Kant and Søren Kierkegaard, which emerges in his work ''Philosophy as Metanoetics'', easily sets him as a major thinker with a unique position on perennial philosophical questions. Some commentators, for example, suggest that Tanabe's work in metanoetics is a forerunner of deconstruction.

Tanabe engaged with philosophers of Continental philosophy, especially Existentialism. His work is often a dialogue with philosophers like Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Heidegger. Because of his engaging these thinkers, especially the first two, Tanabe's thought has been characterized as Existentialist, though Makoto Ozaki writes that Tanabe preferred the terms "existentialist philosophy of history", "historical existentialism", or "existential metaphysics of history". In his masterpiece, ''Philosophy as Metanoetics'', Tanabe characterized his work as "philosophy that is not a philosophy", foreshadowing various approaches to thinking by deconstructionists.

Like other Existentialists, Tanabe emphasizes the importance of philosophy as being meaning; that is, what humans think about and desire is finding a meaning to life and death. In company with the other members of the Kyoto School, Tanabe believed that the foremost problem facing humans in the modern world is the lack of meaning and its consequent Nihilism. Jean-Paul Sartre, following Kierkegaard in his ''Concept of Anxiety'', was keen to characterize this as Nothingness. Heidegger, as well, appropriated the notion of Nothingness in his later writings.

The Kyoto School philosophers believed that their contribution to this discussion of Nihilism centered on the Buddhist-inspired concept of nothingness, aligned with its correlate Sunyata. Tanabe and Nishida attempted to distinguish their philosophical use of this concept, however, by calling it Absolute Nothingness. This term differentiates it from the Buddhist religious concept of nothingness, as well as underlines the historical aspects of human existence that they believed Buddhism does not capture.

Tanabe disagreed with Nishida and Nishitani on the meaning of Absolute Nothingness, emphasizing the practical, historical aspect over what he termed the latter's intuitionism. By this, Tanabe hoped to emphasize the working of Nothingness in time, as opposed to an eternal Now. He also wished to center the human experience in action rather than contemplation, since he thought that action embodies a concern for ethics whereas contemplation ultimately disregards this, resulting in a form of Monism, after the mold of Plotinus and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. That is, echoing Kierkegaard's undermining in ''Philosophical Fragments'' of systematic philosophy from Plato to Baruch Spinoza to Hegel, Tanabe questions whether there is an aboriginal condition of preexisting awareness that can or must be regained to attain enlightenment.

Tanabe's insistence on this point is not simply philosophical and instead points again to his insistence that the proper mode of human being is action, especially ethics. However, he is critical of the notion of a pre-existing condition of enlightenment because he accepts the Kantian notion of radical evil, wherein humans exhibit an ineluctable propensity to act against their own desires for the good and instead perpetrate evil.For critique, see Hubbard, Jamie, "Tanabe's Metanoetics: The Failure of Absolutism," in Unno and Heisig, p. 368 and pp. 374-376.

Work

Demonstration of Christianity

Tanabe's "Demonstration of Christianity" presents religion as a cultural entity in tension with the existential meaning that religion plays in individual lives. Tanabe uses the terms genus to represent the universality of form that all entities strive for, contrasting them with the stable, though ossified form they can become as species as social systems.

Tanabe contraposes Christianity and Christ, represented here as the opposition between Paul and Jesus. Jesus, in Tanabe's terms, is a historical being who manifests the action of Absolute Nothingness, or God understood in non-theistic terms. God is beyond all conceptuality and human thinking, which can only occur in terms of self-identity, or Being. God becomes, as manifested in human actions, though God can never be reduced to being, or self-identity.

For Tanabe, humans have the potential to realize compassionate divinity, Nothingness, through continual death and resurrection, by way of seeing their nothingness. Tanabe believes that the Christian Incarnation narrative is important for explaining the nature of reality, since he believed Absolute Nothingness becoming human exemplifies the true nature of the divine, as well as exemplar to realization of human being in relationship to divinity. Jesus signifies this process in a most pure form, thereby setting an example for others to follow.

Ultimately, Tanabe chooses philosophy over religion, since the latter tends toward socialization and domestication of the original impulse of the religious action. Philosophy, understood as metanoetics, always remains open to questions and the possibility self-delusion in the form of radical evil. Therefore, Tanabe's statement is a philosophy of religion.

Bibliography

Primary sources

''Collected Works'' ��辺元全集15 vols. (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō ��摩書房 1963–64) W

Monographs

* ''Modern Natural Science'' ��近の自然科学(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 November 1915), reprinted in CW2:1-154.
* ''Outline of Science'' ��学概論(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 September 1918), reprinted in CW2:155-360.
* ''Kant’s Teleology'' ��ントの目的論(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 October 1924), reprinted in CW3:1-72.
* ''Investigations into the Philosophy of Mathematics'' ��理哲学研究(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 May 1925), reprinted in CW2:361-662.
* ''Hegel’s Philosophy and the Dialectic'' ��ーゲル哲学と弁証法(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 January 1932), reprinted in CW3:73-370.
* ''General Philosophy'' ��学通論(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 December 1933), reprinted in CW3:371-522.
* ''The Two Sides to Natural Science Education'' ��然科学教育の両側面(Tokyo: Monbushō ��部省 Ministry of Education March 1937), reprinted in CW5:141-92.
* ''Between Philosophy and Science'' ��学と科学の間(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 November 1939), reprinted in CW5:193-328.
* ''My View of the Philosophy of Shōbōgenzō'' ��法眼蔵の哲学私観(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 May 1939), reprinted in CW5:443-94.
* ''Historical Reality'' ��史的現実(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 June 1940), reprinted in CW8:117-70.
* ''Philosophy as a Way to Repentance: Metanoetics'' ��悔道としての哲学(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 April 1946), reprinted in CW9:1-270.
* ''Urgent Matters for Political Philosophy'' ��治哲学の急務(Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō ��摩書房 June 1946), reprinted in CW8:323-96.
* ''Dialectic of the Logic of Species'' ��の論理の弁証法(Tokyo: Akitaya ��田屋 November 1947), reprinted in CW7:251-372.
* ''Existence, Love and Practice'' ��存と愛と実践(Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō ��摩書房 December 1947), reprinted in CW9:271-492.
* ''Demonstration of Christianity'' ��リスト教の弁証(Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō ��摩書房 June 1948), reprinted in CW10:1-270.
* ''Fundamental Problems of Philosophy'' ��学の根本問題(Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō ��摩書房 March 1949), reprinted in CW11:1-132.
* ''Fundamental Problems of Philosophy, Appendix 1: Philosophy of History and Political Philosophy'' ��学の根本問題 補説第一 歴史哲学・政治哲学(Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō ��摩書房 September 1949), reprinted in CW11:133-282.
* ''Fundamental Problems of Philosophy, Appendix 2: Philosophy of Science and Epistemology'' ��学の根本問題 補説第二 科学哲学・認識論(Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, April 1950), reprinted in CW11:283-426.
* ''Valéry’s Aesthetics'' ��ァレリイの芸術哲学(Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō ��摩書房 March 1951), reprinted in CW13:1-162.
* ''Fundamental Problems of Philosophy, Appendix 3: Philosophy of Religion and Ethics'' ��学の根本問題 補説第三 宗教哲学・倫理学(Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō ��摩書房 April 1952), reprinted in CW11:427-632.
* ''A Historicist Further Development of Mathematics'' ��理の歴史主義展開(Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō ��摩書房 November 1954), reprinted in CW12:211-332.
* ''Proposition of a New Methodology for Theoretical Physics'' ��論物理学新方法論提説(Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō ��摩書房 May 1955), reprinted in CW12:335-68.
* ''Dialectic of the Theory of Relativity'' ��対性理論の弁証法(Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō ��摩書房 October 1955), reprinted in CW12:369-402.
* ''A Memorandum on Mallarmé'' ��ラルメ覚書(Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō ��摩書房 August 1961), reprinted in CW13:199-302.

Essays

CW1: Early Essays ��期論文集
* ‘On Thetic Judgements’ ��定判断について(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 283, September 1910), reprinted in CW1:1-10.
:: A reworking of Tanabe’s graduation essay from 1908.

* ‘The Significance of Descriptions in the Epistemology of Physics: A Critique of Kirchhoff and Mach’ ��理学的認識における記載の意義——キルヒホッフ及びマッハの批評 (''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 319, September 1913), reprinted in CW1:11-26.
:: On the descriptivism of Kirchhoff and Mach.

* ‘The Limits of Logicism in Epistemology: A Critique of the Marburg and Freiburg Schools’ ��識論における論理主義の限界——マールブルヒ派とフライブルヒ派の批評(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 324, February 1914), reprinted in CW1:27-62.
* ‘The Natural Sciences versus the Social and Cultural Sciences’ ��然科学対精神科学・文化科学(''Shinri Kenkyū'' ��理研究 Nos. 38-40, February–April 1915), reprinted in CW1:63-94.
:: DOI: 10.4992/jjpsy1912.7.316, 10.4992/jjpsy1912.7.421, 10.4992/jjpsy1912.7.534

* ‘On Universals’ ��遍について(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究 No. 5, May 1916), reprinted in CW1:95-118.
* ‘Moral Freedom’ ��徳的自由(''Shichō'' ��潮 Vol. 1, Nos. 3-4, July–August 1917), reprinted in CW1:119-40.
* ‘The Theory of Time’ ��間論(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究 No. 17, August 1917), reprinted in CW1:141-72.
* ‘The Problem of Philosophical Knowledge in German Idealism’ ��イツ唯心論における哲学的認識の問題(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究 Nos. 23-4, February–March 1918), reprinted in CW1:173-226.
* ‘The World of Infinity’ ��限の世界(''Shichō'' ��潮 Vol. 2, No. 5, August 1918), reprinted in CW1:227-34.
* ‘A Request for Dr. Sōda’s Thoughts on the Logic of Individual Causality’ ��別的因果律の論理につきて左右田博士の教えを請う(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究 No. 30, October 1918), reprinted in CW1:235-44.
* ‘On Kant’s Theory of Freedom’ ��ントの自由論について(''Shichō'' ��潮 Vol. 2, No. 9, October 1918), reprinted in CW1:245-54.
* ‘The Significance of Leibniz’s Philosophy ��イプニッツ哲学の意義(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究 No. 32, November 1918), reprinted in CW1:255-84.
* ‘The Meaning of the Word ‘Truth’’ ��という語の意味(''Shichō'' ��潮 Vol. 3, January 1919), reprinted in CW1:285-96.
* ‘On Consciousness as Such’ ��意識一般」について(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 387, May 1919), reprinted in CW1:297-324.
:: On Kant’s notion of »Bewußtsein überhaupt«.

* ‘The Problem of the Subject of Knowledge’ ��識主観の問題(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究 Nos. 44-47, 1919-21), reprinted in CW1:325-412.
* ‘On Historical Knowledge’ ��史の認識について(''Shirin'' ��林 Vol. 7, No. 1, January 1922), reprinted in CW1:413-22.
:: DOI: 10.14989/shirin_7_33

* ‘The Concept of Culture’ ��化の概念(''Kaizō'' ��造 March 1922), reprinted in CW1:423-48.
* ‘The Infinite Continuity of Existence’ ��在の無限連続性(''Shisō'' ��想 No. 6, March 1922), reprinted in CW1:449-72.

CW4: Early to Middle Essays ��期・中期論文集
* ‘The Relationship Between Intuition and Thought in the Transcendental Deduction’ ��験演繹論における直観と思惟との関係 (''Shisō'' ��想 No. 30, April 1924), reprinted in CW4:1-16.
* ‘A New Turn in Phenomenology: Heidegger’s Phenomenology of Life’ ��象学における新しき転向——ハイデッガーの生の現象学(''Shisō'' ��想 No. 36, October 1924), reprinted in CW4:17-34.
* ‘Epistemology and Phenomenology’ ��識論と現象学(''Kōza'' ��座 Nos. 24-25, January–February 1925), reprinted in CW4:35-72.
* ‘Intuitive Knowledge and the Thing in Itself’ ��観知と物自体(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究 Nos. 109 and 112 and 128, April and July 1925 and November 1926), reprinted in CW4:73-140.
:: Intuitive knowledge as in Spinoza’s ''scientia intuitiva''.

* ‘Lask’s Logic’ ��スクの論理(''Shisō'' ��想 No. 40, October 1925), reprinted in CW4:141-60.
* ‘Reflection’ ��省作用(''Festschrift for Tokunō Bun'' ��能博士還暦記念哲学論文集 Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 June 1925), reprinted in CW4:161-206.
* ‘On Circular Reasoning in the Critical Method’ ��判的方法における循環論について(''Shisō'' ��想 No. 64, February 1927), reprinted in CW4:207-30.
* ‘On the Concept of Sensation’ ��覚の概念について(''Shinrigaku Kenkyū'' ��理学研究 Vol. 2, No. 3, June 1927) reprinted in CW4:231-40.
:: DOI: 10.4992/jjpsy.2.439

* ‘Knowledge of the Past in the Study of History’ ��学における過去の認識(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究 No. 142, January 1928), reprinted in CW4:241-56.
* ‘The Role of Concepts in the Historical Knowledge’ ��史の認識における概念の機能(''Shirin'' ��林 Vol. 13, No. 2, April 1928), reprinted in CW4:257-70.
:: DOI: 10.14989/shirin_13_181

* ‘The Location of Evidence’ ��証の所在(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 500, October 1928), reprinted in CW4:271-86.
* ‘On Confucian Ontology’ ��教的存在論について(''Festschrift for Takase Takejirō'' ��瀬博士還暦記念支那学論叢 Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 November 1928), reprinted in CW4:287-302.
* ‘A Request for Professor Nishida’s Thoughts’ ��田先生の教えを仰ぐ(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究 No. 170, May 1930), reprinted in CW4:303-28.
* ‘Synthesis and Transcendence’ ��合と超越(''Festschrift for Tomonaga Sanjūrō'' ��永博士還暦記念哲学論文集 Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 April 1931), reprinted in CW4:329-54.
* ‘The Standpoint of Anthropology’ ��間学の立場(''Risō'' ��想 No. 27, October 1931), reprinted in CW4:355-82.
* ‘Dialectic of Individual Essence’ ��体的本質の弁証論(''Spinoza and Hegel'' ��ピノザとヘーゲル Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 July 1932), reprinted in CW4:383-416.

CW5: Middle Essays ��期論文集
* ‘The Way to Philosophy’ ��学への通路 reprinted in CW5:1-20.
* ‘The Relationship Between Mathematics and Philosophy’ ��学と哲学との関係 reprinted in CW5:21-58.
* ‘The Relationship Between Religion and Culture: On the Debate Between Barth and Brunner’ ��教と文化の関係——バルトとブルンナーの論争に因みて(''Shisō'' ��想 No. 153, October 1934), reprinted in CW5:59-80.
* ‘On Humanism’ ��ューマニズムについて reprinted in CW5:81-92.
* ‘The Development of Mathematics in the History of Thought’ ��想史的に見たる数学の発達 reprinted in CW5:93-140.
* ‘Science as Morality’ ��性としての科学 reprinted in CW5:329-84.
* ‘Logic from Kant to Hegel’ ��ントからヘーゲルへの論理 reprinted in CW5:385-404.
* ‘Physics and Philosophy’ ��理学と哲学 reprinted in CW5:405-44.

CW6: Essays on the Logic of Species, Vol. 1 ��種の論理」論文集I
* ‘From the Time Schema to the World Schema’ ��式「時間」から図式「世界」へ reprinted in CW6:1-50.
* ‘The Logic of Social Existence’ ��会存在の論理(1934-5), reprinted in CW6:51-168
* ‘The Logic of Species and the World Schema’ ��の論理と世界図式 reprinted in CW6:169-264.
* ‘The Third Stage of Ontology’ ��在論の第三段階 reprinted in CW6:265-98.
* ‘The Social Ontological Structure of Logic’ ��理の社会存在論的構造 reprinted in CW6:299-396.
* ‘Response to Criticisms of the Logic of Species’ ��の論理に対する批評に答える reprinted in CW6:397-446.
* ‘Clarification of the Meaning of the Logic of Species’ ��の論理の意味を明にす(1937), reprinted in CW6:447-522.

CW7: Essays on the Logic of Species, Vol. 2 ��種の論理」論文集II
* ‘The Limits of Existentialist Philosophy’ ��存哲学の限界(1938), reprinted in CW7:1-24.
* ‘The Logic of National Existence’ ��家的存在の論理(1939), reprinted in CW7:25-100.
* ‘Eternity, History, Action’ ��遠・歷史・行為(1940), reprinted in CW7:101-70.
* ‘Ethics and Logic’ ��理と論理(1940), reprinted in CW7:171-210.
* ‘The Development of the Concept of Existence’ ��存概念の発展(1941), reprinted in CW7:211-51.

CW8: Occasional Essays ��事論文集
* ‘Philosophy of Crisis or Crisis of Philosophy?’ ��機の哲学か哲学の危機か reprinted in CW8:1-10.
* ‘Response to Minoda’s and Matsuda’s Criticisms’ ��田氏および松田氏の批判に答える reprinted in CW8:11-32.
* ‘The Meaning of Historical Study’ ��学の意味 reprinted in CW8:33-92.
* ‘The Expansion of Scientism’ ��学主義の拡充 reprinted in CW8:93-104.
* ‘My View on the Principle Underlying the Direction of Japan’s Cultural Policy Towards China’ ��支文化政策の指導原理に関する私見 reprinted in CW8:105-70.
* ‘The Direction of Philosophy’ ��学の方向 reprinted in CW8:171-200.
* ‘The Morality of the State’ ��家の道義性 reprinted in CW8:201-20.
* ‘The Way of Patriotic Thinking’ ��想報国の道 reprinted in CW8:221-42.
* ‘Life and Death’ ��生 reprinted in CW8:243-62.
* ‘The Limits of Culture’ ��化の限界 reprinted in CW8:263-306.
* ‘The Establishment of Democracy in Japan’ ��本民主主義の確立 reprinted in CW8:307-22.
* ‘The Standpoint of the Absolute Nothing and the Materialist Dialectic’ ��対無の立場と唯物弁証法(1946), reprinted in CW8:397-410.
* ‘The Present Task of the Intellectual Classes’ ��識階級現在の任務 reprinted in CW8:411-42.
* ‘A Theoretical Solution to Class Warfare’ ��級戦の理論的突破(written in March 1948, unpublished), reprinted in CW8:443-62.

CW10

* ‘Christianity, Marxism and Japanese Buddhism’ ��リスト教とマルクシズムと日本仏教(''Tenbō'', No. 21, September 1947), reprinted in CW10:271-324.

CW12: Essays in the Philosophy of Science ��学哲学論文集(1948-50)

* ‘Localised and Microscopic: Characteristics of Contemporary Thought’ ��所的微視的——現代的思考の特徴(''Tenbō'', No. 35, November 1948), reprinted in CW12:1-58.
* ‘Dialectic of Classical Mechanics’ ��典力学の弁証法(''Kiso Kagaku'', No. 2, April 1949), reprinted in CW12:59-131
* ‘Science, Philosophy and Religion’ ��学と哲学と宗教(''Chikuma Shobō Tetsugaku Kōza'', Vol. 4, March 1950), reprinted in CW12:132-210.

CW13: Late and Posthumous Essays ��期論文集・遺稿
* ‘Memento Mori’ ��メント・モリ(''Shinano Kyōiku'', No. 858, May 1958), reprinted in CW13:163-76.
* ‘My Interpretation of the ''Chan Preface''’ ��源私解(''Shūkyō to Bunka'', a Festschrift for D. T. Suzuki, October 1960), reprinted in CW13:177-98.
* ‘Philosophy, Poetry and Religion: Heidegger, Rilke, Hölderlin’ ��学と詩と宗教——ハイデッガー・リルケ・ヘルダーリン(begun in 1953, unfinished), reprinted in CW13:305-524.
* ‘Ontology of Life or Dialectic of Death?’ ��の存在学か死の弁証法か(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究 No. 483, November 1962), reprinted in CW13:525-80.

CW14: Miscellanea, Vol. 1 ��纂 上
* ‘Review of Theodor Lipps, ''Bewusstsein und Gegenstände''’ ��ップス氏『意識と対象』(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 285, November 1910), reprinted in CW14:3-10.
* ‘Review of Wilhelm Jerusalem, ''Der kritische Idealismus und die reine Logik''’ ��ェルザレム氏の『批判的観念論と純粋論理学』(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 292-3, June–July 1911), reprinted in CW14:11-32.
* ‘The Problem of Relativity’ ��対性の問題(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 302, April 1912), reprinted in CW14:33-48.
* ‘Kant and the Natural Sciences’ ��ントと自然科学(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 306, August 1912), reprinted in CW14:49-60.
* ‘Review of Émile Boutroux, ''De l’idée de loi naturelle dans la science et la philosophie contemporaines''’ ��ートルー氏『自然法の観念』(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 307-9, September–November 1912), reprinted in CW14:61-104.
* ‘Review of Kuwaki Ayao, ‘The Problem of Knowledge in Physics’’ ��木理学士の『物理学上認識の問題』(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 310, December 1912), reprinted in CW14:105-13.
* ‘Review of Max Planck, ‘Die Einheit des physkalischen Weltbildes’’ ��ランク氏『物理学的世界形象の統一』(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 313-5, March–May 1913), reprinted in CW14:114-39.
* ‘ Natorp’s Criticisms of the Principle of Relativity’ ��対性原理に対するナトルプ氏の批評 (''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 318, August 1913), reprinted in CW14:140-52.
* ‘Review of Henri Poincaré, ‘L'espace et le temps’’ ��アンカレ氏『空間と時間』 (''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 322, December 1913), reprinted in CW14:153-64.
* ‘Kuwaki’s Essay on the Method of Physics’ ��木理学士の物理学の方法に関する一論文 (''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 325, March 1914), reprinted in CW14:165-8.
* ‘On the Existence of Mathematical Objects: Reading Medicus’ Essay’ ��学的対象の存在について——メディクスの論文を読む (''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 331, September 1914), reprinted in CW14:169-92.
:: The essay in question is Fritz Medicus, ‘Bemerkungen zum Problem der Existenz mathematischer Gegenstände’, Kant-Studien, 19:1-19.

* ‘Preface to the Third Edition of ''Modern Natural Science''’ ��最近の自然科学』第三版の序(December 1915), reprinted in CW14:193.
* ‘Translator’s Preface to Poincaré, ''La valeur de la science''’ ��アンカレ『科学の価値』訳者序(May 1916), reprinted in CW14:194-5.
* ‘Reading Dr. Sōda’s Problems in the Philosophy of Economics’ ��右田博士の著『経済哲学の諸問題』を読む(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究 No. 26, May 1918), reprinted in CW14:196-202.
* ‘A Remark on Passages Quoted in Kihira’s Essay’ ��平学士論文中の引用句につき一言す (''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌 No. 391, September 1919), reprinted in CW14:203-4.
* ‘Translator’s Preface to Planck, ‘Die Einheit des physkalischen Weltbildes’’ ��ランク『物理学的世界像の統一』訳者小引(July 1927), reprinted in CW14:205-6.
* ‘On the So-Called Class Aspect of Science’ ��わゆる「科学の階級性」について(''Kaizō'' ��造 Vol. 12, No. 1, January 1930), reprinted in CW14:207-21.
* ‘The Significance of the New Physics’ World Picture’ ��物理学的世界像の意義(''Iwanami Kōza: Butsurigaku Oyobi Kagaku'', October 1930), reprinted in CW14:222-38.
* ‘Re-Examining the Foundations of Mathematics: On Konno’s Essay’ ��学の基礎再吟味——今野氏の論文に因みて(''Kagaku'' ��学 Vol. 4, No. 8, August 1934), reprinted in CW14:239-45.
* ‘Inayaga Shōkichi, ''The Foundational Concepts of Modern Mathematics, Vol. 1''’ ��永昌吉『現代数学基礎概念（上）』(''Kagaku'' ��学 Vol. 15, No. 2, October 1945), reprinted in CW14:246-9
* ‘Oskar Becker, ''Die Grundlagen der Mathematik in geschichtlicher Entwicklung''’ ��スカー・ベッカー教授の『数学基礎発展史』(''Kagaku Kisoron Kenkyū'', Vol. 1, No. 3, March 1955; DOI: 10.4288/kisoron1954.1.3_145), reprinted in CW14:250-2.
* ‘The Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences’ ��然科学と文化科学 reprinted in CW14:253-83.
* ‘On Scientific Thinking’ ��学思想について reprinted in CW14:284-314.

CW15: Miscellanea, Vol. 2 ��纂 下
* ‘Lecture on Idealism’ ��想主義 reprinted in CW15:3-34.
* ‘Lecture on the Development of Phenomenology’ ��象学の発展 reprinted in CW15:35-154.
* ‘Lecture on the Meaning of Dialectic’ ��証法の意味 reprinted in CW15:155-234.
* ‘Lecture on Philosophy’ ��学について reprinted in CW15:235-48.
* ‘Lecture on Philosophical Thinking’ ��学的思考 reprinted in CW15:249-86.
* ‘Special Lecture at Kita-Karuizawa ��軽井沢特別講義(May 1–3 and October 1–3, 1953), reprinted in CW15:287-420.
* Entries in the ''Dictionary of Philosophy'' ��学辞典(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1922), reprinted in CW15:421-67.

:: Archimedes’ axiom ��ルキメデス公理 Körper α ��ルファ体 Analysis situs ��置解析 Ether ��ーテル Energetic view of nature ��ネルギー観 Principle of conservation of energy ��ネルギー保存則 Action at a distance ��隔作用 Entropy ��ントロピー Extensive quality ��延量 Analysis ��析 Analytical geometry ��析幾何学 Critique of science ��学批判 Reversible phenomenon ��逆現象 Function ��数 Mechanical view of nature ��械観 Geometry ��何学 Pseudo-spherical space ��球面空間 Description ��述 Descriptive school ��述学派 Cardinal number ��数 Series ��数 Spherical space ��面空間 Limit ��限 Grenzpunkt ��限点 Method of limit ��限法 Grenzelement ��限要素 Ortzeit ��所時 Imaginary number ��数 Modern geometry ��世幾何学 Space curvature ��間曲率 Contingency ��然 Group �� Principle of permanence of formal laws ��式不易の原理 Metrical geometry ��量幾何学 Atomic theory ��子論 Ausdehnungslehre ��遠論 Theory of probability ��算論 Postulate ��準 Axiom ��理 Axiomatic ��理主義 Coordinates ��標 Theory of economy of thought ��惟経済説 Dimension ��元 Quaternions ��元法 Self-representation system ��己表現体系 Natural science ��然科学 Naturwissenschaftlich ��然科学的 Natural number ��然数 Gedankenexperiment ��想実験 Real number ��数 Mass ��量 Projection ��影 Projective geometry ��影幾何学 Ordinal number ��数 Number �� Mathematics ��学 Mathematical ��学的 Mathematical induction ��学的帰納法 Mathematical formalism ��学的形式主義 Mathematical realism ��学的実在論 Mathematical nominalism ��学的唯名論 Realm/Corpus of numbers ��体 Number continuum ��連続体 Arithmetisation ��論化 Welt ��界 Integral ��分 Integer ��数 Absolute space ��対空間 Absolute time ��対時間 Schnitt ��断 Explanation ��明 Exact sciences ��密科学 Prime number ��数 Theory of quanta ��量説 Algebraic number ��数的数 Field of force ��の場 Transcendental number ��越的数 Transfinite aggregate ��限集合 Transfinite number ��限数 Electromagnetic view of nature ��磁観/電磁的自然観 Set of points ��集合 Electron theory ��子論 Punktmannigfaltigkeit ��複素体 Point transformation ��変換 Statistical mechanics ��計的力学 Homogeneity ��質性 Isotropy ��方性 Intensive quantity ��包量 First law of thermodynamics ��力学第一法則 Second law of thermodynamics ��力学第二法則 Physical theory of light ��の物理学的理論 Differential ��分 Differential coefficient ��分係数 Infinitesimal method ��分法 Differential equation ��分方程式 Non-Euclidean geometry ��ユークリッド幾何学 To represent ��現する Irreversible phenomenon ��可逆現象 Complex number ��素数 Negative number ��数 Principle of conservation of matter ��質保存の原理 Fourth state of matter ��質の第四態 Disintegration of matter ��質変脱 Physics ��理学 Physical ��理的 Invariant ��変式 Mathesis universalis ��遍数学 Fraction ��数 Transformation ��換 Variable ��数 Parabolic space ��物線空間 Elements at infinity ��窮遠要素 Infinity ��限 Irrational number ��理数 Euclidean geometry ��ークリッド幾何学 Rational number ��理数 Dynamics/Mechanics ��学 Riemann-Helmholtz geometry ��ーマン・ヘルムホルツ幾何学 Fluxion ��率 Quantity �� Continuity ��続 Lobachevsky-Bolyai geometry ��バチェフスキィ・ボリヤイ幾何学 Logistic/Algebra of logic ��理計算 Vector analysis ��ェクトル解析
* Entries in the ''Dictionary of Pedagogy'' ��学辞典(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1936), reprinted in CW15:468-74.

:: Philosophy of mathematics ��理哲学 Methodology ��法論

English translations

Early Works (1910–1919)

* "The Logic of the Species as Dialectics," trans. David Dilworth and Taira Sato, in ''Monumenta Nipponica'', Vol. 24, No. 3 (1969): 273–88.
* "Kant's Theory of Freedom," trans. Takeshi Morisato with Cody Staton in "An Essay on Kant’s Theory of Freedom from the Early Works of Tanabe Hajime" in ''Comparative and Continental Philosophy'', vol. 5 (2013): 150–156.
* "On the Universal," trans. Takeshi Morisato with Timothy Burns, in "Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Deductive Reasoning: The Relation of the Universal and the Particular in Early Works of Tanabe Hajime" in ''Comparative and Continental Philosophy'', vol. 5 (2013): 124–149.

Middle Work (1920–1930)

* "Requesting the Guidance of Professor Nishida," trans., Richard Stone and Takeshi Morisato, ''Asian philosophical Texts: Exploring Hidden Sources'', eds., Roman Pasca and Takeshi Morisato, 281–308. Milan: Mimesis, 2020.

Logic of Species (1931–1945)

* (Forthcoming) "The Social Ontological Structure of the Logic," ''Tanabe Hajime and the Kyoto School: Self, World, and Knowledge''. London: Bloomsbury, 2021.

Later Works (1946–1962)

* ''Philosophy as Metanoetics,'' trans. Takeuchi Yoshinori, Valdo Viglielmo, and James W. Heisig, University of California Press, 1987.
* "Demonstration of Christianity", in ''Introduction to the philosophy of Tanabe: According to the English translation of the seventh chapter of the demonstratio of Christianity'', trans. Makoto Ozaki, Rodopi Bv Editions, 1990.

Secondary sources

Books and theses

* Adams, Robert William, "The feasibility of the philosophical in early Taishô Japan: Nishida Kitarô and Tanabe Hajime." PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1991.
* Dilworth, David A. and Valdo H. Viglielmo (translators and editors); with Agustin Jacinto Zavala, ''Sourcebook for modern Japanese philosophy : selected documents'', Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1998.
* Fredericks, James L., "Alterity in the thought of Tanabe Hajime and Karl Rahner." PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1988.
* Heisig, James W., ''Philosophers of Nothingness: An Essay on the Kyoto School'', Nanzan Library of Asian Religion and Culture, University of Hawaii Press, 2002.
* Morisato, Takeshi,
Faith and Reason in Continental and Japanese Philosophy: Reading Tanabe Hajime and William Desmond
', London: Bloomsbury, 2019.
* Ozaki, Makoto, ''Individuum, Society, Humankind: The Triadic Logic of Species According to Hajime Tanabe'' (Brill's Japanese Studies Library), Brill Academic Publishers (April 2001), , .
* Pattison, George, ''Agnosis: Theology in the Void'', Palgrave Macmillan (February 1997), . .
* Unno, Taitetsu, and James W. Heisig (Editor), ''The Religious Philosophy of Tanabe Hajime: The Metanoetic Imperative (Nanzan Studies in Religion and Culture)'', Asian Humanities Press (June 1990), , .

Articles

* Cestari, Matteo, "Between Emptiness and Absolute Nothingness: Reflections on Negation in Nishida and Buddhism."
* Ruiz, F. Perez, "Philosophy in Present-day Japan," in ''Monumenta Nipponica'' Vol. 24, No. 1/2 (1969), pp. 137–168.
* Heisig, James W.
"Tanabe's Logic of the Specific and the Critique of the Global Village,"
in ''Eastern Buddhist'', Autumn95, Vol. 28 Issue 2, p198.
* Sakai, Naoki, "SUBJECT AND SUBSTRATUM : ON JAPANESE IMPERIAL NATIONALISM," in ''Cultural Studies''; Jul2000, Vol. 14 Issue 3/4, p462-530 (AN 4052788)
* Viglielmo, V. H., "An Introduction to Tanabe Hajime's Existence, Love, and Praxis" in ''Wandel zwischen den Welten: Festschrift für Johannes Laube'', (Peter Lang, 2003) pp. 781–797.
* Waldenfels, Hans, "Absolute Nothingness. Preliminary Considerations on a Central Notion in the Philosophy of Nishida Kitaro and the Kyoto School," in ''Monumenta Nipponica,'' Vol. 21, No. 3/4 (1966), 354–391.
* Williams, David, "In defence of the Kyoto School: reflections on philosophy, the Pacific War and the making of a post-White world," in ''Japan Forum'', Sep2000, Vol. 12 Issue 2, 143–156.

Online links

* Bracken, Joseph
"Absolute Nothingness and The Divine Matrix"
* Buri, Fritz
"Hajime Tanabe, Philosophy of repentance and Dialectic of Death," in ''The Buddha-Christ as the Lord of the True Self: The Religious Philosophy of the Kyoto School''
trns. by Harold H. Oliver, Mercer University Press, 1997, pp. 65–94. ia Google Books* Driscoll, Mark
"Apoco-elliptic Thought in Modern Japanese Philosophy"
* Hajime, Tanabe, ''Jitsuzon to ai to jissen (Existence, Love, and Praxis) 947', (from vol. 9, Complete Works of Tanabe Hajime), Tokyo, Chikuma Shobô, 1963. A partial translation by V. H. Viglielmobr>
for which the Preface, Chapter One, and translator's introductory essay are published in “An Introduction to Tanabe Hajime’s Existence, Love, and Praxis." in ''Wandel zwischen den Welten: Festschrift für Johannes Laube,'' Peter Lang, 2003.
* Mierzejewska, Anna
"The Buddhist Inspiration of The Concept of Faith in The Philosophy of Hajime Tanabe,"
in SILVA IAPONICARUM, FASC. VI・第六号, WINTER ・冬 2005, pp. 18–37.
* Odin, Steve
"Hajime Tanabe," in ''The Social Self in Zen and American Pragmatism''
pp. 114–117.
* Ozaki, Makoto

in ''ΠΑΔΕΙΑ: Comparative Philosophy''.
* Takahane, Yosuke
"Absolute Nothingness and Metanoetics,"

* Wattles, Jeffrey

* ———. ttps://web.archive.org/web/20090106002730/http://fp.dl.kent.edu/jwattles/BTanabesummary1.htm Philosophy and Spiritual Experience: The case of a Japanese Shin Buddhist* Yata, Ryosho
"An Examination of the Historical Development of the Concept of Two Aspects of Deep Belief, Part 1"

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanabe Hajime
1889 births
1962 deaths
Japanese philosophers
Japanese scholars of Buddhism
Moral philosophers
Ontologists
Phenomenologists
Philosophers of mathematics
Philosophers of science
20th-century Japanese philosophers
People in interfaith dialogue
Existentialists
Buddhist existentialists
Kyoto University faculty
Kyoto University alumni
Recipients of the Order of Culture
Tohoku University faculty
Kyoto School
Heidegger scholars