''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern Argentina. In the

Rio Grande Do Sul Rio Grande do Sul (, , ; "Great River of the South") is a Federative units of Brazil, state in the South Region, Brazil, southern region of Brazil. It is the Federative_units_of_Brazil#List, fifth-most-populous state and the List of Brazilian st ...

area of Brazil, one species, ''H. leucocelaenus'', has been found carrying yellow fever virus. Several species have a distinct metallic sheen. Species of this genus are vectors in the transmission of sylvan or "jungle" yellow fever, which is often carried by

monkey Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes, also known as the simians. Traditionally, all animals in the group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except the apes, which constitutes an incomple ...

s in the forest canopies. ''Haemagogus'' species have also been found to carry the

Mayaro virus Mayaro may refer to: * Mayaro, California, an unincorporated community in Butte County, California, U.S. * Mayaro Bay, a bay on the east coast of the island of Trinidad * Mayaro County, a group of villages in Trinidad and ...

and Ilheus virus. As these mosquitoes, in general, have relatively long lives, they can transmit viruses for long periods. They tend to live in the canopy of forests, where the female lays eggs in between layers of tree bark or in cut bamboo. The eggs adhere to the surface and when submerged by rain water develop into larvae.

Species

*'' Haemagogus acutisentis'' Arnell, 1973 *'' Haemagogus aeritinctus'' Galindo & Trapido, 1967 *'' Haemagogus albomaculatus'' Theobald, 1903 *'' Haemagogus anastasionis'' Dyar, 1921 *'' Haemagogus andinus'' Osorno-Mesa, 1944 *'' Haemagogus argyromeris'' Dyar & Ludlow, 1921 *'' Haemagogus baresi'' Cerqueira, 1960 *'' Haemagogus boshelli'' Osorno-Mesa, 1944 *'' Haemagogus capricornii'' Lutz, 1904 *'' Haemagogus celeste'' Dyar & Nunez Tovar, 1926 *''

Haemagogus chalcospilans ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the Diptera, dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as n ...

'' Dyar, 1921 *''

Haemagogus chrysochlorus ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern ...

'' Arnell, 1973 *'' Haemagogus clarki'' Galindo, Carpenter and Trapido, 1952 *''

Haemagogus equinus ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern ...

'' Theobald, 1903 ''Haemagogus equinus'' Theobald, 1903. Integrated Taxonomic Information System, https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=126524#null. *''

Haemagogus iridicolor ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern ...

'' Dyar, 1921 *''

Haemagogus janthinomys ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern A ...

'' Dyar, 1921 *''

Haemagogus leucocelaenus ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern ...

'' Dyar & Shannon, 1924 *''

Haemagogus leucophoebus ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern ...

'' Galindo, Carpenter and Trapido, 1952 *'' Haemagogus leucotaeniatus'' Komp, 1938 *'' Haemagogus lucifer'' Howard, Dyar & Knab, 1912 *'' Haemagogus mesodentatus'' Komp & Kumm, 1938 *''

Haemagogus nebulosus ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern ...

'' Arnell, 1973 *''

Haemagogus panarchys ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern ...

'' Dyar, 1921 *''

Haemagogus regalis ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern ...

'' Dyar & Knab, 1906 *''

Haemagogus soperi ''Haemagogus soperi'' is a species of mosquito found in the coastal plain region of Ecuador.Roberto Leví-Castillo. 1955. ''Haemagogus soperi'' N. Sp. mosquito trasmisor de Fiebre Amarilla Selvática en el Ecuador (Diptera-Culicidae). ''Revista ...

'' Levi-Castillo, 1955 *''

Haemagogus spegazzinii ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern ...

'' Brethes, 1912 *''

Haemagogus splendens ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as northern ...

'' Williston, 1896 *''

Haemagogus tropicalis ''Haemagogus'' is a genus of mosquitoes in the dipteran family Culicidae. They mainly occur in Central America and northern South America (including Trinidad), although some species inhabit forested areas of Brazil, and range as far as nor ...

'' Cerqueira & Antunes, 1938

Yellow fever epidemics involving ''Haemagogus'' species

The discovery in 1953 by two scientists from the

Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory The Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory (T.R.V.L.) was established in Port of Spain, in 1953 by the Rockefeller Foundation in co-operation with the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. It was originally housed in an old wooden army barracks near the d ...

of a sick

Red Howler The red howlers are five species of howler monkeys that used to be considered conspecific: * Colombian red howler or Venezuelan red howler (''Alouatta seniculus'') – northwestern South America * Bolivian red howler (''Alouatta sara'') ...

monkey that was found to be suffering from yellow fever provided the first indication that yellow fever was still endemic in Trinidad although there had not been a case reliably reported from Trinidad since an outbreak in 1914. Blood specimens taken from over 4,500 humans in late 1953 and early 1954 and checked to detect the presence of a wide variety of known viruses showed that 15% had antibodies to the yellow fever virus. A form of the disease, termed "jungle yellow fever", was shown to be carried by Red Howler monkeys ('' Alouatta seniculus insulanus'' Elliot) that provided a continuous reservoir for the disease, which was then spread by the ''Haemagogus s. spegazzini'' mosquito which normally inhabits rainforest regions, both at ground level and in the treetops. After government felling of large stands of native forest, yellow fever was isolated from a patient from Cumaca in the northern range in 1954. The infection soon spread to other humans and into the '' Aedes aegypti'' mosquito population, greatly increasing transmission. Warnings were made that an epidemic was imminent and Dr.

Wilbur Downs Wilbur George Downs (7 August 1913, in Perth Amboy, New Jersey – 17 February 1991, in Branford, Connecticut), was a naturalist, virologist and clinical professor of epidemiology and public health at the Yale School of Medicine and the Yal ...

and Dr. A. E. (Ted) Hill, a specialist in tropical medicine, began a program of inoculating health workers and stockpiling vaccine. Trinidad health authorities followed up with large-scale vaccination and intensive anti-''aegypti'' measures including public education, regular inspection for breeding sites, and spraying of domestic residences with DDT. In spite of these measures, and the fact that an estimated 80% of the population of

Port of Spain Port of Spain (Spanish: ''Puerto España''), officially the City of Port of Spain (also stylized Port-of-Spain), is the capital of Trinidad and Tobago and the third largest municipality, after Chaguanas and San Fernando. The city has a municip ...

were immune to yellow fever and dengue, several more cases were soon reported. Most probably due to the health measures taken, it did not develop into a widespread epidemic in Trinidad itself. An attempt was made to totally quarantine the island just before Christmas, 1954, but the disease spread to the nearby mainland of Venezuela and, from there, all the way to southern Mexico, probably killing several thousand people in the process. In 1998 an epidemic of yellow fever killed many Howler monkeys near the city of

Altamira, Pará Altamira is one of one hundred and forty-four Municipality, municipalities in the state of Pará, in northern Brazil. It has an area of , making it the largest municipality by area both in Pará state and Brazil, and until 2009 it was the world' ...

in the eastern

Amazon basin The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivi ...

, in Brazil. The virus was isolated in specimens of ''

'' mosquitoes.

Footnotes

References

* ''The Arthropod-borne Viruses of Vertebrates: An Account of The Rockefeller Foundation Virus program 1951-1970.'' 1973. Max Theiler and W. G. Downs. Yale University. . * ''Global Mapping of Infectious Diseases: Methods, Examples and Emerging Applications''. (1963). Edited by S. I. Hay, Alastair Graham, David J. Rogers. Updated edition with DVD 2007. Academic Press; Pbk/Dvdr R edition. .

External links

''Haemagogus'' at Encyclopedia of Life
*
World Health Report on Yellow Fever
{{taxonbar, from1=Q5219942 Aedini Mosquito genera Taxa named by Samuel Wendell Williston