The Habima Theatre ( he, תיאטרון הבימה ''Te'atron HaBima'', lit. "The Stage Theatre") is the
national theatre of
Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
and one of the first
Hebrew language
Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...
theatres. It is located in
Habima Square
Habima Square ( he, כיכר הבימה, lit. ''The Stage's Square'', also known as The Orchestra Plaza) is a public major space in the center of Tel Aviv, Israel, which is home to a number of cultural institutions such as the Habima Theatre, the ...
in the center of
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo ( he, תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ, translit=Tēl-ʾĀvīv-Yāfō ; ar, تَلّ أَبِيب – يَافَا, translit=Tall ʾAbīb-Yāfā, links=no), often referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the ...
.
History
![HANA ROVINA THE DYBBUK 1920](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/HANA_ROVINA_THE_DYBBUK_1920.jpg)
Habima was founded by in
Białystok (then in
Grodno Governorate
The Grodno Governorate, (russian: Гро́дненская губе́рнiя, translit=Grodnenskaya guberniya, pl, Gubernia grodzieńska, be, Гродзенская губерня, translit=Hrodzenskaya gubernya, lt, Gardino gubernija, u ...
,
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
) in 1912.
Menahem Gnessin
Menahem Natanovich Gnessin (russian: Мена́хем Ната́нович Гне́син; he, מנחם גנסין; 1882–1951) was an early Russian Jewish actor and Hebrew language instructor who created the Amateur Dramatic Arts Company in 1907 ...
was one of its cofounders and early actors.
Because its performances were in
Hebrew
Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...
, invoked the Jewish folk tradition, and dealt with issues of the Jewish people, soon it was banned by Russian authorities, and the theatre troupe was forced to become a travelling one. Beginning in 1918, the theatre operated under the auspices of the
Moscow Art Theatre, which some consider its actual beginning. It encountered difficulties under the Soviet government as well, after the
Russian Revolution.
Konstantin Stanislavsky
Konstantin Sergeyevich Stanislavski ( Alekseyev; russian: Константин Сергеевич Станиславский, p=kənstɐnʲˈtʲin sʲɪrˈgʲejɪvʲɪtɕ stənʲɪˈslafskʲɪj; 7 August 1938) was a seminal Soviet Russian ...
arranged for the mainly Jewish Polish actors to be trained by
Yevgeny Vakhtangov
Yevgeny Bagrationovich Vakhtangov (also spelled Evgeny or Eugene; russian: Евге́ний Багратио́нович Вахта́нгов; 13 February 1883 – 29 May 1922) was a Russian-Armenian actor and theatre director who founded the ...
. The
People's Commissar
Commissar (or sometimes ''Kommissar'') is an English transliteration of the Russian (''komissar''), which means 'commissary'. In English, the transliteration ''commissar'' often refers specifically to the political commissars of Soviet and Ea ...
for Nationalities Affairs,
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretar ...
, also authorized the theatre's creation. However, the
Yevsektsiya
A Yevsektsiya ( rus, евсекция, p=jɪfˈsʲektsɨjə; yi, יעווסעקציע) was a Jewish section of the Soviet Communist Party. These sections were established in fall of 1918 with consent of Vladimir Lenin to carry communist revolut ...
attempted to use its influence to cut off state funds to Habima, branding it counter-revolutionary.
International tour
In 1926, the theatre left the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
to tour abroad, in countries including Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States.
[Ivanov, Vladislav (August 10, 2010). ]
Habimah
. ''YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
''The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe'' is a two-volume, English-language reference work on the history and culture of Eastern Europe Jewry in this region, prepared by the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research and published by Yale Univ ...
''. yivoencyclopedia.org. Translated from Russian by I. Michael Aronson; revised by Alice Nakhimovsky and Michael C. Steinlauf. Retrieved 2018-06-05. Their productions met with great success.
In 1927, the company split up, with Zemach and some of the actors choosing to stay in the U.S.
Lodz Impact
The theatre staff visited the city of Lodz, and the pre-war photographer and artist
Mendel Grossman
Mordka Mendel Grossman was born on 27 June 1913 in Gorzkowice, Piotrków Governorate, Russian Empire (today Poland). He died on 30 April 1945, during the death marches. He was a photographer and worker in the Statistical Department of the Litzma ...
, photographed the actors and actresses from the wings of the stage. His life was changed as a result of the visit of the theatre.
Establishment in Palestine
![Bima12night](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Bima12night.jpg)
Other members of the theatre took the company to
Mandate Palestine
Mandatory Palestine ( ar, فلسطين الانتدابية '; he, פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (א״י) ', where "E.Y." indicates ''’Eretz Yiśrā’ēl'', the Land of Israel) was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1948 i ...
in 1928.
[Politzer, Heinz (August 1948).]
Habimah in New York: A Great Theater Enters a New Period
". ''Commentary Magazine''. Retrieved 2017-03-06. In the 1928-29 season there, the Habima Players presented two plays, both under the direction of
Aleksei Dikiy
Aleksei Dikiy (russian: Алексей Денисович Дикий) (24 February 1889 – 1 October 1955) was a Soviet actor and director who worked at Moscow Art Theatre and later worked with Habima Jewish theatre in Tel Aviv. He was arrested ...
, from the Moscow Art Theatre.
The first production, ''Ha-otsar'' (The Treasure), a translation of
Sholem Aleichem
)
, birth_date =
, birth_place = Pereiaslav, Russian Empire
, death_date =
, death_place = New York City, U.S.
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's
Yiddish
Yiddish (, or , ''yidish'' or ''idish'', , ; , ''Yidish-Taytsh'', ) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a ve ...
play ''Der Oytser'', premiered on December 29, 1928.
The second production, which premiered on May 23, 1929 in Tel Aviv, was ''Keter David'' (David's Crown), an adaptation by Hebrew writer
Isaac Lamdan of ''The Hair of Absalom'' (''Los cabellos de Absalón''), by the 17th-century Spanish dramatist
Calderón
Calderón () is a Spanish and Sefardi occupational surname. It is derived from the Vulgar Latin "''caldaria''" ("cauldron") and refers to the occupation of tinker.
Calderón, or Calderon, may refer to:
* Alberto Calderón, Argentine mathematician ...
.
In 1930 the company traveled to Berlin, Germany, where it produced Shakespeare's ''Twelfth Night'', directed by
Michael Chekhov
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Chekhov (russian: Михаил Александрович Чехов; 29 August 1891 – 30 September 1955), known as Michael Chekhov, was an American actor, director, author and theatre practitioner. He was a nephew ...
, and
Karl Gutzkow
Karl Ferdinand Gutzkow ( in Berlin – in Sachsenhausen) was a German writer notable in the Young Germany movement of the mid-19th century.
Life
Gutzkow was born of an extremely poor family, not proletarian, but of the lowest and most meni ...
's ''Uriel Acosta'', under the direction of
Alexander Granovski.
The company finally settled in Palestine in 1931.
In 1945, it built a theatre in Tel Aviv, which it occupied before completion.
National Theatre of Israel
Habima has been officially considered the national theatre of Israel since 1958, the year in which it received the
Israel Prize for theatre. This was the first year in which the Prize was awarded to an organization. In the 21st century, Habima employs 80 actors, and another 120 staff members work at the complex.
Restoration
In January 2012, the theatre reopened after four and a half years of renovations.
[Shohat, Zipi (November 21, 2011).]
Curtain Rises over Tel Aviv's Newly Renovated Habima Theater
. '' Haaretz''. haaretz.com. Retrieved 2017-03-06. Architect
Ram Karmi was commissioned to redesign the historic building. More than NIS 100 million was invested in the makeover, which has added 500 square meters of floor space and three new rehearsal rooms. The building's four auditoriums were completely rebuilt.
[Habima Architect Tells Critics: 'Kiss My Ass' ]
(October 11, 2010). ''Haaretz''. haaretz.com. Retrieved 2017-03-06. Each is a different size and color: Rovina is blue and seats 930 people; Meskin is lavender and seats 320; Bertonov (also known as Bamartef) is green and seats 220; and Habima 4 (formerly known as Heineken) is wood panelled and seats 170.
Other theaters
*
Solomon Stramer's
Yiddish theater
Yiddish theatre consists of plays written and performed primarily by Jews in Yiddish, the language of the Central European Ashkenazi Jewish community. The range of Yiddish theatre is broad: operetta, musical comedy, and satiric or nostalgic rev ...
troupe in
Cluj
; hu, kincses város)
, official_name=Cluj-Napoca
, native_name=
, image_skyline=
, subdivision_type1 = County
, subdivision_name1 = Cluj County
, subdivision_type2 = Status
, subdivision_name2 = County seat
, settlement_type = City
, le ...
,
Transylvania
Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
,
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...
in the 1920s was also called ''Habimah.''
((Emanuel Levy, The Habima: Israel's National Theater. Columbia University Press, 1979).
See also
*
List of Israel Prize recipients
References
* Levy, Emanuel. The Habima, 1917-1977: A Study of Cultural Nationalism. Columbia University Press, 1979.
External links
Official siteThe tale of habima
{{Authority control
Theatres in Tel Aviv
Theatre companies in Israel
National theatres
Jewish theatres
Israel Prize in theatre recipients
Israel Prize recipients that are organizations
Arts organizations established in 1918
1918 establishments in British-administered Palestine
Culture in Tel Aviv
Tourist attractions in Tel Aviv