![Haaniella grayii - pair](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Haaniella_grayii_-_pair.JPG)
''Haaniella grayii'' is a
stick insect
The Phasmatodea (also known as Phasmida, Phasmatoptera or Spectra) are an order of insects whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick-bugs, walking sticks, stick animals, or bug sticks. They are also occasionally referred to as ...
species native to
Borneo
Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...
. It is a typical representative of the
subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
Heteropteryginae
Heteropterygini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Heteropteryginae (family Heteropterygidae; order Phasmatodea). With 19 representatives described, this subfamily includes the fewest species of the three subfamilies, but includes th ...
and the largest species of the
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
''
Haaniella''.
The occasionally used common name Gray's Haaniella refers to the species name.
Description
''Haaniella grayii'' has the genus-typical sharp spines distributed over the body and legs in both sexes. Also typical of the genus are the strongly shortened forewings, developed as
tegmina
A tegmen (plural: ''tegmina'') designates the modified leathery front wing on an insect particularly in the orders Dermaptera ( earwigs), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and similar families), Mantodea (praying mantis), Phasmatodea (stick an ...
, which completely cover the short hindwings, which have been transformed into
stridulation
Stridulation is the act of producing sound by rubbing together certain body parts. This behavior is mostly associated with insects, but other animals are known to do this as well, such as a number of species of fish, snakes and spiders. The mech ...
organs. The slimmer males, which have much more spines on their backs and are more colorful, remain smaller at than the females, which are long. In addition to almost monochromatic beige-brown, more rarely brown to black-brown females, there are also specimens with high-contrast light and dark brown patterns, which can have light, almost white patterns on the
mesonotum
The mesothorax is the middle of the three segments of the thorax of hexapods, and bears the second pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the mesonotum (dorsal), the mesosternum (ventral), and the mesopleuron (lateral) on ...
, the front wings and the
abdomen
The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the torso. ...
. They usually get a little darker with age. In
adult
An adult is a human or other animal that has reached full growth. In human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a " minor", a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of major ...
females, the abdomen swells significantly due to egg production. The spine shaped
ovipositor
The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typical ...
is formed dorsally by the supraanal plate, which corresponds to the eleventh
tergum
A ''tergum'' (Latin for "the back"; plural ''terga'', associated adjective tergal) is the Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral, dorsal ('upper') portion of an arthropod segment other than the head. The Anatomical terms of location#Ante ...
. In ''Haaniella grayii'', it is characterized by six more or less distinct teeth. Unlike the other ''Haaniella'' species native to Borneo, it is longer than the lower part of the ovipositor, which is called the subgenital plate and consists of the eighth sternite. The synovial membranes, especially in the area of the hind and middle
coxae, are pale green in females and bright green in males. In the latter they stand in addition to other green areas in the
ventral
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek language, Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. Th ...
head and the meso- and
metasternum
The metathorax is the posterior of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the third pair of legs. Its principal sclerites ( exoskeletal plates) are the metanotum (dorsal), the metasternum (ventral), and the metapleuron (lateral) ...
in contrast to the red-brown colored sternite edges and the coxae themselves. The bright green coloring of the spines is also typical of the males. Often the folded forewings are dark brown in front and white with brown veins behind. The arrangement of the spines on the mesonotum of the males is particularly species-specific. Between the formation of four spines in front of the base of the forewings found in many species and the pair of long spines in the front part of the mesontum, there is another pair of long spines in ''Haaniella grayii''.
Distribution, way of life and reproduction
The distribution area of ''Haaniella grayii'' overlaps almost completely with that of ''
Haaniella saussurei
''Haaniella saussurei'' is a species of stick insect native to Borneo and a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae. The occasionally used common name Saussure's Haaniella refers to the species name.
Description
As is typical ...
'' in the west of Borneo. Both species are found in the south-west of the
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
n state of
Sarawak
Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...
, where ''H. grayii'' has been found on Mount Serapi to an altitude of . In addition, unlike ''H. saussurei'', the species can also be found in central areas of
Kalimantan
Kalimantan () is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Kalimantan" refers to the whole island of Borneo.
In 2019, ...
.
The defensive behavior typical of the subfamily, consisting of spreading the held up, spiked hind legs and closing them when touched by an attacker, can also be observed in ''H. grayii''. The hairy eggs have a diagonally cruciform micropylar plate with the micropyle in the lower angle. The female lays them in the ground at night. While the eggs of the Sarawak-derived specimens are about long, high and about wide, those of the Kalimantan-derived animals are hardly hairy and averaging in length, in height and width also slightly smaller. The
nymphs
A nymph ( grc, νύμφη, nýmphē, el, script=Latn, nímfi, label=Modern Greek; , ) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are typ ...
hatch after 9 to 18 months and are then already long. They are adult after about nine months and two months later the females start laying eggs.
Taxonomy
John O. Westwood
John Obadiah Westwood (22 December 1805 – 2 January 1893) was an English entomologist and archaeologist also noted for his artistic talents. He published several illustrated works on insects and antiquities. He was among the first entomologist ...
described the species in 1859 as ''Heteropteryx grayii'' and illustrated it with a depiction of a male. The specific name is dedicated to
George Robert Gray
George Robert Gray FRS (8 July 1808 – 6 May 1872) was an English zoologist and author, and head of the ornithological section of the British Museum, now the Natural History Museum, in London for forty-one years. He was the younger brother o ...
. Until the description of ''Haaniella saussurei'' in 1904, the specimens referred to as ''H. grayii'' always included representatives of ''H. saussurei''. This also applies to the five
type specimens that are deposited in the
Oxford University Museum of Natural History
The Oxford University Museum of Natural History, sometimes known simply as the Oxford University Museum or OUMNH, is a museum displaying many of the University of Oxford's natural history specimens, located on Parks Road in Oxford, England. It a ...
and in the
Natural History Museum
A natural history museum or museum of natural history is a scientific institution with natural history collections that include current and historical records of animals, plants, fungi, ecosystems, geology, paleontology, climatology, and more. ...
and are also referred to as "Westwood's types". Of the four specimens deposited at Oxford, only the female
lectotype
In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the ...
is actually a representative of ''H. grayii'', while the female and two male paralectotypes are ''H. saussurei''. The male from the London Natural History Museum, which also belongs to this series, shows the spines typical of ''H. grayii'' and otherwise corresponds to Westwood's illustration contained in the description.
William Forsell Kirby
William Forsell Kirby (14 January 1844 – 20 November 1912) was an English entomologist and folklorist.
Life
He was born in Leicester. He was the eldest son of Samuel Kirby, who was a banker. He was educated privately, and became interested ...
established the genus ''Haaniella'' in 1904, in which he also transferred ''Haaniella grayii'' along with some other species. In addition, he recognized on the basis of some specimens investigated by
Henri de Saussure
Henri is an Estonian, Finnish, French, German and Luxembourgish form of the masculine given name Henry.
People with this given name
; French noblemen
:'' See the 'List of rulers named Henry' for Kings of France named Henri.''
* Henri I de Montm ...
in 1896 that these were not ''H. grayi'', but that these specimens represent a separate species. He described the same in honor of Saussure under the name ''Haaniella saussurei''.
As early as 1896, Kirby described specimens allegedly originating from Australia as ''Heteropteryx australe''. This was recognized in 1944 by
Klaus Günther
Klaus is a German, Dutch and Scandinavian given name and surname. It originated as a short form of Nikolaus, a German form of the Greek given name Nicholas.
Notable persons whose family name is Klaus
* Billy Klaus (1928–2006), American baseb ...
as
synonym
A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...
to ''Haaniella grayii'', whereby the locality is also doubted. Their male lectotype and female paralectotype are also deposited in the Natural History Museum in London.
Sporadically, representatives of the subfamily Heteropteryginae can be found, whose spines are different and which also lack individual spines.
Philip Edward Bragg found an adult male in Sarawak, which shows the spine arrangement of ''
Haaniella echinata
''Haaniella'' is a genus of the Phasmatodea family Heteropterygidae from Southeast Asia.
Characteristics
The species of the genus ''Haaniella'' reach a body length of 4.5 to 16.5 cm in the female sex. The males, which are 2.5 to 9.8&nbs ...
'' on the pro- and mesonotum, while it shows the spines of ''H. grayii'' on the abdomen. This specimens could be a
hybrid
Hybrid may refer to:
Science
* Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding
** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species
** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...
of both species. It is deposited in Natural History Museum in London. Since the ranges of both species do not overlap, Bragg assumes that they meet at least at their borders. Some authors see the possible hybridization as an indication that these are not two independent species.
In terraristics
In
terrarium
A terrarium (plural: terraria or terrariums) is usually a sealable glass container containing soil and plants that can be opened for maintenance to access the plants inside; however, terraria can also be open to the atmosphere. Terraria are ofte ...
s ''Haaniella grayii'' was first introduced in 1990 by Bragg and Paul Jennings. Further imports were made in 1990 by Bragg and Ian Abercrombie, and in 1996 by Frank H. Hennemann and Oskar V. Conle. The animals were each found on Mount Serapi in north-west Sarawak. The species is listed under PSG number 125 by the
Phasmid Study Group.
Medium-sized to large terrariums with suitable hiding places are required to keep ''Haaniella grayii''. For laying eggs, the floor of the terrarium should be covered with an thick layer of a suitable, always slightly moist substrate. In addition, high humidity and daytime temperatures of well over are necessary for successful keeping. Diet is not a problem, because they eat leaves of
bramble
A bramble is any rough, tangled, prickly shrub, usually in the genus ''Rubus'', which grows blackberries, raspberries, or dewberries. "Bramble" is also used to describe other prickly shrubs, such as roses (''Rosa'' species). The fruits inclu ...
,
elderberry
''Sambucus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae. The various species are commonly called elder or elderberry. The genus was formerly placed in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, but was reclassified as Adoxaceae due to ge ...
,
ivy
''Hedera'', commonly called ivy (plural ivies), is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to western, central and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa and ...
,
oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...
,
hawthorn
Hawthorn or Hawthorns may refer to:
Plants
* '' Crataegus'' (hawthorn), a large genus of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae
* ''Rhaphiolepis'' (hawthorn), a genus of about 15 species of evergreen shrubs and small trees in the family Rosace ...
and
firethorn
''Pyracantha'' (from Greek "fire" and "thorn", hence firethorn) is a genus of large, thorny evergreen shrubs in the family Rosaceae, with common names firethorn or pyracantha. They are native to an area extending from Southwest Europe east t ...
,
eucalyptus
''Eucalyptus'' () is a genus of over seven hundred species of flowering trees, shrubs or mallees in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Along with several other genera in the tribe Eucalypteae, including '' Corymbia'', they are commonly known as euca ...
,
salal
''Gaultheria shallon'' is an evergreen shrub in the heather family (Ericaceae), native to western North America. In English, it is known as salal, shallon, or (mainly in Britain) gaultheria.
Description
''Gaultheria shallon'' is tall, spra ...
and other plants.
Gallery
Haaniella males.jpg, arrangement of the thoracic spines of a male compared to males of '' H. echinata'' und '' H. saussurei''
Haaniella grayii - male.JPG, male
Haaniella grayii gynandromorph.jpg, gynandromorph
A gynandromorph is an organism that contains both male and female characteristics. The term comes from the Greek γυνή (''gynē'') 'female', ἀνήρ (''anēr'') 'male', and μορφή (''morphē'') 'form', and is used mainly in the field ...
Haaniella grayii Pärchen 1.jpg, pair
Haaniella grayii - egg.jpg, egg
Haaniella grayii - even hatched larva.JPG, even hatched larva nymph
A nymph ( grc, νύμφη, nýmphē, el, script=Latn, nímfi, label=Modern Greek; , ) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are ty ...
References
[ Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W. ]
Phasmida Species File Online
'. Version 5.0. (accessdate 26 December 2022)
[ Zompro, O. (2012) Grundwissen Pasmiden – Biologie – Haltung – Zucht. Sungaya Verlag, Berlin, p. 68, ISBN 978-3-943592-00-9.]
[ Bragg, P. E. (2001). Phasmids of Borneo, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, pp. 85–89, ISBN 983-812-027-8.]
[Seiler, C.; Bradler, S & Koch, R. (2000). ''Phasmiden – Pflege und Zucht von Gespenstschrecken, Stabschrecken und Wandelnden Blättern im Terrarium''. bede, Ruhmannsfelden, pp. 76–78, ]
[''Haaniella grayii'' on phasmatodea.com](_blank)
by Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Kneubühler, B. & Valero, P.
[Phasmid Study Group Culture List](_blank)
/ref>
[Bruins, E. (2006). Illustrierte Terrarien Enzyklopädie. Dörfler Verlag, Eggolsheim, p. 77, ISBN 978-3-89555-423-0.]
External links
*
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q893957
Phasmatodea
Phasmatodea of Asia
Insects described in 1859