HMS Punjabi

HMS ''Punjabi'' was a destroyer of the Royal Navy that saw service in the Second World War, being sunk in a collision with the battleship . She has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name " Punjabi" which, in common with the other ships of the Tribal class, was named after various ethnic groups of the world, mainly those of the British Empire.

Description

The Tribals were intended to counter the large destroyers being built abroad and to improve the firepower of the existing destroyer flotillas and were thus significantly larger and more heavily armed than the preceding . The ships displaced at standard load and at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of Lenton, p. 165 and a draught of .English, p. 12 The destroyers were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by three Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of and gave a maximum speed of . During her sea trials ''Punjabi'' made from at a displacement of . The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of at . The ships' complement consisted of 190 officers and ratings, although the flotilla leaders carried an extra 20 officers and men consisting of the Captain (D) and his staff.Whitley, p. 99

The primary armament of the Tribal-class destroyers was eight quick-firing (QF) 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark XII guns in four superfiring twin-gun mounts, one pair each fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. The mounts had a maximum elevation of 40°. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, they carried a single quadruple mount for the QF two-pounder Mk II "pom-pom" gun and two quadruple mounts for the 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) Mark III machine gun. Low-angle fire for the main guns was controlled by the director-control tower (DCT) on the bridge roof that fed data acquired by it and the rangefinder on the Mk II Rangefinder/Director directly aft of the DCT to an analogue mechanical computer, the Mk I Admiralty Fire Control Clock. Anti-aircraft fire for the main guns was controlled by the Rangefinder/Director which sent data to the mechanical Fuze Keeping Clock.

The ships were fitted with a single above-water quadruple mount for torpedoes. The Tribals were not intended as anti-submarine ships, but they were provided with ASDIC, one depth charge rack and two throwers for self-defence, although the throwers were not mounted in all ships; Twenty depth charges was the peacetime allotment, but this increased to 30 during wartime.

Wartime modifications

Heavy losses to German air attack during the Norwegian Campaign demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the Tribals' anti-aircraft suite and the RN decided in May 1940 to replace 'X' mount with two QF Mark XVI dual-purpose guns in a twin-gun mount. To better control the guns, the existing rangefinder/director was modified to accept a Type 285 gunnery radar as they became available. The number of depth charges was increased to 46 early in the war, and still more were added later. To increase the firing arcs of the AA guns, the rear funnel was shortened and the mainmast was reduced to a short pole mast.

Construction and career

Authorized as one of nine Tribal-class destroyers under the 1936 Naval Estimates, ''Punjabi'' has been the first and only ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy. The ship was ordered on 19 June 1936 from Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering and was laid down on 9 June at the company's Greenock shipyard. Launched on 1 October 1936, ''Punjabi'' was commissioned on 29 March 1939 at a cost of £342,005 which excluded weapons and communications outfits furnished by the Admiralty.English, pp. 13, 16

''Punjabi'' was commissioned for service in the 2nd Tribal Destroyer Flotilla in the Home Fleet, which was re-identified at the 6th Destroyer Flotilla in April 1939. While on work-up trials, she was redirected to aid in search and rescue attempts for the submarine , which had sunk in Liverpool Bay. She then rejoined the Home Fleet on exercises.

World War II

On the outbreak of war in September, ''Punjabi'' deployed with the Flotilla for Home Fleet duties including anti-submarine patrols and convoy defence in the North Western Approaches and the North Sea. In October, she made an unsuccessful attempt to salvage a crashed German flying boat. On 2 December, she sustained structural damage to her bows when she collided with the merchant vessel south of Holy Island. She was under repair at Alexander Stephen and Sons' shipyard in Govan from 15 December to late February, when she rejoined the flotilla. She was then based at Scapa Flow on screening and patrol duties.

In April she made a number of deployments with the Home Fleet to search for German warships in the North Sea and off the Norwegian coast. On 8 April, she screened the battleships coming to assist the destroyer , which was under attack by the German cruiser . ''Glowworm'' eventually rammed ''Admiral Hipper'', before sinking. ''Punjabi'' was then deployed off Narvik as a screen for operations during the Second Battle of Narvik. On 13 April, she engaged a number of German destroyers, receiving six hits and being disabled for an hour before she could resume service. She was temporarily repaired at Skelfjord before returning to Devonport Dockyard for more thorough repairs. Her mounting in "X" position was replaced with a twin anti-aircraft mounting.

On returning to active service in June she was based at Plymouth. On 17 June, she took part in the evacuation of allied military and civil personnel from Saint-Nazaire. She returned again on 20 June to evacuate Polish troops. On 9 August, she deployed with other Home Fleet destroyers in escorting the capital ships of Force H from Gibraltar. In September, ''Punjabi'' screened the military convoys for Operation Menace, the attacks on Dakar on their passage through the North Western Approaches. She also escorted the damaged cruiser back to the UK after she had been torpedoed and damaged off the Hebrides. The rest of the year was spent on deployments with the Flotilla. On 23 October, , ''Punjabi'' and shelled and sank the weather ship in the Norwegian Sea off Stadlandet, Norway.

In February 1941, ''Punjabi'' returned to Scapa Flow with the Flotilla, before undergoing a refit at Rosyth in March–April. The work included the fitting of a RAF ASV type radar outfit modified for shipborne use. At the end of May, she was part of the escort for capital ships of the Home Fleet hunting for the German battleship after the sinking of the battlecruiser . On 27 July, she and escorted the cruisers and to assess the potential of using Spitsbergen as a refuelling base for escorts used in the defence of convoys on passage to and from North Russia.

Arctic Ocean

On 1 August, ''Punjabi'' and ''Tartar'' evacuated Norwegian nationals from Bear Island and carried out an offensive sweep off the Norwegian coast before returning to Scapa Flow. On 30 August, ''Punjabi'', and escorted the aircraft carrier and the cruiser during an operation to supply the Soviet Union with Hawker Hurricanes and RAF personnel. She then resumed normal flotilla duties before beginning a refit in December at Hawthorn Leslie and Company's yards at Newcastle upon Tyne. The refit lasted until the end of January 1942 and involved repairing damage to machines and systems due to excess stress when steaming in heavy weather.

In March, she joined other Home Fleet units in providing cover for convoys PQ 12 and the returning QP 8. During these operations, it was believed that the had put to sea to intercept the convoys. ''Punjabi'' was one of the ships tasked with supporting the search for her, but ''Tirpitz'' had in fact returned to port. ''Punjabi'' was detached from the search on 11 March and returned to Scapa Flow after encountering problems with her steering gear. In April, she escorted Convoy PQ 10 back to the UK. On 12 April, she came under attack from , but the attack was unsuccessful. She escorted Convoy PQ 10 to Iceland and was detached from the convoy on its arrival there on 21 April.

Sinking

''Punjabi'' was deployed on 26 April as part of the screen providing distant cover for the passage of Convoy PQ 15. They sailed from Hvalfjörður on 29 April. On 1 May, she was rammed and sunk in a collision with the battleship in foggy conditions. While steaming in formation in heavy fog, the lookout on ''Punjabi'' reported what he believed to be a mine dead ahead; the captain reflexively (and regrettably) ordered a 15-point emergency turn to port; in so doing, she sailed directly into the path of ''King George V'' and was sliced in two by the battleship's bow. 169 of the ship's company were rescued from the forward section, and another 40 were picked up from the sea by other escorts, including . Those crew left in the aft section, which sank very quickly, were killed when her depth charges detonated; 49 of her crew lost their lives in the accident. She sank directly in the path of the US battleship , which had to sail between the halves of the sinking destroyer. ''Washington'' suffered slight damage from the detonation of the depth charges. ''King George V'' sustained serious damage to her bow, and was forced to return to port for repairs. Further investigation revealed no mines in the area, or indeed in any part of the convoy's eventual path. It is unknown what the lookout actually spotted, if anything.

Notes

References

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External links

HMS ''Punjabi''s career

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi
Tribal-class destroyers (1936) of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the River Clyde
1937 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Ships sunk in collisions
Maritime incidents in May 1942