HMS ''Pandora'' was a 24-gun

sixth-rate In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a sixth-rate was the designation for small warships mounting between 20 and 28 carriage-mounted guns on a single deck, sometimes with smaller guns on the upper works and ...

post ship Post ship was a designation used in the Royal Navy during the second half of the 18th century and the Napoleonic Wars to describe a ship of the sixth rate (see rating system of the Royal Navy) that was smaller than a frigate (in practice, carry ...

of the

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...

launched in May 1779. The vessel is best known for its role in hunting down the mutineers in 1790, which remains one of the best-known stories in the history of seafaring. ''Pandora'' was partially successful by capturing 14 of the mutineers, but wrecked on the

Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over over an area of approximately . The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, ...

on the return voyage in 1791. HMS ''Pandora'' is considered to be one of the most significant shipwrecks in the Southern Hemisphere.

Design and construction

''Pandora'' was a 24-gun, 9-pounder, ''Porcupine''-class

. The class was designed by

Surveyor of the Navy The Surveyor of the Navy also known as Department of the Surveyor of the Navy and originally known as Surveyor and Rigger of the Navy was a former principal commissioner and member of both the Navy Board from the inauguration of that body in 15 ...

John Williams John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932)Nylund, Rob (15 November 2022)Classic Connection review ''WBOI'' ("For the second time this year, the Fort Wayne Philharmonic honored American composer, conductor, and arranger John Williams, who wa ...

in 1776; it was a largened version of the ''Sphinx'' class, also designed by Williams. Ten ships of the class were ordered in total, with the first agreed on 25 June. ''Pandora'' was the ninth ship to be ordered, such occurring on 11 February 1778. Contracted out to Adams & Barnard of Grove Street,

Deptford Dockyard Deptford Dockyard was an important naval dockyard and base at Deptford on the River Thames, operated by the Royal Navy from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. It built and maintained warships for 350 years, and many significant events a ...

, she was laid down on 2 March and launched on 17 May 1779 with the following dimensions: along the upper deck and along the

keel The keel is the bottom-most longitudinal structural element on a vessel. On some sailboats, it may have a hydrodynamic and counterbalancing purpose, as well. As the laying down of the keel is the initial step in the construction of a ship, in Br ...

, with a

beam Beam may refer to: Streams of particles or energy *Light beam, or beam of light, a directional projection of light energy **Laser beam *Particle beam, a stream of charged or neutral particles **Charged particle beam, a spatially localized grou ...

of and a depth in the hold of . The ship measured 524

tons burthen Builder's Old Measurement (BOM, bm, OM, and o.m.) is the method used in England from approximately 1650 to 1849 for calculating the cargo capacity of a ship. It is a volumetric measurement of cubic capacity. It estimated the tonnage of a ship bas ...

, having cost £5,716 3s. 10d. to build. The

fitting out Fitting out, or outfitting, is the process in shipbuilding that follows the float-out/launching of a vessel and precedes sea trials. It is the period when all the remaining construction of the ship is completed and readied for delivery to her o ...

process was completed at Deptford on 3 July, costing a further £5,909 13s. 10d. ''Pandora'' had a crew complement of 160. She was armed with twenty-two 9-pounder long guns on her upper deck, which armament was supplemented with two 6-pounder long guns on the

forecastle The forecastle ( ; contracted as fo'c'sle or fo'c's'le) is the upper deck of a sailing ship forward of the foremast, or, historically, the forward part of a ship with the sailors' living quarters. Related to the latter meaning is the phrase " be ...

Early service

''Pandora''s first service was in the Channel during the 1779 threatened invasion by the combined fleets of France and Spain. The ship was deployed in North American waters during the

American War Of Independence The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of t ...

and saw service as a convoy escort between England and Quebec. On 18 July 1780, while under the command of Captain Anthony Parry, ''Pandora'' and captured the American

privateer A privateer is a private person or ship that engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war. Since robbery under arms was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign or deleg ...

''Jack''. Then on 2 September, the two British vessels captured the American privateer ''Terrible''. On 14 January ''Pandora'' captured the

brig A brig is a type of sailing vessel defined by its rig: two masts which are both square rig, square-rigged. Brigs originated in the second half of the 18th century and were a common type of smaller merchant vessel or warship from then until the ...

''Janie''. Then on 11 March she captured the ship ''Mercury''. Two days later ''Pandora'' and were off the Capes of Virginia when they captured the

sloop A sloop is a sailboat with a single mast typically having only one headsail in front of the mast and one mainsail aft of (behind) the mast. Such an arrangement is called a fore-and-aft rig, and can be rigged as a Bermuda rig with triangular sa ...

''Louis'', which had been sailing to Virginia with a cargo of cider and onions. Under Captain John Inglis ''Pandora'' captured more merchant vessels. The first was the brig ''Lively'' on 24 May 1782. More followed: the ship ''Mercury'' and the sloops ''Port Royal'' and ''Superb'' (22 November 1782), the brig ''Nestor'' (3 February 1783), and the ship ''Financier'' (29 March). At the end of the American war the Admiralty placed ''Pandora''

in ordinary ''In ordinary'' is an English phrase with multiple meanings. In relation to the Royal Household, it indicates that a position is a permanent one. In naval matters, vessels "in ordinary" (from the 17th century) are those out of service for repair o ...

(mothballed) in 1783 at Chatham for seven years.

Voyage in search of the ''Bounty''

''Pandora'' was ordered to be brought back into service on 30 June 1790 when war between Great Britain and Spain seemed likely due to the

Nootka Crisis The Nootka Crisis, also known as the Spanish Armament, was an international incident and political dispute between the Nuu-chah-nulth Nation, the Spanish Empire, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the fledgling United States of America triggered b ...

. However, in early August 1790, five months after learning of the mutiny on HMS ''Bounty'', the First Lord of the Admiralty,

John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham General John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham, also 2nd Viscount Pitt and 2nd Baron Chatham, (9 October 1756 – 24 September 1835) was a British soldier and politician. He spent a lengthy period in the cabinet but is best known for commanding the dis ...

, decided to despatch the ship to recover the ''Bounty'', capture the mutineers, and return them to England for trial. ''Pandora'' was refitted with four 18-pounder

carronade A carronade is a short, smoothbore, cast-iron cannon which was used by the Royal Navy. It was first produced by the Carron Company, an ironworks in Falkirk, Scotland, and was used from the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century. Its main func ...

s and her nine-pounder guns were reduced to twenty in number. ''Pandora'' sailed from

the Solent The Solent ( ) is a strait between the Isle of Wight and Great Britain. It is about long and varies in width between , although the Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to ...

on 7 November 1790, commanded by Captain Edward Edwards and manned by a crew of 134 men. With his crew was Thomas Hayward, who had been on the ''Bounty'' at the time of the mutiny, and left with Bligh in the open boat. At Tahiti they were also assisted by John Brown, who had been left on the island by a British merchant ship, ''The Mercury''. Unknown to Edwards, twelve of the mutineers, together with four crew who had stayed loyal to

William Bligh Vice-Admiral William Bligh (9 September 1754 – 7 December 1817) was an officer of the Royal Navy and a colonial administrator. The mutiny on the HMS ''Bounty'' occurred in 1789 when the ship was under his command; after being set adrift i ...

, had by then already elected to return to

Tahiti Tahiti (; Tahitian ; ; previously also known as Otaheite) is the largest island of the Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. It is located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the nearest major landmass is Austr ...

, after a failed attempt to establish a colony (Fort St George) under

Fletcher Christian Fletcher Christian (25 September 1764 – 20 September 1793) was master's mate on board HMS ''Bounty'' during Lieutenant William Bligh's voyage to Tahiti during 1787–1789 for breadfruit plants. In the mutiny on the ''Bounty'', Christian se ...

's leadership on

Tubuai Tubuai or Tupuai is the main island of the Austral Island group, located south of Tahiti. In addition to Tubuai, the group of islands include Rimatara, Rurutu, Raivavae, Rapa and the uninhabited Îles Maria. They are part of the Austral Isla ...

, one of the

Austral Islands The Austral Islands (french: Îles Australes, officially ''Archipel des Australes;'' ty, Tuha'a Pae) are the southernmost group of islands in French Polynesia, an overseas country of the French Republic in the South Pacific. Geographically, ...

. The disaffected men were living in Tahiti as ' beachcombers', many of them having fathered children with local women. Fletcher Christian's group of mutineers and their Polynesian followers had sailed off and eventually established their settlement on the then uncharted

Pitcairn Island Pitcairn Island is the only inhabited island of the Pitcairn Islands, of which many inhabitants are descendants of mutineers of HMS ''Bounty''. Geography The island is of volcanic origin, with a rugged cliff coastline. Unlike many other ...

. By the time of ''Pandora''s arrival, fourteen of the former ''Bounty'' men remained on Tahiti, Charles Churchill having been murdered in a quarrel with Matthew Thompson, who was in turn killed by Polynesians, who considered Churchill their king. ''Pandora'' reached Tahiti on 23 March 1791 via

Cape Horn Cape Horn ( es, Cabo de Hornos, ) is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island. Although not the most southerly point of South America (which are the Diego Ramírez ...

. Three men came out and surrendered to Edwards shortly after ''Pandora''s arrival. These were Joseph Coleman, the ''Bounty''s armourer, and midshipmen

Peter Heywood Peter Heywood (6 June 1772 – 10 February 1831) was a British naval officer who was on board during the mutiny of 28 April 1789. He was later captured in Tahiti, tried and condemned to death as a mutineer, but subsequently pardoned. He ...

and George Stewart. Edwards then dispatched search parties to round up the remainder. Able Seaman Richard Skinner was apprehended the day after ''Pandora''s arrival. By now alerted to Edwards' presence, the other ''Bounty'' men fled to the mountains while James Morrison, Charles Norman and

Thomas Ellison Thomas Rangiwahia Ellison, also known as Tom Ellison or Tamati Erihana (c. 1867 – 2 October 1904) was a New Zealand rugby union player and lawyer. He led the first New Zealand representative rugby team organised by the New Zealand Rugby ...

, tried to reach the ''Pandora'' to surrender in the escape boat they had built. All were eventually captured, and brought back to ''Pandora'' on 29 March. An eighth man, the half blind Michael Byrne, who had been fiddler aboard ''Bounty'', had also come aboard by this time. It was not recorded whether he had been captured or had handed himself in. Edwards conducted further searches over the next week and a half, and on Saturday two more men were brought aboard ''Pandora'', Henry Hilbrant and Thomas McIntosh. The remaining four men, Thomas Burkett, John Millward, John Sumner and William Muspratt, were brought in the following day. These fourteen men were locked up in a makeshift prison cell, measuring , on the ''Pandora''s

quarterdeck The quarterdeck is a raised deck behind the main mast of a sailing ship. Traditionally it was where the captain commanded his vessel and where the ship's colours were kept. This led to its use as the main ceremonial and reception area on bo ...

, which they called "

Pandora's Box Pandora's box is an artifact in Greek mythology connected with the myth of Pandora in Hesiod's c. 700 B.C. poem ''Works and Days''. Hesiod reported that curiosity led her to open a container left in the care of her husband, thus releasing physi ...

". On 8 May 1791, ''Pandora'' left Tahiti and subsequently spent three months visiting islands in the South-West Pacific in search of the ''Bounty'' and the remaining mutineers, without finding any traces of the pirated vessel. During this part of the voyage fourteen crew went missing in two of the ship's boats. Nine of them were on the ''Matavy'', a

schooner A schooner () is a type of sailing vessel defined by its rig: fore-and-aft rigged on all of two or more masts and, in the case of a two-masted schooner, the foremast generally being shorter than the mainmast. A common variant, the topsail schoon ...

built by ''Bounty'' crew members and called by them ''Resolution''. It had been commandeered to serve as a

ship's tender A ship's tender, usually referred to as a tender, is a boat, or a larger ship, used to service or support other boats or ships. This is generally done by transporting people or supplies to and from shore or another ship. A second and distinctl ...

but lost sight of ''Pandora'' near

Tutuila Tutuila is the main island of American Samoa (and its largest), and is part of the archipelago of Samoan Islands. It is the third largest island in the Samoan Islands chain of the Central Pacific. It is located roughly northeast of Brisbane, Au ...

at night. By chance, during their voyage to

Batavia Batavia may refer to: Historical places * Batavia (region), a land inhabited by the Batavian people during the Roman Empire, today part of the Netherlands * Batavia, Dutch East Indies, present-day Jakarta, the former capital of the Dutch East In ...

these nine became the first Europeans to make contact with the people of

Fiji Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists ...

. In the meantime the ''Pandora'' visited

Tokelau Tokelau (; ; known previously as the Union Islands, and, until 1976, known officially as the Tokelau Islands) is a dependent territory of New Zealand in the southern Pacific Ocean. It consists of three tropical coral atolls: Atafu, Nukunonu, a ...

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa; sm, Sāmoa, and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu); two smaller, inhabited islands (Manono Island, Manono an ...

Tonga Tonga (, ; ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga ( to, Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a Polynesian country and archipelago. The country has 171 islands – of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about , scattered over in ...

and

Rotuma Rotuma is a Fijian dependency, consisting of Rotuma Island and nearby islets. The island group is home to a large and unique Polynesian indigenous ethnic group which constitutes a recognisable minority within the population of Fiji, known as " ...

. They also passed

Vanikoro Vanikoro (sometimes wrongly named ''Vanikolo'') is an island in the Santa Cruz group, located to the Southeast of the main Santa Cruz group. It is part of the Temotu Province of the Solomon Islands. The name ''Vanikoro'' is always used as thoug ...

Island, which Edwards named Pitt's Island; but they did not stop to explore the island and investigate obvious signs of habitation. If they had done so, they would very probably have discovered early evidence of the fate of the French Pacific explorer La Perouse's expedition which had disappeared in 1788. From later accounts about their fate it is evident that a substantial number of crew survived the cyclone that wrecked their ships and on Vanikoro's fringing reef.

Wrecked

Heading west, making for the

Torres Strait The Torres Strait (), also known as Zenadh Kes, is a strait between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. It is wide at its narrowest extent. To the south is Cape York Peninsula, the northernmost extremity of the Australian mai ...

, the ship ran aground on 29 August 1791 on the outer

. ''Pandora'' sank the next morning, claiming the lives of 35 men - 31 crew and 4 of the mutineers. The four prisoners lost were George Stewart; John Sumner; Richard Skinner; and Henry Hillbrandt (according to one history they drowned because their hands were still manacled; James Morrison's hands were also manacled but he survived). The remainder of the ship's company (89 crew and 10 prisoners, 7 of whom were released from their cell as the ship sank) assembled on a small treeless sand cay. After two nights on the island they sailed for

Timor Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia, in the north of the Timor Sea. The island is East Timor–Indonesia border, divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia on the western p ...

in four open boats, making a stop on

Muralag The Prince of Wales Island, or Muralag, is an island of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago at the tip of Cape York Peninsula within the Endeavour Strait of Torres Strait in Queensland, Australia. The island is situated approximately north ...

(Prince of Wales Island) in the

seeking fresh water. They arrived in

Kupang Kupang ( id, Kota Kupang, ), formerly known as Koepang, is the capital of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara. At the 2020 C ensus, it had a population of 442,758; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 455,850. It is the largest ci ...

on 16 September 1791 after an arduous voyage across the

Arafura Sea The Arafura Sea (or Arafuru Sea) lies west of the Pacific Ocean, overlying the continental shelf between Australia and Western New Guinea (also called Papua), which is the Indonesian part of the Island of New Guinea. Geography The Arafura Sea is ...

. Sixteen more died after surviving the wreck, many having fallen ill during their sojourn in Batavia. Eventually only 78 of the 134 men who had been on board upon departure returned home. Captain Edwards and his officers were exonerated for the loss of the ''Pandora'' after a

court martial A court-martial or court martial (plural ''courts-martial'' or ''courts martial'', as "martial" is a postpositive adjective) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court. A court-martial is empowered to determine the guilt of memb ...

. No attempt was made by the colonial authorities in

New South Wales ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , es ...

to salvage material from the wreck. The ten surviving prisoners were also tried; the various courts martial held acquitted four of those of mutiny and convicted six, of whom three - Millward, Burkitt and Ellison - were executed on 29 October 1792 on board the

man-of-war The man-of-war (also man-o'-war, or simply man) was a Royal Navy expression for a powerful warship or frigate from the 16th to the 19th century. Although the term never acquired a specific meaning, it was usually reserved for a ship armed wi ...

''Brunswick'' at Portsmouth.

and James Morrison received a

Royal pardon In the English and British tradition, the royal prerogative of mercy is one of the historic royal prerogatives of the British monarch, by which they can grant pardons (informally known as a royal pardon) to convicted persons. The royal preroga ...

, while William Muspratt was acquitted on a

legal technicality The term legal technicality is a casual or colloquial phrase referring to a technical aspect of law. The phrase is not a term of art in the law; it has no exact meaning, nor does it have a legal definition. It implies that strict adherence to the ...

. Descendants of the nine mutineers not discovered by ''Pandora'' still live on Pitcairn Island, the refuge Fletcher Christian founded in January 1790 and where they burnt and scuttled the ''Bounty'' a few weeks after arrival. Their hiding place was not discovered until 1808 when the New England sealer ''Topaz'' (Captain

Mayhew Folger Mayhew Folger (March 9, 1774 – September 1, 1828) was an American whaler who captained the sealing ship ''Topaz'' that rediscovered the Pitcairn Islands in 1808, while one of 's mutineers was still living. Early life and family Mayhew was born ...

) happened on the tiny uncharted island. By then, all of the mutineers – except

John Adams John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Befor ...

(aka Alexander Smith) – were dead, most having died under violent circumstances.

Wreck site: discovery and archaeology

The wreck of the ''Pandora'' is located approximately 5 km north-west of Moulter Cay on the outer Great Barrier Reef, on the edge of the

Coral Sea The Coral Sea () is a marginal sea of the South Pacific off the northeast coast of Australia, and classified as an interim Australian bioregion. The Coral Sea extends down the Australian northeast coast. Most of it is protected by the Fre ...

. It is one of the best preserved shipwrecks in Australian waters. Its discovery was made on 15 November 1977 by independent explorers

Ben Cropp Benjamin Cropp AM (born 19 January 1936) is an Australian documentary filmmaker, conservationist and a former six-time Open Australian spearfishing champion. Formerly a shark hunter, Cropp retired from that trade in 1962 to pursue oceanic do ...

, Steve Domm and

John Heyer John Whitefoord Heyer (14 September 1916 – 19 June 2001) was an Australian documentary filmmaker, who is often described as the father of Australian documentary film.''Oxford companion to Australian film'' (1999) John Heyer spent the majo ...

, an Australian documentary film maker, had predicted the position of the wreck based on his research in the

National Maritime Museum The National Maritime Museum (NMM) is a maritime museum in Greenwich, London. It is part of Royal Museums Greenwich, a network of museums in the Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site. Like other publicly funded national museums in the United ...

, Greenwich. His discovery expedition was launched with the help of Steve Domm, a boat owner and naturalist, and the

Royal Australian Air Force "Through Adversity to the Stars" , colours = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = RAAF Anniversary Commemoration ...

. Using the built-in sensors of the

Royal Australian Air Force "Through Adversity to the Stars" , colours = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = RAAF Anniversary Commemoration ...

P-2V Neptune, the

magnetic anomaly In geophysics, a magnetic anomaly is a local variation in the Earth's magnetic field resulting from variations in the chemistry or magnetism of the rocks. Mapping of variation over an area is valuable in detecting structures obscured by overlying ...

caused by the wreck was detected and flares were laid down near the coordinates predicted by Heyer.

, an Australian television film maker, gained knowledge of Heyer's expedition and decided to launch his own search with the intention of following Heyer by boat; in this way Cropp found the ''Pandora'' wreck just before Heyer's boat did. The wreck was actually sighted by a diver called Ron Bell on Cropp's boat. After the wreck site was located it was immediately declared a protected site under the Australian ''

Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 The ''Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976'' was an Australian Act of Parliament designed to legally protect historic shipwrecks and any relics or artefacts from those wrecks. The Act automatically affects all shipwrecks that meet the "historic" crit ...

'', and in 1978 Cropp and Steve Domm shared the $10,000 reward for finding the wreck. The

Queensland Museum The Queensland Museum is the state museum of Queensland, dedicated to natural history, cultural heritage, science and human achievement. The museum currently operates from its headquarters and general museum in South Brisbane with specialist mu ...

excavated the wreck on nine occasions between 1983 and 1999, according to a research design devised by marine archaeologists at the West Australian and Queensland museums (Gesner, 2016:16). Archaeologists, historians and scholars at the

Museum of Tropical Queensland The Museum of Tropical Queensland (abbreviated MTQ) is a museum of natural history, archaeology and history located in Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It is located in the same complex as the Reef HQ Aquarium. MTQ is a member of the Queens ...

, Townsville, continue to piece together the ''Pandora'' story, using archaeological and extant historical evidence. A large collection of artefacts is on display at the museum. In the course of the nine seasons of excavation during the 1980s and 1990s, the museum's marine archaeological teams established that approximately 30% of the hull is still intact (Gesner, 2000:39ff). The vessel came to rest at a depth of between on a gently sloping sandy bottom, slightly inclined to starboard; consequently more of the starboard side has been preserved than the port side of the hull. Approximately one third of the seabed in which the wreck is buried has been excavated by the Queensland Museum, leaving approximately for any future excavations.

Legacy

A pub in

Restronguet Creek Restronguet Creek is a tidal ria in south Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is a tributary of Carrick Roads, the estuary of the River Fal, and is situated approximately four miles (6.5 km) south of Truro and three miles (5 km) north o ...

Mylor Bridge Mylor Bridge ( kw, Ponsnowyth) is a village in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is in Mylor civil parish at the head of Mylor Creek, about five miles north of Falmouth.Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 204 ''Truro & Falmouth'' Found ...

Cornwall Cornwall (; kw, Kernow ) is a historic county and ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, and is the homeland of the Cornish people. Cornwall is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic ...

, that dates to the 13th century was re-named "The Pandora Inn" in honour of HMS ''Pandora''. An islet in Ducie Atoll, in the Pitcairn Islands, is named after the ship, while another is named after its captain.

Citations

References

Alexander, Caroline (2003) 'Wreck of the Pandora' ''New Yorker'' 4 August Vol.79(21), p.44
*
Campbell, Janet; Gesner, Peter (2000). "Illustrated catalogue of artefacts from the HMS 'Pandora' wrecksite excavations 1977-1995". ''Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Culture'' Volume 2 part 1: 53–159.
* * *
Gesner, Peter (2000) "HMS Pandora project - a report on stage 1: five seasons of excavation" ''Memoirs of the Queensland Museum - Culture'' Volume 2 part 1 pp1-52
* * * * * * *Steptoe, Dayman (1998)''The human skeletal material from HMS Pandora.'' Thesis, University of Queensland, 1998. *

External links

'Pandora's Bounty' ''Wreck Detectives'', BBC

In Pursuit of the Bounty
ideorecording nited States: New Dominion Pictures in association with the Archaeological Institute of America, c1995.
Maritime Archaeology - HMS ''Pandora''

Find Out about .. HMS Pandora. Queensland Museum

'Dead Man Secrets'
log re genealogical research to find DNA matches to identify human skeletal remains found in the wreck
Audio recording
of ship surgeon George Hamilton's eyewitness account ''Voyage Round the World in His Majesty's Frigate Pandora'' a
librivox
* Queensland Museum. ''Expedition leader's Chronicle'' [daily journal entries by expedition leader and team members during field wor

an

/nowiki>] * Museum of Tropical Queensland
HMS Pandora

onversation with Richard Fidler, ABC Radio National, 20 November 2013
DNA recovered from shipwrecked bones
ABC News 27 November 1998
Pandora's_Secrets_[Season_1_Episode_3,_Journeys_to_the_Bottom_of_the_Sea_Series_BBC,_2000
/nowiki>.html" ;"title="eason 1 Episode 3, Journeys to the Bottom of the Sea Series BBC, 2000">Pandora's Secrets [Season 1 Episode 3, Journeys to the Bottom of the Sea Series BBC, 2000
/nowiki>">eason 1 Episode 3, Journeys to the Bottom of the Sea Series BBC, 2000">Pandora's Secrets [Season 1 Episode 3, Journeys to the Bottom of the Sea Series BBC, 2000
/nowiki>
Who was Harry? Q150 Digital Story
[re one of the skeletons found on the wreck of HMS Pandora
State Library of Queensland

HMS Pandora : in the wake of the Bounty
[documentary film] Balgowlah, N.S.W. : David Flatman Productions, 1993. * {{DEFAULTSORT:Pandora (1779) Maritime incidents in 1791 Mutiny on the Bounty Porcupine-class post ships Shipwrecks in the Coral Sea Shipwrecks of the Torres Strait Archaeology of shipwrecks 1779 ships Ships built in Deptford 1791 in Australia Australian Shipwrecks with protected zone