HMS Cerberus (1794)

HMS ''Cerberus'' was a 32-gun fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. She served in the French Revolutionary Wars, French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars in the Channel, the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and even briefly in the Baltic against the Russians. She participated in one boat action that won for her crew a clasp to the Naval General Service Medal (NGSM). She also captured many privateers and merchant vessels. Her biggest battle was the Battle of Lissa (1811), Battle of Lissa, which won for her crew another clasp to the NGSM. She was sold in 1814.

French Revolutionary Wars

''Cerberus'' was launched in September 1794 by Henry Adams, of Bucklers Hard. Her first commander was Captain J. Drew, who took command of her in January 1795 for the Irish station.

On 29 March 1795 she was sailing with HMS Santa Margarita (1779), ''Santa Margarita'' when the two engaged and captured the 18-gun ''Jean Bart'' in the English Channel. The Royal Navy subsequently took the ''Jean Bart'' into service as .

Among the ships that shared in the prize money for the recapture of the ship and ''Jean Bart'' on 28 and 30 March were , , , , , ''Valiant'', , ''Cerberus'' and ''Santa Margarita''.

In July 1796, Cerberus and took the privateer cutter ''Calvados'' (or ''Salvados''). ''Calvados'' carried six guns and ten Swivel gun, swivels, and had a crew of 38 men. She was ten days out of Brest, France, but had not made any captures.

Joined by ''Diana'', ''Cerberus'' and ''Seahorse'' captured the 14-gun privateer ''Indemnité'' on 28 August. ''Indemnité'', of Boulogne, was pierced for 14 guns but carried ten. She had a crew of 68 men.

On 14 September 1796, ''Cerberus'', ''Seahorse'' and captured the Brazilian ship ''Santa Cruz''.

Also in September, ''Cerberus'' captured the French privateer cutter ''Didon''. ''Didon'' was armed with four brass 4-pounder guns, Swivel gun, swivels and small arms. She had a crew of 30 men and was nine days out of Greville, having taken nothing.

''Cerberus'', in company with and ''Diana'', chased the privateer brig ''Franklin'' into the hands of Sir John Borlase Warren's squadron on 1 November. ''Franklin'' carried twelve 9-pounder guns and a crew of 80 men. On 4 November ''Cerberus'' recaptured the ship ''Friendship'', from Cape of Good Hope.

On 5 November, ''Cerberus'' took the privateer cutter ''Hirondelle'' (ex-''Sans Culotte''). ''Hirondelle'' was armed with ten 6-pounder guns of which she had thrown six overboard during the chase, and had a crew of 63 men. The next day ''Cerberus'' recaptured the ''Jackson Junior'', from Jamaica. ''Hirondelle'', ''Franklin'' (or ''Franklyn'') and three privateers that ''Santa Margarita'' and had captured had formed a small squadron that had left Brest, France, Brest to scour the English Channel.

On 11 May 1797, ''Cerberus'' was on her way back to Cork from convoying vessels towards Newfoundland and the West Indies when she captured the French privateer ''Dungerquoise''. ''Dunkerquoise'' had been armed with eighteen 9-pounder guns but had thrown most overboard while ''Cerberus'' chased her. ''Dunquerquoise'' also had a crew of 100 men.

''Cerberus'' was in company with ''Diana'', when ''Diana'' took the cutter ''Neptune'' on 12 September after a nine-hour chase. ''Neptune'' was armed with 12 guns and had a crew of 55 men. She was three days out of Lorient and had taken no prizes.
Five days later, ''Cerberus'' and ''Diana'' recaptured the ''Albion''.

Then on 27 September, ''Cerberus'' brought into Cork the Spanish privateer schooner ''San Noberta''. ''San Norberta'' was armed with four carriage guns plus some Swivel gun, swivels, and had a crew of 42 men. ''Cerberus'' also recaptured the Danish ship ''Graff Bernstorff'', which was carrying a cargo of iron and grain from St. Michael's to Lisbon. ''Cerberus'' shared in the prize money with ''Diana'' and .

''Cerberus'' was on the Irish station when on 12 and 14 November 1797 she captured two French privateers, the and the . Both vessels were pierced for 20 guns, were copper-bottomed, quite new, and fast sailers. ''Epervier'' was armed with sixteen 4-pounder guns and had a crew of 145 men. ''Renard'' carried eighteen 6-pounders and had a crew of 189 men. ''Lloyd's List'' reported ''Cerberus''s capture of two privateers, one of 30 guns and one of 18, and the arrival of both at Cork.''Lloyd's List'', no.297

- Retrieved 31 January 2014. The Royal Navy took both into service, though it never actually commissioned ''Epervier'', which was listed as ''Epervoir''. ''Renard'' retained her name unchanged.

Between these two captures, ''Cerberus'' recaptured the ''Adelphi'', prize to ''Epervier''. ''Adelphi'', Patterson, master, had been sailing from Quebec to London when ''Epervier'' captured her; she too went into Cork.

During this time, ''Cerberus'' also chased the privateer ''Buonaparte'' but failed to capture the French ship after ''Cerberus''s studding sails and top gallant mast were carried away. ''Buonaparte'' was armed with 32 guns and had a crew of 250 men. Apparently, in order to escape ''Cerberus'', ''Buonaparte'' threw many of her guns and stores overboard, necessitating her return to Bordeaux.

On 11 January 1798 Captain Drew, his nephew Lieutenant James Drew, Captain John Pulling and some ten men in ''Cerberus''s pinnace (ship's boat), pinnace drowned in a boat accident in Plymouth. Captain James Macnamara (or M'Namara) replaced Drew.

On 24 October, ''Cerberus'' and ''Diana'' captured ''Duntzfelt''. About seven weeks later, on 10 December ''Cerberus'' recaptured ''General Woolf'' (or ''General Wolff'').

In July 1799 ''Cerberus'' recaptured ''Philanthropist''. On 28 September, ''Cerberus'' captured the French letter of marque ''Echange''. ''Echange'' was pierced for 14 guns but carried only 10. She and her crew of 40 men were six days out of Bordeaux and she was sailing to San Domingo with a cargo of bale goods and wine.

On 8 October ''Cerberus'' captured the French schooner ''Esperance''. Next day, ''Cerberus'' was among the many British ships that shared in the proceeds of the capture of ''Nostra Senora de la Solidad''. Seven days later, and ''Cerberus'' captured ''Purissima Conceptione''.

On 20 October, ''Cerberus'' encountered a Spanish convoy some eight or nine League (unit), leagues off Cape Ortegal. The convoy comprised some 80 vessels escorted by four frigates and two brig-corvettes. At one time or another ''Cerberus'' engaged all the frigates, including firing from both broadsides at the same time. Outnumbered, ''Cerberus'' eventually withdrew, but not before she had captured and set fire to a brig from the convoy. Despite the often close action, ''Cerberus'' suffered only four men wounded.

In July 1800, ''Cerberus'' recaptured ''Active''. On 13 September 1801, ''Cerberus'' sailed for Cowes to take troop from there to Jersey. She then was to proceed to Ireland.

Napoleonic Wars

Captain William Selby took command of ''Cerberus'' in April 1803. On 13 August ''Cerberus''s boats made an attack on Concalle Bay. There they captured a large fishing boat but had to abandon a sloop they had captured after she grounded. At Cas Bay another cutting out party captured seven fishing boats of 16-18 tons burthen each. As the prize crews brought the boats to Guernsey one was upset, drowning two crew men from ''Cerberus''.

On 13 September ''Cerberus'' served as flagship to Admiral Sir James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez, James Saumarez. Saumarez commanded a small squadron comprising the sloops of war French corvette Aurore (1799), ''Charwell'' and , the schooner , the cutter , and the bomb vessels and . The squadron massed for a bombardment of the port of Granville, Manche, Granville where there were some gunboats moored. The squadron bombarded the port several times over the next two days. On 15 September, as ''Cerberus'' was withdrawing, she grounded. For the three hours it took to refloat her nine gunboats harried her, but without effect. When the rest of the squadron, came up they drove the gunboats away. The British retired with no information on what, if anything, the bombardment had achieved.

''Cerberus'' was assigned to operate of the English and French coasts by 1804 and sailed from the Guernsey Roads on the afternoon of 25 January 1804. She passed through the Little Russel and headed towards Cape la Hogue to reach and reconnoiter Cherbourg before nightfall.

As she neared the Cape, lookouts sighted a convoy of four armed vessels sailing eastwards. The vessels then anchored, while the strong tides prevented ''Cerberus'' from closing them. Captain Selby sailed slightly to the south until darkness fell. The enemy force was then sighted sailing around the cape, close in shore. ''Cerberus'' shadowed them until a squall drove them off the land and allowed ''Cerberus'' to engage them.

The British captured the French gun-vessel ''Chameau'', and drove another vessel onto the rocks. The other two French vessels escaped. ''Chameau'' was armed with four long 6-pounders and two swivels. She was under the command of ''ensigne'' Francis Gabiare, and carried a crew of 37 plus 21 armed soldiers. Head money for the unknown vessel was paid in May 1824.

Action against privateers

''Cerberus'' was later involved in another engagement, this time on 2 April 1805 off Madeira. A strange sail was spotted at daylight and ''Cerberus'' gave chase, eventually overhauling and capturing her quarry. The vessel was the privateer brig ''Bonheur'', of 114 tons. She was armed with 14 guns and had a crew of 46 men under the command of Francis Folliott. She had sailed 13 days earlier from Cherbourg but during her cruise she had only managed to make a single capture.

At some point ''Cerberus'' was under the temporary command of Lieutenant Baker while Selby was absent. Baker felt indisposed and went ashore at Guernsey where he died a few hours later.

''Cerberus'' continued to serve in the Atlantic, escorting convoys to the West Indies. On 15 May 1806, while she was escorting one such convoy, dawn revealed a suspicious vessel hovering near the fleet. Selby gave chase and after a six-hour pursuit captured the ''Aimable Theresa''. She was armed with two brass howitzers and had a crew of 18 men. She was carrying a cargo of wine and merchandise, and had left Santiago de Cuba three days previously.

In the West Indies

By December 1806 ''Cerberus'' was in the West Indies, and in company with was reconnoitering the ports of Guadeloupe and Îles des Saintes. They found little of interest, except a 16-gun brig at Îles des Saintes. Selby left ''Circe'', under Captain Pigot to watch her, whilst he took ''Cerberus'' on a cruise.

On 2 January, as ''Cerberus'' was sailing between Martinique and Dominique lookouts sighted a privateer schooner, with a schooner and a sloop standing nearby. The three ships were heading for Saint-Pierre, Martinique, St. Pierre. ''Cerberus'' gave chase, cutting them off from the port and forcing them to anchor close to shore, under cover of a battery near the Pearl Rock.

A cutting out party, under Lieutenants Coote and Bligh was formed, including Mr Hall, master's mate, Mr Sayer, Mr Carlwis and Mr Selby, midshipmen, Mr Collins, boatswain and Messers Horopka and Ratcove, two Russian gentlemen acting as midshipmen. They took ''Cerberus''s boats in under heavy cannon and small arms fire; they boarded the schooner and sloop and brought them out. The privateer schooner escaped in the darkness by using her sweeps. Though the attack was successful, Lieutenant Coote was blinded and a musket ball hit George Sayer in the leg. Two men were killed, and eight more were wounded, one of whom died later. The vessels captured or recaptured may have been a schooner of unknown name and the cutter ''Sally'' for which prize money was paid in September 1809.

''Cerberus'' remained in the West Indies through 1807 and into 1808. In April 1807 she was part of a squadron under the command of Admiral, the Honourable Sir Alexander Cochrane, that captured the ''Telemaco''.

In September and October ''Cerberus'' captured several Danish vessels. On 30 September she captured the schooner ''Sylenus''. On 6 October ''Cerberus'' captured the Danish ship ''Resolution''. assisted at the capture. That same day, ''Cerberus'' and ''Cygnet'' also captured ''Fanny''.

Next day, ''Cerberus'' captured the sloop (or galliot) ''Mary''. On 23 October she captured the schooner ''Johanna Frederica''. The brig assisted at the capture of ''Mary''. On 20 October, , ''Circe'', , ''Cerberus'', ''Cygnet'', , and ''Hart'' shared in the capture of the Danish schooner ''Danske Patriot''. The vessels shared His Majesty's grant for the capture as members of a squadron as on 16 October ''Pert'' had already been lost in a storm.

Then on 31 October ''Cerberus'' captured the schooner ''Nancy''. ''Nancy'' was carrying a cargo of enslaved Senegalese Africans in the waters of the British Virgin Islands.

In December ''Cerberus'' was part of the squadron under Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane that Invasion of the Danish West Indies (1807), captured the Danish islands of Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, St Thomas on 22 December and Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, Santa Cruz on 25 December. The Danes did not resist and the invasion was bloodless.

In early 1808 Captain Selby was the commander of the blockading squadron covering Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe. He realized that the French privateers were using the batteries on Marie-Galante to shelter themselves and their prizes and decided to remedy the situation. He sent Pigot with 200 seamen and marines from ''Cerberus'', ''Circe'', and to capture the island. Pigot landed his force early on 2 March some two miles from Grand Bourg and the garrison duly capitulated. The British also captured a number of cannons and some small arms. In 1825 shared in the prize money with the other three vessels.

''Cerberus'' remained in the area, and on 29 March and in company with Swallow (1779 EIC packet), ''Lilly'', French brig Voltigeur (1804), ''Pelican'', , HMS Swinger (1804), ''Swinger'', and , sailed from Marie-Galante to attack the island of La Désirade. They arrived on 30 March and sent in a landing party of seamen and marines from the vessels of the squadron, all under the overall command of Captain Sherriff of ''Lily''. As the boats approached they exchanged fire with a battery of 9-pounder guns covering the entrance to the harbour. The ships' guns silenced the battery and the French surrendered.

The Baltic

''Cerberus'' then returned to England and was paid off at Deptford later in 1808. Between August and 1808 and March 1809, ''Cerberus'' underwent a substantial repair and fitting at Deptford.

''Cerberus'' was recommissioned in March 1809 under the command of Captain Henry Whitby. She then sailed to the Baltic, where she participated in the Anglo-Russian War (1807-1812), Anglo-Russian War.

Thus on 25 July 17 boats from a British squadron, consisting of ''Cerberus'', , and attacked a flotilla of four enemy gunboats and a brig off Aspö Head near Fredrickshamn (present-day Hamina, Finland), in the Grand Duchy of Finland, Russia. Captain Forrest of ''Prometheus'' commanded the boats and succeeded in capturing gunboats Nos. 62, 65, and 66, and the transport brig No. 11. The action was sanguinary in that the British lost 19 men killed and 51 wounded, and the Russians lost 28 men killed and 59 wounded. Lieutenant Simpson commanded the ''Cerberus''s boats, which had five seamen and two marines wounded in the operation. In 1847 the Admiralty issued the NGSM with clasp "25 July Boat Service 1809" to surviving claimants from the action. ''Cerberus'' then moved to the Mediterranean in 1810.

The day before the boats of the squadron also captured Ruffian schooner ''Waffer''. The Russian transport brig the boats captured on 25 July appears to have been ''Nicholas Murioff''.

The Mediterranean

On 14 June 1810 ''Cerberus'' was cruising in the Mediterranean in company with and . Together, the three British vessels captured three French gun-boats: ''Vincentina'', ''Modanese'', and ''Elvetica'' (or ''Elvetria'').

Then on 28 June 1810 intercepted a convoy from Trieste and chased it into Grado, Italy, Grao. ''Amphion'' and ''Cerberus'' sent a number of boats into the harbour and after a brief struggle, captured the town, taking a number of French soldiers prisoner and discovering 25 vessels in the harbour. Boats from ''Active'' reinforced the shore parties, enabling them repel, at bayonet point, a counterattack by more French troops. On the evening of 29 June, the British sailed five prizes and a number of prisoners out of the harbour and on to Vis (island), Lissa. The British burnt 11 vessels in the river, and 14 or 15 boats after removing their cargoes. The British had four men killed and eight wounded, with five of the wounded being from ''Cerberus''; the French lost 10 men killed and eight men wounded.

Prize taking continued the following year when Captain Whitby discovered four vessels anchored at Pestichi on 4 February 1811. He dispatched a number of barges from ''Cerberus'' and ''Active'' to capture them. The British took three trabaccolos, one the ''Carlo Grimaldi'', and sent them off to Vis (island), Lissa, whilst burning a fourth after removing its cargo to ''Active''. In the action ''Active'' had one seaman badly wounded.

On 12 February boats from ''Cerberus'' and ''Active'' set out to secure a number of vessels spotted moored at Ortano. As the boats attempted this, they came under heavy fire from shore positions but cleared all opposition. A party of marines and small arms men under the command of ''Active''s lieutenant of marines landed to secure the shore to protect the cutting out operation. The carronades on ''Active''s launches also provided cover. British casualties amounted to four men wounded. The British captured 11 Venetian vessels in all, most of which were from Ancona, bound for Corfu. The ones the British didn't burn they sent to Lissa.
*trabaccolo ''Eugenie'', armed with six guns and under the command of a lieutenant;
*transport ''Fortunée'', No. 52, burnt after the transfer of her cargo of corn to another transport;
*transport, name unknown, carrying oil:
*transport, name unknown, No. 2, carrying plank and corn;
*transport ''St. Anongiato'', carrying hemp and cordage;
*transport, name unknown, No. 50, carrying wheat;
*transport, name unknown, No. 55, partly laden with sundries;
*transport ''Anime del Purgatorio'', cargo of rice transferred and vessel burnt;
*transport, name unknown, carrying wheat.
*two transports, names unknown, burnt in the port, together with two magazines of oil, soldiers'
clothing, ammunition and naval stores, including cables, blocks, hawsers, hemp, etc.

On 11 March, ''Cerberus'', along with ''Active'', and ''Amphion'' engaged an enemy force consisting of five frigates, a corvette, a brig, two schooners and a xebec in what became known as the Battle of Lissa (1811), Battle of Lissa. The result was a British victory with the capture of two French ships and the burning of another. However, the British lost 50 men killed and 150 men wounded. ''Cerberus'' alone lost 13 killed and 44 wounded. In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the issuance of the NGSM with clasp "Lissa" to all surviving claimants form the action.

''Cerberus'' came under the command of Captain Robert Clephane in June 1811. Command then passed to Captain Thomas Garth (Royal Navy), Thomas Garth in December.

On 16 June 1812 boats from French frigate Gracieuse (1787), HMS ''Unite'', , and ''Cerberus'' captured three vessels of from eighty to one hundred tons in the small port of Porto Badisco, Badisea, near Otranto. A little over a month later, on 17 July, boats from and ''Cerberus'' captured or destroyed, off Venice, 12 enemy trabaccolos.

On 29 January 1813, boats from ''Cerberus'' captured a trabaccolo of two guns, sailing to Corfu, heavily laden with a cargo of corn and flour. This was probably the ''Madonna della Grazzia'', captured on that day and for which ''Cerberus'' received prize money a little over 25 years later.

Then on 13 March, she took the French galiot ''Veloce'', which was armed with one 18-pounder and which had a crew of 22 men, under the command of ''officier de flottile'' Martinenq. She was sailing with money for the troops at Corfu. Lastly, the boats brought out a large trabaccolo from under a battery near Brindisi.

On 27 February, ''Cerberus'' and ''Achille'' were in company when they captured the brig ''Centauro''.

On 19 March, boats from ''Cerberus'' and destroyed several vessels, a battery and a tower three miles northwest of the port of Monopoli near Bari. Then on 11 April, ''Apollo'' and ''Cerberus'' took Devil's Island, near the north entrance to Corfu, and thereby captured a brig and a trabaccolo bringing in grain. On 14 April the boats chased a vessel into Merlera. They then suffered three men wounded before ''Apollo'' arrived and helped them capture the island. There they found eight vessels with cargoes of flour and grain, but scuttled.

On 17 May boats from ''Apollo'' and ''Cerberus'' took a vessel that ran aground near Brindisi. She was armed with a 9-pounder gun in the bow and a swivel gun. She was sailing from Otranto to Ancona. The next day the boats also brought off a gun from a Martello tower a little further to the south. Then ten days later the boats captured three gunboats at Fano that were protecting a convoy. The gun-boats each had a 9-pounder in their bows and two 4-pounder guns abaft. They were under the command of an Ufficiale di Vascello, carrying troops for Corfu. The British also captured four vessels from the convoy. British losses amounted to two men killed and one wounded.

''Cerberus'' spent much of the first half of 1814 in the Gulf of Venice. However, on 16 January the French frigate ''Uranie'' escaped from Ancona. ''Cerberus'' chased her into Brindisi. She did not pursue her further as Brindisi owed allegiance to the Kingdom of Naples, an English ally. When ''Apollo'' arrived, the French unloaded the powder from ''Uranie'' and set her on fire.

Fate

''Cerberus'' then returned to England. She was lying at Sheerness when the Navy Office offered her for sale on 14 September. She was sold on 29 September 1814 for £2,800.

Notes

Citations

References

* Clowes, Sir W Laird; Clements R Markham, Sir. 1897-1903. ''The Royal Navy; a history from the earliest times to the present''. (London, S. Low).
*
*
*
*

External links

*

History of HMS ''Cerberus''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cerberus (1794)
Frigates of the Royal Navy
1794 ships
Ships built on the Beaulieu River