HMAS Armidale (J240)

HMAS ''Armidale'' (J240), named for the then town of Armidale, New South Wales, was one of 60 ''Bathurst''-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).Royal Australian Navy, ''HMAS Armidale (I)''

Launched in early 1942, and initially assigned to convoy escort duties, ''Armidale'' was transferred to Darwin in October 1942. The corvette was attacked and sunk off Betano Bay (), on the south coast of Portuguese Timor, (now East Timor) by 13 Japanese aircraft on 1 December 1942, while attempting to evacuate Australian and Dutch soldiers and deliver a relief contingent. She was the only ''Bathurst''-class corvette to be lost to enemy action.David Stevens et al., 2001, ''The Royal Australian Navy'', opposite p. 112

Design and construction

In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate.Stevens, ''The Australian Corvettes'', p. 1Stevens, ''A Critical Vulnerability'', p. 103 The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least , and a range of Stevens, ''A Critical Vulnerability'', pp. 103–4 The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a top speed, and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to be fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels. Construction of the prototype did not go ahead, but the plans were retained.Stevens, ''A Critical Vulnerability'', p. 104 The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the "Australian Minesweepers" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as "corvettes") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 (including ''Armidale'') ordered by the RAN, 20 ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy.Donohue, ''From Empire Defence to the Long Haul'', p. 29Stevens et al., ''The Royal Australian Navy'', p. 108

''Armidale'' was laid down by Morts Dock & Engineering Co in Sydney on 1 September 1941. As the ship was built in a dock, she was floated on 24 January 1942, with the ceremony officiated by Reverend A. G. Rix. ''Armidale'' was commissioned on 11 June 1942.

Operational history

Following commissioning, ''Armidale''s primary role was the escort of convoys along the Australian coast and from Australia to New Guinea. In October 1942, ''Armidale'' was reassigned to the 24th Minesweeping Flotilla, operating out of Darwin.

Betano Bay

In late November 1942, the RAN was called on to evacuate the commandos of the 2/2nd Independent Company (an evacuation attempt in September failed when the destroyer grounded, then was destroyed by Japanese aircraft), a contingent of Dutch troops, and over 100 Portuguese civilians, while delivering a relief contingent of Royal Netherlands East Indies Army and Australian soldiers.Feuer, ''Heroic stand of HMAS Armidale'', p.50 ''Armidale'', sister ship , and the auxiliary patrol boat were assigned to the operation by Commodore Cuthbert Pope, Naval Officer in Charge Darwin, with ''Castlemaine'' the commanding ship. The plan was for ''Kuru'' to reach Betano Bay early on the night of 30 November, offload supplies, and take on the civilians. The two corvettes were to arrive two hours later; ''Kuru'' would deliver her passengers to ''Castlemaine'', which was to head for Darwin at first opportunity, then shuttle relief troops aboard ''Armidale'' to shore while evacuating the soldiers.

The corvettes sailed from Darwin at midday on 29 November, leaving just as Japanese aircraft flew over the harbour. At 09:00 on 30 November, the two ships were located by a Japanese reconnaissance plane, but were unable to shoot it down. Because of the likelihood of attack during the day and the distance from the destination, the ships radioed Darwin and suggested that the mission be aborted, but Pope instructed they were to continue after steering away from their intended destination for an hour, and promised fighter support. ''Armidale'' and ''Castlemaine'' were attacked at midday by 14 Japanese bombers, but these were driven off by a force of Bristol Beaufighters, which then returned to Australia. Another attack came at 14:00, but neither side was able to do damage. Delays from the evasive course and two air attacks meant the corvettes reached Betano Bay after 02:30 on 1 December, with no sign of ''Kuru'', and retreated to sea. ''Kuru'' was sighted at daybreak – assuming the corvettes were not coming, her commander chose to sail for Darwin with the civilians – and the civilians were transferred to ''Castlemaine''. Although as senior ship, ''Castlemaine''s commanding officer felt he should return to Betano Bay with the soldiers, the troops were aboard the other corvette, and at 11:00 he ordered (with Commodore Pope's approval) ''Armidale'' and ''Kuru'' to return by separate routes and attempt the operation again that night.

Loss

At 13:00, five approaching Japanese dive-bombers were sighted by ''Armidale''. Two aircraft were damaged by the corvette's guns, while the other three missed while attempting to evade fire. A second air attack occurred at 14:00; five Zero fighters distracted the corvette's weapons while nine torpedo bombers made attack runs. At one point, a late-released torpedo passed over the bridge before hitting the water. At 15:10, the ship was hit in the port side by two torpedoes in quick succession: the first into the mess deck, killing many of the soldiers there, the second into the engine room.

As the soldiers and sailors began to evacuate into the water, the Zeroes stopped attacking the sinking corvette and began strafing runs on those in the water. Ordinary Seaman Edward "Teddy" Sheean, who had been wounded in the initial attack, strapped himself into one of ''Armidale''s 20 mm Oerlikons and opened fire on the aircraft.Straczek, ''Ordinary Seaman Edward Sheean'' Sheean forced one Zero to crash into the sea and damaged at least two others; continuing to fire until he went down with ''Armidale''. In 2020, he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia for his actions. Low on fuel, the Japanese aircraft headed for home. The survivors found that the ship’s two boats survived the sinking, and were able to fashion a raft from debris.

The survivors remained together until midday on 2 December, when one of the boats, with the commanding officer aboard, set out for Darwin in an effort to find rescuers. At 10:15 on 5 December, they were spotted by a reconnaissance aircraft, and the 22 aboard were rescued by . On learning that more men were still at sea, an air search was organised, and the auxiliary patrol boat was to stand by off Melville Island. That same day, the other boat, with 29 aboard, headed for Darwin, leaving the raft, with 49 aboard, behind. At 16:00 on 8 December, a PBY Catalina flying boat sighted the raft, now with about 20 aboard, and the second boat. The aircraft was unable to land to assist either group of survivors because of rough seas, but directed ''Kalgoorlie'' to the boat. However, the raft could not be located again, and the search effort was called off on 13 December. 40 personnel from ''Armidale'' and 60 embarked men of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army were killed.

Aftermath

Following this attack, the Royal Australian Navy changed policy to prevent minimally armed vessels like the ''Bathurst''-class corvettes travelling into areas of heavy enemy presence while attempting to perform tasks similar to ''Armidale''.Walker, ''HMAS Armidale'', p.

Memorial

A memorial plaque is dedicated to HMAS ''Armidale'' and her Tasmanian RAN personnel at the Tasmanian Seafarers' Memorial at Triabunna on the east coast of Tasmania.

The plaque contains the following text:

Citations

References

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Further reading

* – 2nd edition of ''HMAS Armidale: the ship that had to die'', published to coincide with the launch of the patrol boat .
* – Book authored by a survivor of the sinking

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Armidale
Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built in New South Wales
1942 ships
World War II corvettes of Australia
Corvettes sunk by aircraft
Ships sunk by Japanese aircraft
World War II shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean
Maritime incidents in December 1942