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Gustave Henri Ange Hippolyte Rolin-Jaequemyns (31 January 1835 – 9 January 1902) was a Belgian lawyer, diplomat and Minister of the Interior (1878–1884) as a member of the Unitarian Liberal Party. Together with the Swiss jurist
Gustave Moynier Gustave Moynier (21 September 1826 – 21 August 1910) was a Swiss Jurist who was active in many charitable organizations in Geneva. He was a co-founder of the "International Committee for Relief to the Wounded", which became the International Com ...
, he founded the Institut de Droit International and became its first ''Honorary President''. Even though his personal convictions were deeply religious, he is considered
anticlerical Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historical anti-clericalism has mainly been opposed to the influence of Roman Catholicism. Anti-clericalism is related to secularism, which seeks to ...
because of his staunch defence of the separation of church and state. Serving as an advisor to
King Rama V Chulalongkorn ( th, จุฬาลงกรณ์, 20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910) was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, titled Rama V. He was known to the Siamese of his time as ''Phra Phuttha Chao Luang'' (พร� ...
of Thailand, he played a crucial role in the reformation of that country to modern western standards and was awarded the title '' Chow Phya Abhai Raja'', the highest distinction ever granted to a foreigner. Rolin-Jaequemyns' reputation as an expert on international law was widely recognized. He played an important role in codifying the laws of war. He became a member of several national academies, for example 1870 in Montreal, 1872 in Madrid, in 1874 in Belgium and 1881 in Constantinople. In 1877, the University of Edinburgh granted him the title of ''
Doctor Honoris Causa An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements. It is also known by the Latin phrases ''honoris causa'' ("for the sake of the honour") or ''ad hono ...
'', and later he received the same distinction from the universities of
Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge becam ...
, Oxford and
Brussels Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...
. In 1889 King Leopold II of Belgium appointed him member of the High Council for the independent state of the
Congo Free State ''(Work and Progress) , national_anthem = Vers l'avenir , capital = Vivi Boma , currency = Congo Free State franc , religion = Catholicism (''de facto'') , leader1 = Leopo ...
.


Childhood and Youth

Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns was the eldest of 15 children in the marriage between Hippolyte Rolin and Angélique Hellebaut. His father had graduated with distinction from the University of Leuven (French: ''Louvain''), after which he was sworn in as solicitor and travelled to Berlin where he followed classes by von Savigny and Hegel. In 1830, at the start of the
Belgian Revolution The Belgian Revolution (, ) was the conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces (mainly the former Southern Netherlands) from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium. Th ...
, he travelled to Courtrai and was elected into the ''National Assembly''. Later (1848), he was elected into the
Belgian Chamber of People's Representatives The Chamber of Representatives (Dutch: , french: link=no, Chambre des représentants, german: link=no, Abgeordnetenkammer) is one of the two chambers in the bicameral Federal Parliament of Belgium, the other being the Senate. It is considered ...
and held the office of ''Minister of Public Works''. Rolin excelled in the Gymnasium of Ghent and his musical skills quickly became apparent. At age 16 he travelled to the United Kingdom and thence to Paris, where he received a first prize at the Lycée Charlemagne. He then returned home and studied law at the University of Ghent. After graduating, he followed his father's example and went to Berlin for further studies. In 1860, when he was 25 years old, he was offered the chair of modern
political history Political history is the narrative and survey of political events, ideas, movements, organs of government, voters, parties and leaders. It is closely related to other fields of history, including diplomatic history, constitutional history, social ...
, but declined to help his father in his law firm. In 1859, he married Emilie Jaequemyns and henceforth used the name "Rolin-Jaequemyns". Her father, an Orangist who favoured the unification of Belgium and the Netherlands, was indicted for his political views and Hippolyte defended him. Emilie was the daughter of a notable and wealthy family, and Gustave could focus on his studies of social and judicial matters.


International Law

During one of the congresses of the ''Association Internationale pour le Progrès des Sciènces Sociales'' ("International Association for the Progress of Social Sciences"), which he himself founded, he met the Dutchman
Tobias Asser Tobias Michael Carel Asser (; 28 April 1838 – 29 July 1913) was a Dutch lawyer and legal scholar. In 1911, he won the Nobel Peace Prize (together with Alfred Fried) for his work in the field of private international law, and in particular fo ...
and the Englishman John Westlake and the trio decided to establish the ''Revue de Droit International et de Législation Comparée'' ("Review of International Law and Comparative Legislation"), a periodical dedicated to comparative law studies, the first academic journal in history devoted to
international law International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognized as binding between states. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for ...
. The first issue, edited by Rolin-Jaequemyns and with contributions from many noted scholars, appeared in late 1868. After the bloody Franco-German war of 1870-71, during which the
Geneva Convention upright=1.15, Original document in single pages, 1864 The Geneva Conventions are four treaties, and three additional protocols, that establish international legal standards for humanitarian treatment in war. The singular term ''Geneva Conve ...
of 1863 was largely ignored by both sides, Rolin-Jaequemyns received letters written independently by Francis Lieber and
Gustave Moynier Gustave Moynier (21 September 1826 – 21 August 1910) was a Swiss Jurist who was active in many charitable organizations in Geneva. He was a co-founder of the "International Committee for Relief to the Wounded", which became the International Com ...
urging the founding of an international organisation to promote the international rule of law. He was in an excellent position to contact many experts in the field, and consultations led to the founding of the '' Institut de Droit International'' in the townhall of Ghent on 8 September 1873. The institute, which exists today, was the first permanent body of legal experts on international law. Its members laid the foundation of significant parts of modern international law. In 1904, two years after Rolin-Jaequemyns died, the institute received the Nobel Peace Prize.


Political climate of Belgium (1848-1884)

Since the revolution year of 1848, the liberal faction was dominant in Belgian politics. There were
Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
cabinets, but these, generally, adopted the liberal agenda of '' Laissez faire, laissez passer''. According to this view, the free interchange of goods and services and personal freedom should not be restricted by interventions of the state, even though this principle was relaxed somewhat in times of crisis. It's not justified, however, to see the Belgian liberalism only as an exponent of the bourgeoisie intent on extending their wealth and influence. Part of this ideology was also a cultural ideal: to liberate the individual from the dogmatic fetters imposed by the
clergy Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the ter ...
and promote personal development through the promotion of liberal arts. In the case of Rolin-Jaequemyns, this was expressed in his chairmanship of the ''Van Crombrugghe Genootschap'', a Flemish cultural society founded by teachers and students of the municipal school in Ghent to "praise major Van Crombrugghe, who had done so much good for the municipal schools of Ghent". From 1850 onward, the controversy between the Catholic Party and the liberals deepened. On the Roman Catholic side, the ultramontanists became the dominant faction, partly under influence of the
papal The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
Encyclical '' Quanta cura'' (1864) and especially the attached ''
Syllabus Errorum The ''Syllabus of Errors'' ( la, Syllabus Errorum) is a document issued by the Holy See under Pope Pius IX on 8 December 1864, as an appendix to the encyclical. It condemns a total of 80 errors or heresies, articulating Catholic Church teachi ...
'' in which the modern liberties were sharply condemned. On the liberal side, mostly in circles of
freemasons Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 13th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities ...
and the Université Libre de Bruxelles, the principle of "Free Research" (''Vrij Onderzoek'') gained influence, which, as it was interpreted there and then, was incompatible with catholic orthodoxy. This sharpened the anti-clerical sentiment among liberals which evolved into a militant anti-Catholicism. The complete secularisation of Belgian society became the liberals' prime objective. In order to achieve this aim, they were forced to interventions of the state, since social life was completely dominated by Roman Catholic organisations. The main battleground, however, was the field of education and the academic freedom of Belgian universities, where
rationalism In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification".Lacey, A.R. (1996), ''A Dictionary of Philosophy'' ...
and scientific
positivism Positivism is an empiricist philosophical theory that holds that all genuine knowledge is either true by definition or positive—meaning ''a posteriori'' facts derived by reason and logic from sensory experience.John J. Macionis, Linda M. G ...
were gaining ground. First blows were exchanged over a parochial letter written by Mgr. L. Delebecque, Bishop of
Bruges Bruges ( , nl, Brugge ) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country, and the sixth-largest city of the country by population. The area of the whole city a ...
, in which he accused Prof. Wagener of "blasphemous" and "heretical" teachings and strongly condemned the University of Ghent. The letter was read in all churches in his diocese on Sunday 14 September 1856 and was followed by a similar action by the Bishop of
Bruges Bruges ( , nl, Brugge ) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country, and the sixth-largest city of the country by population. The area of the whole city a ...
, Mgr. J.B. Malou. The situation came to a head with the affair Laurent-Brasseur, two professors from Ghent who had, in the view of the clergy, made ''
ex cathedra Papal infallibility is a dogma of the Catholic Church which states that, in virtue of the promise of Jesus to Peter, the Pope when he speaks '' ex cathedra'' is preserved from the possibility of error on doctrine "initially given to the apos ...
'' statements contradicting the official teachings of the Church. The Church had, by means of the ''Convention of
Antwerp Antwerp (; nl, Antwerpen ; french: Anvers ; es, Amberes) is the largest city in Belgium by area at and the capital of Antwerp Province in the Flemish Region. With a population of 520,504,
'', gained a solid influence in academic matters and used it. This affair brought to light the deep divisions between liberals and Catholics and the country was divided into two camps: a ''clerical'' one and an ''anti-clerical'' one who battled each other in every way possible.


School Struggle

After the liberal victory in the elections of 1878, Rolin-Jaequemyns accepted the post of
Minister for the Interior Minister may refer to: * Minister (Christianity), a Christian cleric ** Minister (Catholic Church) * Minister (government), a member of government who heads a ministry (government department) ** Minister without portfolio, a member of government w ...
in the cabinet of the ''"papenvreter"'' ("catholic-muncher")
Walthère Frère-Orban Hubert Joseph Walthère Frère-Orban (24 April 1812 – 2 January 1896) was a Belgian liberal statesman. Early life He was born at Liège, received his education at home and in Paris, and began the practice of law in his native town. He identif ...
who unleashed the "School Struggle" (''Schoolstrijd''). This was a direct consequence of a law intended to break once and for all the influence of the Roman Catholic Church over the Belgian schooling system. However, the cabinet had greatly underestimated catholic resistance. Catholic schools sprang up everywhere and a battle, fought with a fanaticism that would reverberate through Belgian society for decades to come, raged for every teacher and every pupil. Belgium seemed to be on the brink of
civil war A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policie ...
. The liberals lost. Their initiative had united the Catholics and the network of schools founded in this period rapidly overreached the municipal schools. The ''ecoles laïque'' emptied and the liberals suffered a major loss in 1884. Rolin-Jaequemyns, who had played a major role in this cabinet, was
excommunicated Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to end or at least regulate the communion of a member of a congregation with other members of the religious institution who are in normal communion with each other. The purpose ...
with the rest of the cabinet-members, though this was later revoked due to the intervention of his brother Edouard. With this defeat, the political career of Rolin-Jaequemyns was over and he could focus once more on the ''Institut'' and the ''Revue''.


Congo

From the mid-1870s Rolin-Jaequemyns, like many other members of the ''Institut de Droit International'', occupied himself with the Belgian colonial aspirations in Congo. He applauded the founding of the ''Association Internationale Africain'' in 1876 by King Leopold II and especially its scientific and philanthropic goals, even though its main mission was strictly colonial. However, he did point out that colonisation by private enterprises would not give any guarantees for a fair treatment of the native population or an effective protection of the colonists. The member of the institute saw the
Congo Conference The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, also known as the Congo Conference (, ) or West Africa Conference (, ), regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence ...
in 1884 as a good opportunity to set clear standards for the establishments of colonial governments. The outcome of the conference on this point was greeted favourably by Rolin-Jaequemyns and other members of the institute but soon turned out to be of little practical value. Four years later Rolin-Jaequemyns was appointed member of the ''Conseil Supérieur'' for the Congo Free State, which had been created by Leopold II as a reaction to the rising criticism of the Belgian conduct. Like almost all members of the institute, Rolin-Jaequemyns refrained from any critical remarks when the details of atrocities in the Congo Free State became known. On the other hand, he did not try to defend Leopold's colonial politics, as other Belgian jurists, such as Félicien Cattier, Ernest Nys, and Edouard Descamps, had done.


Siam


Cairo

After his brother lost the family fortune with rash investments, Gustave needed to earn a living. Rather than accept a position with the Belgian government to which he was opposed, he chose to travel to Egypt with the expectation of being appointed Attorney-General. However, before the appointment could be finalized, the Khedive died. Meanwhile, he became a member of the ''high society'' and proved, to the joy of his hosts, a gifted musician. During a lunch hosted by the British ambassador in December 1891, he met Prince Damrong of Siam, who had gone to Europe to search for a General Advisor for his half-brother King
Chulalongkorn Chulalongkorn ( th, จุฬาลงกรณ์, 20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910) was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, titled Rama V. He was known to the Siamese of his time as ''Phra Phuttha Chao Luang'' (พร� ...
( Rama V). Following a hasty correspondence with Bangkok, the prince was able to offer Rolin-Jaequemyns an annual salary of £3000. Despite the opposition of his wife and his own poor health, he accepted. The Siam offer was his opportunity "to realize his dream to put into practice his principles of law and to ensure that respect for international law enabled a small, threatened country to resist the major powers." Rolin-Jaequemyns' contract specified two functions. First he was to assist the Siamese government to modernize and codify the country's body of laws; and second, he was to serve as an advisor concerning foreign affairs. His position held no formal power. In his words, the position of General Advisor has "no means to enforce his advice except by persuasion. Of course he cannot pretend to persuade always nor all at once, and he has to get accustomed to a perfect practice of patience." Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns arrived in Bangkok on 27 September 1892. Aside from periodic trips to Europe, he stayed until April 1901 when his health could no longer tolerate the climate.


Situation in Siam

Siam was being pressured by the
colonial powers Colonialism is a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas, often by establishing colony, colonies and generally with the aim of economic dominance. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may impose the ...
to open up and modernize the country for trade. In 1855 Chulalongkorn's father King
Mongkut Mongkut ( th, มงกุฏ; 18 October 18041 October 1868) was the fourth monarch of Siam (Thailand) under the House of Chakri, titled Rama IV. He ruled from 1851 to 1868. His full title in Thai was ''Phra Bat Somdet Phra Menthora Ramathibo ...
(Rama IV) agreed to a one-sided treaty with Britain. The
Bowring Treaty The Bowring Treaty was a treaty signed between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Siam on 18 April 1855. The treaty had the primary effect of liberalizing foreign trade in Siam, and was signed by five Siamese plenipotentiaries (among them W ...
(1) limited duties on imported goods to 3%; (2) eliminated all restrictions on British traders buying and selling goods; and (3) provided extraterritorial rights to subjects of the foreign powers such that if they broke any Thai law they would be tried in courts of their own country's legation. The first condition severely limited the government's ability to undertake major development projects. (By contrast the French colonial government in Saigon charged 10% duties.) The second condition eliminated the monopolies by which the Royal household and noble families financed themselves. The third condition enormously complicated administration of the country as many people claimed ties to colonies elsewhere as a means to escape justice or avoid corvee labour obligations. Having granted these privileges to one country, King Mongkut then signed similar treaties with all its other trading partners. Thus he preserved the peace among them and limited the influence of any one foreign power within his kingdom. These arrangements satisfied most of the imperial nations' immediate requirements. The French, however, were particularly aggressive. Having already taken possession of
French Indochina French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, ...
(present-day Vietnam) and much of Cambodia and Laos, they seemed to try to transform Siam into a protectorate. Rolin-Jaequemyns wrote that he was "convinced that this is a systematic campaign undertaken by colonial authorities of Annam and Cambodia destined to veil the little success as well as to justify the enormous costs of their interior administration." On 13 July 1893, three French gunships forced their way up the
Chao Phraya River The Chao Phraya ( or ; th, แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา, , or ) is the major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial plain forming the centre of the country. It flows through Bangkok and then into the Gulf of Thailand. Et ...
to
Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populatio ...
. Siamese fired on them from their land battery to which the French responded with devastating effect. The so-called
Paknam Incident The Paknam Incident was a military engagement fought during the Franco-Siamese War in July 1893. While sailing off Paknam on Siam's Chao Phraya River, three French ships violated Siamese territory and a Siamese fort and a force of gunboats fired ...
was part of the
Franco-Siamese War The Franco-Siamese War of 1893, known in Thailand as Incident of R.S. 112 ( th, วิกฤตการณ์ ร.ศ. 112, , ) was a conflict between the French Third Republic and the Kingdom of Siam. Auguste Pavie, French vice consul in Lu ...
of 1893, after which the Siamese agreed to cede Laos to France. Rolin-Jaequemyns played a major role in the negotiations by using his contacts in the top echelons of European society to negotiate directly with the
French President The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (french: Président de la République française), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency is ...
and
British Prime Minister The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern p ...
, thus subverting the self-interested colonial officials. These negotiations dragged on for 15 years. In 1906, Siam ceded Siam Nakhon Province in Cambodian territory to French Indochina; and in the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, relinquished claims to Kedah,
Kelantan Kelantan (; Jawi: ; Kelantanese Malay: ''Klate'') is a state in Malaysia. The capital is Kota Bharu and royal seat is Kubang Kerian. The honorific name of the state is ''Darul Naim'' (Jawi: ; "The Blissful Abode"). Kelantan is located in th ...
,
Perlis Perlis, ( Northern Malay: ''Peghelih''), also known by its honorific title Perlis Indera Kayangan, is the smallest state in Malaysia by area and population. Located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, it borders the Thai provinces ...
, and
Terengganu Terengganu (; Terengganu Malay: ''Tranung'', Jawi: ), formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, ''Dāru l- Īmān'' ("Abode of Faith"). ...
in Upper Malaya. Siam lost large sections of her territory, but retained her independence.


Reforms

King Chulalongkorn understood that his kingdom could survive only by modernizing its judicial, administrative and military capacity and thus offer the colonial powers sufficient incentives and deterrents to respect its sovereignty. Since 1860, a handful of foreign advisers had been recruited to fill senior positions to guide the modernization process. Following the Paknam Incident their numbers rose within four years to 58 British, 22 Germans, 22 Danes, 9 Belgians, 8 Italians and 20 others. As "General Advisor" Rolin-Jaequemyns had the closest relationship to the king. Rolin-Jaequemyns learned the Thai language and had large sections of the existing body of laws translated. In 1895, he wrote to the president of the International Association for Comparative Legal Studies that the material proved highly interesting and was an indispensable preparation for the reform. It would be wrong, he wrote, to simply to transplant western statutes. Instead one should strive to preserve the traits of the traditional law, (which in the case of Siam was based on the Dharmasastra, a
buddhist Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...
system) while bringing them up-to-date with modern requirements. With the help of expatriate advisers and the support of European-educated princes, the King managed to separate his personal fortune from the state treasury and create a bureaucracy to replace a government structure which had its roots in the 15th century. As General Advisor, Rolin-Jaequemyns had a role in most of these initiatives especially the foundation of Siam's first Law school. His statue now stands on the campus of the Law Faculty of Thammasat University in
Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populatio ...
.


''Chao Phya Abhai Raja Rolin-Jaequemyns'', his legacy

His achievements for Siam were formally recognized by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) when he elevated Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns to the rank of '' Chao Phya'', the highest non-royal rank in Siamese hierarchy. His full title was ''Chao Phya Abhai Raja Siammanukulkij'' (เจ้าพระยาอภัยราชาสยามานุกูลกิจ; ). The non-heredity title ''Chao Phya Abhai Raja'' was normally reserved for provincial governors and cabinet ministers. Both in Belgium as in Thailand, he is seen as a great man. The Thai honour him as the man who prevented Thailand from becoming a colony, the Belgians voted him to place 373 of the list of "Greatest Belgians Ever" and (in academic circles) see him as one of the giants of the legal profession. But his biggest achievement is his role in the founding of the ''Institut de Droit International''. Its members and Rolin-Jaequemyns used their reputation, their knowledge and their practical experience to lay the foundation of modern international law and the International Court of Justice in which disputes amongst nations are now settled peacefully.


Published work

The work published by Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns mainly consists of political and legal essays about issues of relevance for the politics of Belgium and topics related to international law, as well as travel accounts and diary-like records about his time in Thailand. Some of these publications are: * ''Des partis et de leur situation actuelle en Belgique.'' Brussels 1864 * ''De la réforme électorale.'' Brussels 1865 * ''Note sur la théorie du droit d'intervention.'' In: ''Revue de Droit Internationale et de Législation Comparée.'' 8/1876, S. 673-682 * ''L'Arménie, les Arméniens et les traités.'' In: ''Revue de Droit Internationale et de Législation Comparée.'' 19/1887, S. 284-325 und 21/1889, S. 291-353; Reprint in English by John Heywood: ''Armenia, the Armenians and the Treaties.'' London 1891 * ''Mémoire sur quelques questions se rapportant aux relations entre le Siam et la France sous les traités existents.'' Co-operative Printing Society Limited, London 1896


See also

*
Edward Henry Strobel Edward Henry Strobel (December 7, 1855 – January 15, 1908) was a United States diplomat and a scholar in international law. Strobel was born in Charleston, South Carolina on December 7, 1855. He was educated at Harvard College and at Harvard La ...
— The first American Adviser in Foreign Affairs to King Chulalongkorn, Rolin-Jaequemyns successor


Notes

# Both the Dutch form "Gustaaf" and French spelled "Gustave" are widely used, sometimes appearing in a same document. "Gustave" seems to be the official spelling, e.g. according to the ''letter of mourning'' that unlike most French language sources spelled "Chow Phya"; few English sources nevertheless also show this spelling of his title. # Prof. Dr. Jacques H. Herbots merely states 17 children, while the GeneaNet site names 15 with years of birth and death. # ''Nationalism, universalism, empire: International Law in 1871 and 1919'', Martti Koskenniemi. # ''Literair Gent'' ("Literary Ghent") # Introduction by Baron Edouard Rolin-Jaequemyns to Walter J.Tipps 1996 page xii # Tipps 1996 page 9 # Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns in a letter to Westlake dated 28 November 1892 quoted by Tipps 1996 page 22 # Documentation on the
Paknam Incident The Paknam Incident was a military engagement fought during the Franco-Siamese War in July 1893. While sailing off Paknam on Siam's Chao Phraya River, three French ships violated Siamese territory and a Siamese fort and a force of gunboats fired ...
# Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit "A History of Thailand" 2005 page 68 # Final result of the nomination-phase of the "Greatest Belgian Ever". # For instance in the speech of Prof. Dr. Herbots below. # Martti Koskenniemi. ''Journal of International Law and Politics''. # Insii Thai House


References


Sources

:* Speech by Prof. Dr. J. Herbots about Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns
law.kuleuven.ac.be
:* ''Beknopte geschiedenis van de Liberale Partij'', Prof. dr. Marcel Bots, 1989,

:* ''Schets eener geschiedenis der Vlaamsche Beweging'', Paul Fredericq, Ghent, 1908
dbnl.org
:* ''De Heilige Stoel en de zaal Laurent-Brasseur (1856) '', Dr. E. Lamberts, Belgisch tijdschrift voor nieuwste geschiedenis, 2 (1970) 83-111
flwi.ugent.be
(PDF) :* Biography of
Tobias Asser Tobias Michael Carel Asser (; 28 April 1838 – 29 July 1913) was a Dutch lawyer and legal scholar. In 1911, he won the Nobel Peace Prize (together with Alfred Fried) for his work in the field of private international law, and in particular fo ...
br>inghist.nl
:* ''British Financial Advisers in Siam in the Reign of King Chulalongkorn'', Ian Brown, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (1978), pp. 193-21
Jstor.org
:* Website of the Rolin-family about Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyn
rolin.org
:* "Letter of mourning" o
ars-moriendi.be


Further reading

* ''Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns (Chao Phraya Aphai Raja) and the Belgian Advisers in Siam (1892–1902) : An Overview of Little-Known Documents Concerning the Chakri Reformation Era.'' Walter E.J. Tips, Published by the author himself, Bangkok 1992, * ''Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns and the Making of modern Siam: The Diaries and Letters of King Chulalongkorn's General Adviser.'', Walter E.J. Tips, White Lotus Press, Bangkok 1996, * ''Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns and the Establishment of the Institut de droit international (1873).'', Martti Koskenniemi, In: ''Revue belge de droit international.'' 37 (1)/2004. Centre de Droit International de l'Institut de Sociologie de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles et du Centre de Droit International de l'Université Catholique de Louvain, p. 5-11, * ''Nationalism, Universalism, Empire: International Law in 1871 and 1919.'' Martti Koskenniemi, Conference Proceedings ''Whose International Community? Universalism and the Legacies of Empire.'', Columbia University, 29–30 April 2005 * ''Chao Phya Abhai Raja Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns, General Advisor of H.M. King Chulalongkorn''. Various authors, Limited editions published in English (January 2007) and in Thai (November 2008)


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Rolin-Jaequemyns, Gustave 1835 births 1902 deaths Belgian politicians Belgian diplomats International law scholars Ghent University alumni Congo Free State officials Members of the Institut de Droit International