Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment was a purported
twin study
Twin studies are studies conducted on identical or fraternal twins. They aim to reveal the importance of environmental and genetic influences for traits, phenotypes, and disorders. Twin research is considered a key tool in behavioral genetics ...
ordered by
the king to study the
health effects of coffee. The authenticity of the event has been questioned.
The primitive medical study, supposedly conducted in the second half of the 18th century, failed to prove that
coffee
Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. It is the most popular hot drink in the world.
Seeds of ...
was a dangerous beverage.
Background
In Sweden coffee was banned by royal decree across three different reigns, in five separate periods between the 1750s and the 1820s: 1756-61, 1766-69, 1794-6, 1799–1802 and 1817-1823.
Coffee first arrived in
Sweden around 1674,
but was little used until the turn of the 18th century when it became fashionable among the wealthy.
In 1746, a royal
edict
An edict is a decree or announcement of a law, often associated with monarchism, but it can be under any official authority. Synonyms include "dictum" and "pronouncement".
''Edict'' derives from the Latin edictum.
Notable edicts
* Telepinu Pro ...
was issued against coffee and
tea
Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured or fresh leaves of ''Camellia sinensis'', an evergreen shrub native to East Asia which probably originated in the borderlands of southwestern China and north ...
due to "the misuse and excesses of tea and coffee drinking".
Heavy taxes were levied on consumption, and failure to pay the tax on the substance resulted in fines and confiscation of cups and dishes.
Later, coffee was banned completely; despite the ban, consumption continued.
Gustav's father,
Adolph Frederick had also been an opponent of stimulating drinks, signing the Misuse and Excesses Tea and Coffee Drinking Edict in 1760. Both Gustav III and his father had read and been strongly influenced by a 1715 treatise from a
French physician on the dangers of what would later be identified as
caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It is mainly used recreationally as a cognitive enhancer, increasing alertness and attentional performance. Caffeine acts by blocking binding of adenosine to ...
in
tea
Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured or fresh leaves of ''Camellia sinensis'', an evergreen shrub native to East Asia which probably originated in the borderlands of southwestern China and north ...
and
coffee
Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. It is the most popular hot drink in the world.
Seeds of ...
.
Gustav III viewed coffee consumption as a threat to the
public health
Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Analyzing the det ...
and was determined to prove its negative health effects. To this end he ordered a scientific experiment to be carried out in what has been loosely referred to as the first clinical trial.
The experiment
The king ordered the experiment to be conducted using two
identical twins
Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy.MedicineNet > Definition of TwinLast Editorial Review: 19 June 2000 Twins can be either ''monozygotic'' ('identical'), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two em ...
. Both of the twins had been tried for the crimes they had committed and
condemned to death. Their sentences were commuted to
life imprisonment on the condition that one of the twins drink three pots
of coffee, and the other drink the same amount of tea, every day for the rest of their lives.
The tea drinking twin passed away first at the age of 83, long after the death of Gustav III, who was
assassinated in 1792. The age of the coffee-drinking twin at his death is unknown, as both doctors assigned by the king to monitor this study predeceased him.
Aftermath
In 1794, the government once again tried to impose a ban on coffee. The ban, which was renewed in 1799 and 1817, was never successful in stamping out coffee-drinking.
Once the ban was lifted in 1823, coffee became a dominant beverage in Sweden, which since has been one of the countries with the highest coffee consumption per capita in the world.
See also
*
Health effects of tea
Although health benefits have been assumed throughout the history of using ''Camellia sinensis'' as a common beverage, there is no high-quality evidence that consuming tea confers significant benefits other than possibly increasing alertness, an ...
*
Health effects of caffeine
*
History of coffee
*
Fika
*
Twin study
Twin studies are studies conducted on identical or fraternal twins. They aim to reveal the importance of environmental and genetic influences for traits, phenotypes, and disorders. Twin research is considered a key tool in behavioral genetics ...
References
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History of coffee
Human subject research
Swedish medical research
Twin studies
18th century in science
18th century in Sweden
Coffee experiment
Sweden during the Gustavian era
History of tea