Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann ( – 17 December 1938) was a prominent

Baltic German Baltic Germans (german: Deutsch-Balten or , later ) were ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia. Since their coerced resettlement in 1939, Baltic Germans have markedly declined ...

chemist-physicist who made important contributions in the fields of glassy and

solid solution A solid solution, a term popularly used for metals, is a homogenous mixture of two different kinds of atoms in solid state and have a single crystal structure. Many examples can be found in metallurgy, geology, and solid-state chemistry. The word ...

s, heterogeneous equilibria, crystallization, and

metallurgy Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are known as alloys. Metallurgy encompasses both the s ...

Biography

Tamman was born in Yamburg (now

Kingisepp Kingisepp (russian: Ки́нгисепп or ), formerly Yamburg (), Yam (), and Yama (; Votic: ), is an ancient town and the administrative center of Kingiseppsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located along the Luga River southwest ...

Leningrad Oblast Leningrad Oblast ( rus, Ленинградская область, Leningradskaya oblast’, lʲɪnʲɪnˈgratskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ, , ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It was established on 1 August 1927, although it was not until ...

). His father, Heinrich Tammann (1833–1864) was of Estonian peasant origin and his mother, Matilda Schünmann, was of German origin. Tamman graduated from

University of Dorpat The University of Tartu (UT; et, Tartu Ülikool; la, Universitas Tartuensis) is a university in the city of Tartu in Estonia. It is the national university of Estonia. It is the only classical university in the country, and also its biggest ...

in chemistry. He came to

Göttingen University Göttingen (, , ; nds, Chöttingen) is a university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the capital of the eponymous district. The River Leine runs through it. At the end of 2019, the population was 118,911. General information The ori ...

in 1903 where he established the first Institute of Inorganic Chemistry in Germany. In 1908 he was appointed director of the Physico-Chemical Institute. His interests focused on the physics and physical chemistry of metals and

alloys An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements of which at least one is a metal. Unlike chemical compounds with metallic bases, an alloy will retain all the properties of a metal in the resulting material, such as electrical conductivity, ductilit ...

(

). In 1925 Tammann was awarded Liebig Medal. On 28 May 1936, Tammann was awarded the shield of nobility of the German Empire (), with dedication "The Doyen of German Metallurgy". He also known for the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation, named after him. He is also known for the Tait-Tammann equation of state which seeks to account for the compressibility of liquids. Tammann died in Göttingen at age 77.

Awards

Tammann was awarded the following prizes: * Liebig Medal in 1925 * Heyn Medal of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde in 1929 * Eagle Shield of the German Empire The Tammann Commemorative Medal of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde is named after him.

Bibliography

* (1890) On Metamerism of Metaphosphates * (1903) Crystallization and melting: a contribution to the teaching of the change in the physical state (''Kristallisieren und Schmelzen: ein Beitrag zur Lehre der Ånderungen des Aggregatzustandes'') * (1907) About the relations between internal forces and properties of the solution: a contribution to the theory of homogeneous systems (''Uber die Beziehungen zwischen den inneren Kräften und Eigenschaften der Lösung: ein Beitrag zur Theorie homogener Systeme'') * (1914) Textbook of Metallography: chemistry and physics of metals and their alloys (''Lehrbuch der metallographie: chemie und physik der metalle und ihrer legierungen'') * (1922)

State of Matter In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many intermediate states are known to exist, such as liquid crystal, ...

(''Aggregatzustände'') * (1923) Textbook of Metallography (''Lehrbuch der Metallographie'') * (1925) The states of aggregation: the changes in the state of matter in their dependence upon pressure and temperature * (1925) Textbook of metallography: chemistry and physics of the metals and their alloys * (1932) Textbook on Metals: chemistry and physics of metals and their alloys (''Lehrbuch der metallkunde: chemie und physik der metalle und ihrer legierungen'') * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Tammann, Gustav 1861 births 1938 deaths People from Kingisepp Baltic-German people German metallurgists Russian metallurgists Physical chemists University of Tartu alumni University of Tartu faculty University of Göttingen faculty Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925) Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences