Gunma Dialect

The Gunma dialect (Japanese: 群馬弁 ''gunma-ben,'' also called ''jōshū-ben'' (上州弁) in Japanese) is a Japanese dialect spoken in Gunma Prefecture.

Outline

Along with the Chiba, Saitama, Tama and Kanagawa dialects it is considered a West Kanto dialect. Despite sharing the North Kantō region with Ibaraki and Tochigi, the dialects of these respective prefectures (excluding the area around Ashikaga in Tochigi) are linguistically considered East Kanto dialects and differ considerably from the Gunma dialect. There is dialectical variation within the prefecture, with three sub-regions being classified: the Sankan area in the north and west of the prefecture, the Heiya area in the centre and the Southwest area. The far southeastern Ōra District has intermediate features of West and East Kanto dialects. Similarly to the Saitama dialect, there is no weakening of ''g-''starting mora.

Grammar

Negation

The negation auxiliary verb ''nai'' (ない), when attaching to the verb ''kuru'' (くる ''to come''), becomes ''kinai'' (きない) or ''kinē'' (きねぇ). However, in Agatsuma District it is conjugated to ''konai'' (こない) or ''konē'' (こねぇ).

''be'' (べ) particle

The particle ''be'' (べ), used to express volition, invitation and conjecture, is widely used in Kanto dialects, including Gunma (in the case of conjecture it is equivalent to ''darō'' (だろう) in standard Japanese). Historically, ''be'' was used in all three of these cases, but was influenced by the distinction between ''-u'' (-う)(volition) and ''darō'' (conjecture) in standard Japanese, leading to the emergence of a new dialectal phrase by the Showa Era, ''danbe'' (だんべ), which became used for conjecture. When used to express volition, ''be'' attaches to the conclusive form of Godan verbs and to the imperfective form of Ichidan verbs. In Agatsuma, where the negative form of ''kuru, konai'', is used, it is conjugated as ''kobe'' (こべぇ) instead of ''kibe'' (きべぇ).

Adjectives

For adjectives, ''be'' attaches to a syllabic nasal ''n'' (ん) affected ''-kari'' (-かり) ending (-かり → かん), to form examples such as the following:

* ''too-kanbe'' (とおかんべ ''its probably far'').
* ''tsuyo-kanbe'' (つよかんべ ''(he's) probably strong'').

In Tone and Agatsuma, there is small ''tsu'' (っ) insertion and ''be'' becomes ''pe'' (ぺ) like in the following examples.

* ''too-kappe'' (とおかっぺ).
* ''tsuyo-kappe'' (つよかっぺ).

This ''pe'' is also used elsewhere in Kantō, most notably in Tochigi and Ibaraki.

Recent shifts in usage

According to an investigation from 1980 to 2010 focussing on Gunma's younger generation, by 2010, the distinction between ''be'' and ''danbe'' had diminished and once more only ''be'' was now used to expressed volition, invitation and conjecture. In addition, a new dialectal expression, ''nbe'' (んべ), had begun to spread in 1980 from eastern Gunma and was now widespread across the prefecture. The same study also found that usage of the Ichidan verb mperfective form + ''be''(e.g. ''mi-be'' (みべ)) and the djectival -''kari'' + ''be''(e.g. ''too-kanbe'' (とおかんべ) had fallen markedly and the simple onclusive form + ''be''had spread in its place (e.g. ''miru-be'' (みるべ) / ''tooe-be'' (とおえべ). In the 2010 younger generation sample, the mperfective form + ''be'' which is widely used across Kantō and Tōhoku, was predominantly used, followed by the Gunma-unique mperfective form + ''nbe'' ''Nbe'' is thought to have originated from the syllabic nasal-affected conclusive form; the ''ru'' in ''miru-be'' became ''n'' to form ''minbe'', which had the ''nbe'' segment taken and used as a separate form.

Pitch accent

Other than areas that have a vague accent or no accent at all (such as around the town of Itakura), there is little disparity with the Tōkyō standard pitch accent. In urban areas, three-mora nouns such as ''asahi'' (あさひ ''morning sun''), ''inochi'' (いのち ''life'') and ''kokoro'' (こころ ''heart/mind'') have their first mora stressed, e.g. ''asahi'', ''inochi'', ''kokoro,'' in concurrence with the Tokyo standard. In rural areas, however, there is a tendency for speakers to stress the middle mora, e.g. ''asahi'', ''inochi'', ''kokoro''. A 1984 investigation carried out in Takasaki found that the words ''asahi'', ''kokoro'', ''namida'' (なみだ ''tear'') and ''hashira'' (はしら ''post'') were middle-mora stressed. Some pitch accent differences with standard Japanese are shown in the table below.

Notable words

References

{{Japanese language

Japanese dialects
Culture in Gunma Prefecture