Greek colonization was an organised colonial expansion by the Archaic Greeks into the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on ...

and

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...

in the period of the 8th–6th centuries BC. This colonization differed from the migrations of the

Greek Dark Ages The term Greek Dark Ages refers to the period of History of Greece, Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization, Mycenaean palatial civilization, around 1100 BC, to the beginning of the Archaic Greece, Archaic age, around 750 ...

in that it consisted of organised direction (see

Oikistes The ''oikistes'' ( gr, οἰκιστής), often anglicized Anglicisation is the process by which a place or person becomes influenced by English culture or British culture, or a process of cultural and/or linguistic change in which something ...

) by the originating

metropolis A metropolis () is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications. A big c ...

instead of the simple movement of tribes which characterized the earlier migrations. Many colonies () that were founded in this period evolved into strong city-states and became independent of their metropolis.

Reasons for colonization

Reasons for colonization had to do with the demographic explosion of this period, the development of the emporium, the need for a secure supply of raw materials, but also with the emerging politics of the period that drove sections of the population into exile. Population growth created a scarcity of farmland and a restriction of the ability of smallholders to farm it, which was similar in every city-state. In places with surplus population, this led to a demand for additional living space. The location of each colonial establishment was dictated by the supply of unexploited resources that would provide the metropolis, as well as the finished goods it would produce. The development of the emporium was among the more important motivations for the founding of a colony. The colonies created new markets, supplied the metropolis with significant raw materials and constituted important way stations on the long-distance trade journeys of the era. Finally, the troubled political situation in many cities, along with the establishment of

tyrannical A tyrant (), in the modern English usage of the word, is an absolute ruler who is unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped a legitimate ruler's sovereignty. Often portrayed as cruel, tyrants may defend their positions by resorting to r ...

government, drove the political opposition into exile and into a search for new places of residence.

Characteristics of the colonization

The founding of the colonies was consistently an organised enterprise. The launch was organized by the metropolis, although in many cases they collaborated with other cities. The place to be colonized was selected in advance with the goal of offering business advantages, but also security from raiders. In order to create a feeling of security and confidence in relation to the new colony, the choice of place was decided according to its usefulness. The mission always included a leader nominated by the colonists. In the new cities, the colonists parceled out the land, including farms. The system of governance usually took a form reminiscent of that which prevailed in the metropolis.

Timing

The first founders of colonies were the Euboeans, who founded colonies at the beginning of the 8th century B.C. in Southern Italy and

Chalcidice Chalkidiki (; el, Χαλκιδική , also spelled Halkidiki, is a peninsula and regional unit of Greece, part of the region of Central Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia in Northern Greece. The autonomous Mount Athos region ...

. The two most powerful states on Euboea,

Chalcis Chalcis ( ; Ancient Greek & Katharevousa: , ) or Chalkida, also spelled Halkida (Modern Greek: , ), is the chief town of the island of Euboea or Evia in Greece, situated on the Euripus Strait at its narrowest point. The name is preserved fro ...

and

Eretria Eretria (; el, Ερέτρια, , grc, Ἐρέτρια, , literally 'city of the rowers') is a town in Euboea, Greece, facing the coast of Attica across the narrow South Euboean Gulf. It was an important Greek polis in the 6th and 5th centur ...

founded numerous colonies in Chalcidice, the most important of which was Olynthus, and they were the first to found colonies in Southern Italy. The first colony that they founded there was

Pithecusae Ischia ( , , ) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about from Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures approximately east to west ...

on the Isle of Ischia. Subsequently, they founded the colonies of Cumae, Zancle,

Rhegium Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label=Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated popul ...

and Naxos. At the end of the 8th century, Euboea fell into decline with the outbreak of the Lelantine War and the baton of colonial foundation was passed to other Greek cities. In the 7th century, many colonies were founded in

Ionia Ionia () was an ancient region on the western coast of Anatolia, to the south of present-day Izmir. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Greek settlements. Never a unified state, it was named after the Ionia ...

, Southern Italy,

Thrace Thrace (; el, Θράκη, Thráki; bg, Тракия, Trakiya; tr, Trakya) or Thrake is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe, now split among Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey, which is bounded by the Balkan Mountains to ...

and on the

. Other Greek colonies were founded on the coast of

Gaul Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during ...

, on the

Cyrenaica Cyrenaica ( ) or Kyrenaika ( ar, برقة, Barqah, grc-koi, Κυρηναϊκή ��παρχίαKurēnaïkḗ parkhíā}, after the city of Cyrene), is the eastern region of Libya. Cyrenaica includes all of the eastern part of Libya between ...

peninsula in Africa and also in Egypt. In this burst of colonial expansion cities such as

Corinth Corinth ( ; el, Κόρινθος, Kórinthos, ) is the successor to an ancient city, and is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese, which is located in south-central Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it has been part ...

Miletus Miletus (; gr, Μῑ́λητος, Mī́lētos; Hittite transcription ''Millawanda'' or ''Milawata'' ( exonyms); la, Mīlētus; tr, Milet) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in ...

Megara Megara (; el, Μέγαρα, ) is a historic town and a municipality in West Attica, Greece. It lies in the northern section of the Isthmus of Corinth opposite the island of Salamis, which belonged to Megara in archaic times, before being take ...

and

Phocaea Phocaea or Phokaia (Ancient Greek: Φώκαια, ''Phókaia''; modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia. Greek colonists from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (modern-day Marseille, in ...

took the lead.

Locations

Colonies in Macedonia and Thrace

Numerous colonies were founded in

Northern Greece Northern Greece ( el, Βόρεια Ελλάδα, Voreia Ellada) is used to refer to the northern parts of Greece, and can have various definitions. Administrative regions of Greece Administrative term The term "Northern Greece" is widely used ...

, chiefly in the region of

but also in the region of

. Chalcidice was settled by Euboeans, chiefly from Chalcis, who lent their name to these colonies. The most important settlements of the Euboeans in Chalcidice were Olynthos (which colony was settled in collaboration with the

Athenians Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...

), Torone, Mende, Sermyle, Aphytis and Cleonae in the peninsula of Athos. Other important colonies in Chalcidice were Acanthus, a colony which was founded by colonists from

Andros Andros ( el, Άνδρος, ) is the northernmost island of the Greek Cyclades archipelago, about southeast of Euboea, and about north of Tinos. It is nearly long, and its greatest breadth is . It is for the most part mountainous, with many ...

and

Potidaea __NOTOC__ Potidaea (; grc, Ποτίδαια, ''Potidaia'', also Ποτείδαια, ''Poteidaia'') was a colony founded by the Corinthians around 600 BC in the narrowest point of the peninsula of Pallene, the westernmost of three peninsulas a ...

, a colony of

Thasians Thasos or Thassos ( el, Θάσος, ''Thásos'') is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea. It is the northernmost major Greek island, and 12th largest by area. The island has an area of and a population of about 13,000. It forms a separate re ...

with the help of the Athenian Callistratus of Aphidnae founded the city of Datus. During the

Peloponnesian War The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies for the hegemony of the Greek world. The war remained undecided for a long time until the decisive intervention of ...

, the Athenians with the Hagnon, son of Nikias founded the city of Ennea Hodoi (Ἐννέα ὁδοὶ), meaning nine roads, at the place were now is the 'Hill 133' north of

Amphipolis Amphipolis ( ell, Αμφίπολη, translit=Amfipoli; grc, Ἀμφίπολις, translit=Amphipolis) is a municipality in the Serres regional unit, Macedonia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is Rodolivos. It was an important ancient Gr ...

Serres Sérres ( el, Σέρρες ) is a city in Macedonia, Greece, capital of the Serres regional unit and second largest city in the region of Central Macedonia, after Thessaloniki. Serres is one of the administrative and economic centers of Northe ...

. Numerous other colonies were founded in the region of Thrace by the Ionians from the coast of

Asia Minor Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

. Important colonies were Maroneia, and Abdera. The Milesians also founded

Abydos Abydos may refer to: *Abydos, a progressive metal side project of German singer Andy Kuntz *Abydos (Hellespont), an ancient city in Mysia, Asia Minor * Abydos (''Stargate''), name of a fictional planet in the ''Stargate'' science fiction universe ...

and

Cardia The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the digestive system. The stomach is ...

on the

Hellespont The Dardanelles (; tr, Çanakkale Boğazı, lit=Strait of Çanakkale, el, Δαρδανέλλια, translit=Dardanéllia), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli from the Gallipoli peninsula or from Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (; ...

and

Rhaedestus Bisanthe ( grc, Βισάνθη) was a great city in ancient Thrace, on the coast of the Propontis, which had been founded by the Samians. About 400 BCE, Bisanthe belonged to the kingdom of the Thracian prince Seuthes II. At a later period its ...

in Propontis. The Samians colonised the island of

Samothrace Samothrace (also known as Samothraki, el, Σαμοθράκη, ) is a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea. It is a municipality within the Evros regional unit of Thrace. The island is long and is in size and has a population of 2,859 (2011 ...

, becoming the source of its name. Finally, the Parians colonized

Thasos Thasos or Thassos ( el, Θάσος, ''Thásos'') is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea. It is the northernmost major Greek island, and 12th largest by area. The island has an area of and a population of about 13,000. It forms a separate r ...

under the leadership of the

oecist The ''oikistes'' ( gr, οἰκιστής), often anglicized Anglicisation is the process by which a place or person becomes influenced by English culture or British culture, or a process of cultural and/or linguistic change in which something ...

and father of the poet

Archilochus Archilochus (; grc-gre, Ἀρχίλοχος ''Arkhilokhos''; c. 680 – c. 645 BC) was a Greek lyric poet of the Archaic period from the island of Paros. He is celebrated for his versatile and innovative use of poetic meters, and is the ...

, Telesicles. In 340 BCE, while

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to ...

was regent of Macedon, he founded the city of Alexandropolis Maedica after defeating a local Thracian tribe.

Colonies in the Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea and Illyria

The region of the

Ionian Sea The Ionian Sea ( el, Ιόνιο Πέλαγος, ''Iónio Pélagos'' ; it, Mar Ionio ; al, Deti Jon ) is an elongated bay of the Mediterranean Sea. It is connected to the Adriatic Sea to the north, and is bounded by Southern Italy, including ...

and that of

Illyria In classical antiquity, Illyria (; grc, Ἰλλυρία, ''Illyría'' or , ''Illyrís''; la, Illyria, ''Illyricum'') was a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by numerous tribes of people collectively known as the Illyr ...

were colonized strictly by

. The Corinthians founded important overseas colonies on the sea lanes to Southern Italy and the west which succeeded in making them the foremost emporia of the western side of the Mediterranean. Important colonies of Corinth included Leucada,

Astacus ''Astacus'' (from the Greek , ', meaning "lobster" or "crayfish") is a genus of crayfish found in Europe and western Asia, comprising three extant (living) species and three extinct fossil species. Due to the crayfish plague, crayfish of th ...

, Anactoreum,

Actium Actium or Aktion ( grc, Ἄκτιον) was a town on a promontory in ancient Acarnania at the entrance of the Ambraciot Gulf, off which Octavian gained his celebrated victory, the Battle of Actium, over Antony and Cleopatra, on September 2, 31& ...

, Ambracia, and Corcyra. The Corinthians also founded important colonies in

, which evolved into important cities, Apollonia and Epidamnus. The fact that about the 6th century BC the citizens of Epidamnus constructed a Doric-style treasury at Olympia confirms that the city was among the richest of the

Ancient Greek world Ancient Greece ( el, Ἑλλάς, Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity ( AD 600), that comprised a loose collection of cult ...

. An ancient account describes Epidamnos as ‘a great power and very populated’ city.

Nymphaeum A ''nymphaeum'' or ''nymphaion'' ( grc, νυμφαῖον), in ancient Greece and Rome, was a monument consecrated to the nymphs, especially those of springs. These monuments were originally natural grottoes, which tradition assigned as habit ...

was another Greek colony in Illyria. The Abantes of

Euboea Evia (, ; el, Εύβοια ; grc, Εὔβοια ) or Euboia (, ) is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait (only at its narrowest poi ...

founded the city of Thronion at the Illyria. In 1877, archaeologists discovered in Lumbarda on the island of

Korčula Korčula (, it, Curzola) is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea. It has an area of , is long and on average wide, and lies just off the Dalmatian coast. Its 15,522 inhabitants (2011) make it the second most populous Adriatic island after ...

, in modern-day

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

, a Greek inscription which writes about the founding of an

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic pe ...

settlement on the island. The artifact is known as Lumbarda Psephisma.

Magna Graecia: colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily

The first to colonize Southern Italy were the Euboeans, who with the move to

(on the isle of

Ischia Ischia ( , , ) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about from Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures approximately east to ...

), founded a series of cities in that region. The second city that they founded was Cumae, nearly opposite Ischia. The colonists from Cumae founded Zancle in on Sicily, and nearby on the opposite coast,

. Further, the Euboeans founded Naxos, which became the base for the founding of the cities of Leontini, Tauromenion and

Catania Catania (, , Sicilian and ) is the second largest municipality in Sicily, after Palermo. Despite its reputation as the second city of the island, Catania is the largest Sicilian conurbation, among the largest in Italy, as evidenced also b ...

. In this effort they were accompanied by small numbers of Dorians and Ionians; the Athenians had notably refused to take part in the colonization. The strongest of the Sicilian colonies was

Syracuse Syracuse may refer to: Places Italy * Syracuse, Sicily, or spelled as ''Siracusa'' * Province of Syracuse United States *Syracuse, New York **East Syracuse, New York ** North Syracuse, New York * Syracuse, Indiana *Syracuse, Kansas *Syracuse, M ...

, an 8th-century B.C. colony of the Corinthians. Colonists of that same period from

Achaea Achaea () or Achaia (), sometimes transliterated from Greek as Akhaia (, ''Akhaïa'' ), is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Greece and is situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. T ...

founded the cities of

Sybaris Sybaris ( grc, Σύβαρις; it, Sibari) was an important city of Magna Graecia. It was situated in modern Calabria, in southern Italy, between two rivers, the Crathis (Crati) and the Sybaris (Coscile). The city was founded in 720 BC ...

and Croton in the

Gulf of Taranto The Gulf of Taranto ( it, Golfo di Taranto; Tarantino: ; la, Sinus Tarentinus) is a gulf of the Ionian Sea, in Southern Italy. The Gulf of Taranto is almost square, long and wide, making it the largest gulf in Italy, and it is delimited by the ...

but also in the

Metapontum Metapontum or Metapontium ( grc, Μεταπόντιον, Metapontion) was an important city of Magna Graecia, situated on the gulf of Tarentum, between the river Bradanus and the Casuentus (modern Basento). It was distant about 20 km from ...

in the same district. In the same area, refugees from

Sparta Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referr ...

founded

Taranto Taranto (, also ; ; nap, label=Tarantino, Tarde; Latin: Tarentum; Old Italian: ''Tarento''; Ancient Greek: Τάρᾱς) is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto, serving as an important comme ...

which evolved into one of the most powerful cities in the area. Other Greek states that founded cities in Southern Italy were Megara, which founded Megara Hyblaea, and Selinous;

, which founded Elea;

Rhodes Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the S ...

, which founded Gela together with the

Cretans Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...

and

Lipari Lipari (; scn, Lìpari) is the largest of the Aeolian Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the northern coast of Sicily, southern Italy; it is also the name of the island's main town and ''comune'', which is administratively part of the Metropol ...

together with

Cnidus Knidos or Cnidus (; grc-gre, Κνίδος, , , Knídos) was a Greek city in ancient Caria and part of the Dorian Hexapolis, in south-western Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey. It was situated on the Datça peninsula, which forms the southern sid ...

, even as the Locrians founded

Epizephyrean Locris Locri is a town and '' comune'' (municipality) in the province of Reggio Calabria, Calabria, southern Italy. Its name derives from that of the ancient Greek region of Locris. Today it is an important administrative and cultural centre on the I ...

. According to legend,

Lagaria Lagaria (Greek: ), was an ancient town of Lucania, situated between Thurii and the river Siris (modern Sinni). According to legend, it was founded by a colony of Phocians under the command of Epeius, the architect of the Trojan Horse. Strabo an ...

which was between

Thurii Thurii (; grc-gre, Θούριοι, Thoúrioi), called also by some Latin writers Thurium (compare grc-gre, Θούριον in Ptolemy), for a time also Copia and Copiae, was a city of Magna Graecia, situated on the Tarentine gulf, within a s ...

and the river

Sinni River The Sinni (Latin: Siris or Semnus; Greek: or ) is a 94 km long river in the Basilicata region of southern Italy. In antiquity, the city of Siris lay at its mouth. Near the town of Senise, a dam on the river was built in 1970-1982, the lar ...

was founded by Phocians. Many cities in the region became in turn metropolis for new colonies such as the Syracusans, who founded the city of Camarina in the south of Sicily; or the Zancleans, who led the founding of the colony of

Himera Himera ( Greek: ), was a large and important ancient Greek city, situated on the north coast of Sicily at the mouth of the river of the same name (the modern Imera Settentrionale), between Panormus (modern Palermo) and Cephaloedium (modern Ce ...

. Likewise Naxos, which we see taking further part in the founding of many colonies while the city of

founded the colony of

Poseidonia Poseidonia ( el, Ποσειδωνία, Posidonía, named after Poseidon) is a village and a former municipality on the island of Syros, in the Cyclades, Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in ...

to its north. The city of Gela which was a colony of Rhodes and Crete founded its own colony, Acragas. The areas of settlement in Southern Italy became so thoroughly Hellenised that Roman writers such as

Ovid Pūblius Ovidius Nāsō (; 20 March 43 BC – 17/18 AD), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom ...

and

Polybius Polybius (; grc-gre, Πολύβιος, ; ) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic period. He is noted for his work , which covered the period of 264–146 BC and the Punic Wars in detail. Polybius is important for his analysis of the mixed ...

referred to the region as ''

Magna Graecia Magna Graecia (, ; , , grc, Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς, ', it, Magna Grecia) was the name given by the Romans to the coastal areas of Southern Italy in the present-day Italian regions of Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Campania and Sicily; the ...

'' ("Great Greece"). To this day, some of the Griko people in Southern Italy still speak Griko and

Calabrian Greek The Calabrian dialect of Greek, or Doric Greek Doric or Dorian ( grc, Δωρισμός, Dōrismós), also known as West Greek, was a group of Ancient Greek dialects; its varieties are divided into the Doric proper and Northwest Doric subgroups. Doric was spoken in a vast area, that includ ...

-influenced dialects with a substantial

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

adstrate, and worship in the Greek Byzantine Catholic Church instead of the

Latin rite Latin liturgical rites, or Western liturgical rites, are Catholic rites of public worship employed by the Latin Church, the largest particular church '' sui iuris'' of the Catholic Church, that originated in Europe where the Latin language onc ...

more usual among other Italians. In

Modern Greek Modern Greek (, , or , ''Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa''), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (, ), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the ...

, Southern Italy is referred to as ''Kato Italia'' (lit. "Lower Italy") and the relict Greek dialects there as ''Katoitalika''.

Colonies on the Black Sea and Propontis

The Greeks had at one point called the Black Sea shore "inhospitable". According to ancient sources, they eventually created 70 to 90 colonies. The colonization of the Black Sea was led by the Megarans and some of the Ionian cities such as

and Teos. The majority of colonies in the region of the Black Sea and Propontis were founded in the 7th century B.C. In the area of Propontis, the Megarans founded the cities of Astacus in Bithynia,

Chalcedonia Chalcedon ( or ; , sometimes transliterated as ''Chalkedon'') was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor. It was located almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar) and it is now a district of the city ...

and

Byzantium Byzantium () or Byzantion ( grc, Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and Istanbul today. The Greek name ''Byzantion'' and its Latinization ''Byzantium' ...

in which they occupied a privileged position. Miletus founded Cyzicus and the Phocaeans Lampsacus.* On the western shore of the Black Sea region the Megarans founded the cities of Selymbria and a little later, Nesebar. A little farther north in the region of today's

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...

the Milesians founded the cities of

Istria Istria ( ; Croatian and Slovene: ; ist, Eîstria; Istro-Romanian, Italian and Venetian: ; formerly in Latin and in Ancient Greek) is the largest peninsula within the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic betwe ...

and Orgame. And Miletus also founded a city on the western shore of the Black Sea, Apollonia. In the south of the Black Sea the most important colony was

Sinope Sinope may refer to: *Sinop, Turkey, a city on the Black Sea, historically known as Sinope ** Battle of Sinop, 1853 naval battle in the Sinop port *Sinop Province * Sinope, Leicestershire, a hamlet in the Midlands of England *Sinope (mythology), in ...

which according to prevailing opinion was founded by Miletus. The precise chronology of its foundation is not known at present but it appears that it was founded some time around the middle of the 7th century B.C. Sinope was founded with a series of other colonies in the Pontic region: Trebizond, Cerasus, Cytorus,

Cotyora Ordu () or Altınordu is a port city on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, historically also known as Cotyora or Kotyora ( pnt, Κοτύωρα), and the capital of Ordu Province with a population of 229,214 in the city center. Name Kotyora, the o ...

, Cromne, Pteria, Tium, et al. The most important colony founded on the southern shore of the Black Sea was likewise a Megaran foundation:

Heraclea Pontica __NOTOC__ Heraclea Pontica (; gr, Ἡράκλεια Ποντική, Hērakleia Pontikē), known in Byzantine and later times as Pontoheraclea ( gr, Ποντοηράκλεια, Pontohērakleia), was an ancient city on the coast of Bithynia in Asi ...

, which was founded in the 6th century B.C. On the north shore of the Black Sea Miletus was the first to start. The colonies of Miletus in this region of the Black Sea were

Pontic Olbia Pontic Olbia ( grc, Ὀλβία Ποντική, uk, Ольвія) or simply Olbia is an archaeological site of an ancient Greek city on the shore of the Southern Bug estuary (''Hypanis'' or Ὕπανις,) in Ukraine, near the village of Paruty ...

and

Panticapaeum Panticapaeum ( grc-gre, Παντικάπαιον , from Scythian , "fish-path") was an ancient Greek city on the eastern shore of Crimea, which the Greeks called Taurica. The city lay on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, and was foun ...

(modern Kerch.) Later in the 6th century B.C. the Milesians founded

Odessa Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrativ ...

in the region of modern

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inva ...

. Further north from the

Danube delta The Danube Delta ( ro, Delta Dunării, ; uk, Дельта Дунаю, Deľta Dunaju, ) is the second largest river delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent. The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Ro ...

the Greeks colonized an islet, modern Berezan (probably then a peninsula). That location is found at the confluence of the Bug estuary (the River Hypanis to the Ancient Greeks) and the

Dnieper } The Dnieper () or Dnipro (); , ; . is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine an ...

(the Barysthenes to the Ancient Greeks) The islet or peninsula itself was called by the ancients ''Barythmenis''; across from this, they found the site that would be settled later as Olbia. Next to Olbia was another Greek colony which had

as its mother city. On the

Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a p ...

n peninsula (the Greeks then called it Tauric Chersonese or "Peninsula of the Bulls") they founded likewise the cities of Sympheropolis, and

and

Hermonassa Tmutarakan ( rus, Тмутарака́нь, p=tmʊtərɐˈkanʲ, ; uk, Тмуторокань, Tmutorokan) was a medieval Kievan Rus' principality and trading town that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Se ...

. On the

Sea of Azov The Sea of Azov ( Crimean Tatar: ''Azaq deñizi''; russian: Азовское море, Azovskoye more; uk, Азовське море, Azovs'ke more) is a sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about ) Strait of Ker ...

(Lake Maiotis to the ancients) they founded Tanais (in Rostov), Tyritace, Myrmeceum, Cecrine and Phanagoria—the last being a colony of the Teians. In 2018, archaeologists discovered a previously unknown ancient Greek settlement of the 4th-

3rd Third or 3rd may refer to: Numbers * 3rd, the ordinal form of the cardinal number 3 * , a fraction of one third * 1⁄60 of a ''second'', or 1⁄3600 of a ''minute'' Places * 3rd Street (disambiguation) * Third Avenue (disambiguation) * H ...

centuries BC near the town of

Baherove Baherove ( crh, Bagerovo, russian: Багерово, uk, Багерове) is an urban-type settlement in Lenine Raion of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and annexed by Russi ...

in Crimea. According to the researchers, the settlement was called Manitra. On the eastern shore, which was known in ancient times as

Colchis In Greco-Roman geography, Colchis (; ) was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi ( ka, ეგრისი) located on the coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia. Its population, the Colchians are generally though ...

and in which today for the greater part is in

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

and the autonomous region of

Abkhazia Abkhazia, ka, აფხაზეთი, tr, , xmf, აბჟუა, abzhua, or ( or ), officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, which ...

, the Greeks founded the cities of Phasis and Dioscouris. The latter was called ''Sebastopolis'' by the Romans and Byzantines and is known today as

Sukhumi Sukhumi (russian: Суху́м(и), ) or Sokhumi ( ka, სოხუმი, ), also known by its Abkhaz name Aqwa ( ab, Аҟәа, ''Aqwa''), is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea's eastern coast. It is both the capital and largest city of ...

—the ruins of the ancient and Byzantine foundations are now found principally below the waterline.

Colonies in the rest of the Mediterranean

The Greek colonies expanded as far as the

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, def ...

and

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...

. In North Africa, on the peninsula of

Kyrenaika Cyrenaica ( ) or Kyrenaika ( ar, برقة, Barqah, grc-koi, Κυρηναϊκή ��παρχίαKurēnaïkḗ parkhíā}, after the city of Cyrene), is the eastern region of Libya. Cyrenaica includes all of the eastern part of Libya between ...

, colonists from Thera founded Kyrene, which evolved into a very powerful city in the region. Other colonies in Kyrenaika later included Barca,

Euesperides Libya's second largest city, Benghazi, has a history which extends from when the city was first inhabited in the 6th century BCE to the present day. Throughout its history, the city has been continuously conquered by different ancient and colonial f ...

(modern

Benghazi Benghazi () , ; it, Bengasi; tr, Bingazi; ber, Bernîk, script=Latn; also: ''Bengasi'', ''Benghasi'', ''Banghāzī'', ''Binghāzī'', ''Bengazi''; grc, Βερενίκη ('' Berenice'') and ''Hesperides''., group=note (''lit. Son of he Ghaz ...

Taucheira Tocra, Taucheira or Tukrah, is a town on the coast of the Marj District in the Cyrenaica region of northeastern Libya, founded by Cyrene. It lay 200 stadia west of Ptolemais. Today it is a coastal town west of Marj. History Founded by the Gr ...

, and Apollonia. On the north side of the Mediterranean the Phokaians founded

Massalia Massalia ( Greek: Μασσαλία; Latin: Massilia; modern Marseille) was an ancient Greek colony founded ca. 600 BC on the Mediterranean coast of present-day France, east of the river Rhône, by Ionian Greek settlers from Phocaea, in Wester ...

on the coast of

. Massalia became the base for a series of further foundations farther away in the region of Spain. Phokaia also founded Alalia in

Corsica Corsica ( , Upper , Southern ; it, Corsica; ; french: Corse ; lij, Còrsega; sc, Còssiga) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It is the fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of ...

and

Olbia Olbia (, ; sc, Terranoa; sdn, Tarranoa) is a city and commune of 60,346 inhabitants (May 2018) in the Italian insular province of Sassari in northeastern Sardinia, Italy, in the historical region of Gallura. Called ''Olbia'' in the Roman age ...

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label= Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, aft ...

. The Phokaians arrived next on the coast of the Iberian peninsula. As related by Herodotos, a local king summoned the Phokaians to found a colony in the region and rendered meaningful aid in the fortification of the city. The Phokaians founded Empuries in this region and later the even more distant Hemeroskopeion. By the middle of the 7th century the lone Greek colony in

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...

had been founded, Naukratis. The

pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian: '' pr ꜥꜣ''; cop, , Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until th ...

Psammitecus I gave a trade concession to Milesian merchants for one establishment on the banks of the

Nile The Nile, , Bohairic , lg, Kiira , Nobiin: Áman Dawū is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa and has historically been considered the longest riv ...

, founding a trading post which evolved into a prosperous city by the time of the Persian expedition to Egypt in 525 B.C. Similar to the emporion established in the Nile Delta it is possible there was a Greek trading colony established by the Euboians along the Syrian coast on the mouth of the Orontes river at the site Al-Mina in the early 8th century BC. The Greek colony of

Posideion Ras al-Bassit ( ar, رأس البسيط), the classical Posidium or Posideium ( grc-gre, Ποσιδήιον and Ποσείδιον, ''Posidḗion''), is a small town in Syria named for a nearby cape. It has been occupied since at least the late ...

on the promontory Ras al-Bassit was colonised just to the south of the Orontes estuary later in the 7th century BC.

Maps with some of the ancient Greek colonies before the death of
Philip II of Macedon Philip II of Macedon ( grc-gre, Φίλιππος ; 382 – 21 October 336 BC) was the king ('' basileus'') of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. He was a member of the Argead dynasty, founders of the ...
(336 BC)

Modern

E1. Naucratis Modern

Libya Libya (; ar, ليبيا, Lībiyā), officially the State of Libya ( ar, دولة ليبيا, Dawlat Lībiyā), is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Suda ...

L1. Barce L2. Cyrene L3. Balagrae L4.

L5. Ptolemais L6.

L7. Antipyrgus L8. Apollonia Modern

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...

S1. Portus Illicitanus S2.

Akra Leuke Lucentum ( grc-gre, Λούκεντον, ''Loúkenton''), called Lucentia by Pomponius Mela, is the Roman predecessor of the city of Alicante, Spain. Particularly, it refers to the archaeological site in which the remains of this ancient settlemen ...

S3. Alonis S4. Hemeroscopeum S5.

Zakynthos Zakynthos (also spelled Zakinthos; el, Ζάκυνθος, Zákynthos ; it, Zacinto ) or Zante (, , ; el, Τζάντε, Tzánte ; from the Venetian form) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the third largest of the Ionian Islands. Z ...

S6. Salauris S7. Rhode S8. Emporion S9. Kalathousa S10. Mainake S11. Menestheus's Limin S12. Kypsela S13. Helike Modern

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

F1.

Agde Agde (; ) is a commune in the Hérault department in Southern France. It is the Mediterranean port of the Canal du Midi. Location Agde is located on the Hérault river, from the Mediterranean Sea, and from Paris. The Canal du Midi connec ...

F2.

F3. Tauroention F4.

F5.

Nicaea Nicaea, also known as Nicea or Nikaia (; ; grc-gre, Νίκαια, ) was an ancient Greek city in Bithynia, where located in northwestern Anatolia and is primarily known as the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea (the first and s ...

F6.

Monoikos The early history of Monaco is primarily concerned with the protective and strategic value of the Rock of Monaco, the area's chief geological landmark, which served first as a shelter for ancient peoples and later as a fortress. Part of Liguri ...

F7. Antipolis F8. Alalia F9. Rhodanousia F10. Athenopolis Modern

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

* According to ancient writers Scylletium was a Greek colony, but there are no other evidence other than that. I1.

I2.

Adria Adria is a town and '' comune'' in the province of Rovigo in the Veneto region of northern Italy, situated between the mouths of the rivers Adige and Po. The remains of the Etruscan city of Atria or Hatria are to be found below the modern cit ...

I3.

Ancona Ancona (, also , ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region in central Italy, with a population of around 101,997 . Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region. The city is located northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic ...

I4. Parthenope I5. Cumae I6.

Procida Procida (; nap, Proceta ) is one of the Flegrean Islands off the coast of Naples in southern Italy. The island is between Cape Miseno and the island of Ischia. With its tiny satellite island of Vivara, it is a ''comune'' of the Metropolitan Ci ...

I7. Dicaearchia I8. Neapolis I9.

I10.

I11.

I12.

I13.

Taras Taras may refer to: Geography * Taras (ancient city) of Magna Graecia, modern-day Taranto * Taras, Iran, a village in Tehran province * Taras, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland * Taraš, a village in Vojvodina, Serbia * Taras, Kazakhstan, a village in ...

I14.

Siris Siris may refer to: Geography * Siris (Magna Graecia), an ancient city in southern Italy *Serres, a city in Macedonia called Siris by the Ancient Greek historian Herodotus * Siris, Sardinia, an Italian commune * Sinni (river) (Siris in Latin), Ital ...

I15.

Crotona Crotone (, ; nap, label= Crotonese, Cutrone or ) is a city and '' comune'' in Calabria, Italy. Founded as the Achaean colony of Kroton ( grc, Κρότων or ; la, Crotona) in Magna Graecia, it was known as Cotrone from the Middle Ages u ...

I16.

Gallipoli The Gallipoli peninsula (; tr, Gelibolu Yarımadası; grc, Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης, ) is located in the southern part of East Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles s ...

I17. Elea I18.

Messina Messina (, also , ) is a harbour city and the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of more than 219,000 inhabitants in t ...

I19. Kale Akte I21.

I22. Didyme I23. Hycesia I24. Phoenicusa I26. Therassía I27. Lipara/Meligounis I28. Epizepherean Locris I29.

I30.

Lentini Lentini ( scn, Lintini, historically Liuntini; la, Leontīnī; grc, Λεοντῖνοι) is a town and in the Province of Syracuse, South East of Sicily (Southern Italy). History The city was founded by colonists from Naxos as Leontini in 72 ...

I31. Selinountas I32. Megara Hyblaea I33. Naxos I34. Tauromenion I35. Acragas I36.

I37. Gela I38.

I39. Leontini I40. Ereikousa I41.

Euonymos Euonymeia ( el, Ευωνύμεια, ''Evonímia''), also known by its medieval name Trachones ( el, Τράχωνες), and by its modern colloquial Ano Kalamaki ( el, Άνω Καλαμάκι, Upper Kalamaki), is a historic settlement in Athens ...

I42. Kamarina I43.

Medma Medma or Mesma (Greek: , Steph. B.; , Strabo, Scymn. Ch.; but on coins, and so Apollodorus of Damascus, cited by Steph. B.; Scylax has , evidently a corruption for ), was an ancient Greek city of Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), on the west coas ...

I44.

Hipponion Vibo Valentia (; Monteleone before 1861; Monteleone di Calabria from 1861 to 1928; scn, label= Calabrian, Vibbu Valenzia or ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) in the Calabria region of southern Italy, near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the ...

I45. Heraclea Minoa I46.

Caulonia Caulonia is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about southwest of Catanzaro and about northeast of Reggio Calabria in the Stilaro Valley. Originally it was known as Castelvete ...

I47. Trotilon I48. Pyxous I49. Mylae I50.

Laüs Laüs or Laus ( grc, Λᾶος; it, Laos) was an ancient city of Magna Graecia on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. It was a colony of Sybaris at the mouth of the Lao River, which formed the boundary between Lucania and Bruttium in ancient t ...

I51. Terina I52.

Rhegion Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label=Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated popula ...

I53. Tindari I54.

Macalla ''Macalla'' is a 1985 musical album by Irish folk group Clannad. It is their ninth album and became prominent with a collaboration between Clannad's singer Moya Brennan and U2 vocalist Bono on the duet "In a Lifetime". Furthermore, it feature ...

I55. Temesa I56. Metauros I57.

Krimisa Krimisa, Crimisa or Crimissa was a small ancient city in Magna Graecia, probably originating in the 7th century BC, situated in Calabria in the region of Punta Alice. It was inhabited by an indigenous people assimilated by the Greeks. Origin and ...

I58. Chone I59. Saturo I60. Heraclea Lucania,

I61. Scylletium * I62.

Agathyrnum Agathyrnum or Agathyrna ( grc, Ἀγάθυρνα and Ἀγάθυρνον), was an ancient city on the north coast of Sicily between Tyndaris and Calacte. It was supposed to have derived its name from Agathyrnus ( grc, Ἀγάθυρνος), a son of ...

I63. Adranon I64. Akrillai I65. Casmenae I66. Akrai I67. Engyon I68. Thapsos I69. Pithekoussai I70.

Castelmezzano Castelmezzano (Castelmezzano dialect: ) is a town and '' comune'' in the province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata. It is bounded by the comuni of Albano di Lucania, Anzi, Laurenzana, Pietrapertosa, Trivigno. It is part o ...

I71. Licata I72.

Avella Avella is a town and '' comune'' in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy. Etymology Could be related to the Indo-European root ''*h₂ebōl, *h₂ebl'' ( apple), meaning "place where apple-orchards originated" (read below). Hi ...

Modern

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

C1.

Salona Salona ( grc, Σάλωνα) was an ancient city and the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia. Salona is located in the modern town of Solin, next to Split, in Croatia. Salona was founded in the 3rd century BC and was mostly destroyed in ...

C2. Tragyrion C3. Aspálathos C4.

Epidaurus Epidaurus ( gr, Ἐπίδαυρος) was a small city ('' polis'') in ancient Greece, on the Argolid Peninsula at the Saronic Gulf. Two modern towns bear the name Epidavros: '' Palaia Epidavros'' and '' Nea Epidavros''. Since 2010 they belong t ...

C5. Issa C6. Dimos C7.

Pharos The Lighthouse of Alexandria, sometimes called the Pharos of Alexandria (; Ancient Greek: ὁ Φάρος τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας, contemporary Koine ), was a lighthouse built by the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, during the re ...

C8. Kórkyra Mélaina C9. Epidaurum C10.

Narona Narona ( grc, Ναρῶνα) was an Ancient Greek trading post on the Illyrian coast and later Roman city and bishopric, located in the Neretva valley in present-day Croatia, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see. History It was founded ...

C11. Lumbarda Modern

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = ...

M1. Bouthoe Modern

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and share ...

AL1.

AL2. Epidamnos AL3. Apollonia AL4. Aulon AL5. Chimara AL6. Bouthroton AL7. Oricum AL8. Thronion Modern

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hu ...

* Some historians believe that it was near the modern Resen (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the modern

Vranje Vranje ( sr-Cyrl, Врање, ) is a city in Southern Serbia and the administrative center of the Pčinja District. The municipality of Vranje has a population of 83,524 and its urban area has 60,485 inhabitants. Vranje is the economical, poli ...

(Serbia). SE1. Damastion * Modern

North Macedonia North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Socialist Feder ...

* Some historians believe that it was near the modern Resen (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the modern

(Serbia). MA1. Damastion * MA2.

Heraclea Lyncestis Heraclea Lyncestis, also transliterated Herakleia Lynkestis ( grc, Ἡράκλεια Λυγκηστίς; la, Heraclea Lyncestis; mk, Хераклеја Линкестис), was an ancient Greek city in Macedon, ruled later by the Romans. Its ...

Modern

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wi ...

GR1.

GR2. Stageira GR3. Acanthus GR4. Mende GR5. Ambracia GR6. Corcyra GR7. Maroneia GR8.

Krinides Krinides ( el, Κρηνίδες, before 1926: Ράχτσα - ''Rachtsa'') is a town in the Kavala regional unit in eastern Macedonia, Greece. It was the seat of the former municipality of Filippoi. The ruins of the ancient city Philippi are clos ...

GR9. Olynthus GR10. Abdera GR11. Therma GR12. Arethusa GR13.

Leucas ''Leucas'' is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described by Robert Brown in 1810. It contains over 200 species, widespread over much of Africa, and southern and eastern Asia (Iran, India, China, Japan, Indonesia, etc.) with a f ...

GR14. Eion GR15. Sane GR16.

GR17.

Argilus Argilus or Argilos ( grc, Ἄργιλος) was a city of ancient Macedonia in the district Bisaltia, between Amphipolis and Bromiscus. It was founded by a colony from Andros. It appears from Herodotus to have been a little to the right of the ro ...

GR18. Sane GR19. Akanthos GR20.

GR21. Galepsus GR22. Oesyme GR23. Phagres GR24. Datus GR25. Stryme GR26.

Pistyrus Pistyrus or Pistyros ( grc, Πίστυρος), or Pistirus or Pistiros (Πίστιρος), or Bistirus or Bistiros (Βίστιρος), also known as Pisteira (Πίστειρα),Harpocration, p. 124. 11; Schol. ad Aesch. Pers. 2. was an ancient Gr ...

GR27.

Rhaecelus Rhaecelus or Rhaikelos ( Greek: ) was an Eretrian colony in Lower Macedonia, near Aeneia Aenea (; grc, Αἴνεια, ''Aineia'') was an ancient Greek city in northwesternmost Chalcidice, said to have been founded by Aeneas, and was situated, ac ...

GR28. Dicaea GR29. Methoni GR30. Heraclea in Trachis GR31. Heraclea in Acarnania GR32.

Anactorium Anactorium or Anaktorion ( grc, Ἀνακτόριον) was a town in ancient Acarnania, situated on the promontory on the Ambraciot Gulf. On entering the Ambraciot Gulf from the Ionian Sea it was the first town in Acarnania after Actium, from which ...

GR33. Sale GR34. Drys GR35.

Toroni Toroni ( grc, Τορώνη, ''Toróne'', modern pronunciation ''Toróni'') is an ancient Greek city and a former municipality in the southwest edge of Sithonia peninsula in Chalkidiki, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part o ...

GR36. Amorgos GR37.

GR38. Scabala GR39.

Philippi Philippi (; grc-gre, Φίλιπποι, ''Philippoi'') was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos. Its original name was Crenides ( grc-gre, Κρηνῖδες, ''Krenides'' "Fountains") after its establishment by Thasian colo ...

Modern

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...

* Pseudo-Scymnus writes that some say that the city of Bizone belongs to the barbarians, while others to be a Greek colony of

Mesembria Mesembria ( grc, Μεσημβρία; grc-x-doric, Μεσαμβρία, Mesambria) was an important Greek city in ancient Thrace The Thracians (; grc, Θρᾷκες ''Thrāikes''; la, Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who in ...

. BUL1.

BUL2. Odessos BUL3. Apollonia /

Antheia Antheia ( grc, Ἀνθεία) was one of the Charites, or Graces, of Greek mythology and was the goddess of swamps and flowery wreaths. She is the daughter of Zeus and Eurynome. She was depicted in Athenian vase painting as one of the attendant ...

BUL4.

Callatis Mangalia (, tr, Mankalya), ancient Callatis ( el, Κάλλατις/Καλλατίς; other historical names: Pangalia, Panglicara, Tomisovara), is a city and a port on the coast of the Black Sea in the south-east of Constanța County, Norther ...

BUL5. Agathopolis BUL6. Kavarna BUL7. Pomorie BUL8. Naulochos BUL9. Krounoi BUL10.

Pistiros Pistiros ( Ancient Greek, ''Πίστιρος'') was an inland Ancient Greek emporion, or trade center, in Ancient Thrace. It is located near the modern city of Vetren, in the westernmost part of the Maritsa River valley. The identification of t ...

BUL11. Anchialos BUL12.

Bizone The Bizone () or Bizonia was the combination of the American and the British occupation zones on 1 January 1947 during the occupation of Germany after World War II. With the addition of the French occupation zone on 1 August 1948J. Robert We ...

* BUL13.

Develtos Develtos ( el, Δεβελτός, Δηβελτός, Δεουελτòς, Δεούελτος, Διβηλτóς) or Deultum was an ancient city and bishopric in Thrace. It was located at the mouth of the River Sredetska on the west coast of Lake Man ...

BUL14. Heraclea Sintica BUL15. Beroe Modern

RO1. Tomis RO2. Histria/Istros RO3. Aegyssus RO4. Stratonis RO5. Axiopolis RO6. Kallatis Modern

Cyprus Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ...

CY1.

Chytri Chytri (or Khytri, el, Χύτροι) was one of the ten city-kingdoms of Cyprus in antiquity. It was located in the centre of the island, in the territory of Chytraea, west of Mesaoria. Today the modern town of Kythrea (Kyrka) has preserved the ...

CY2.

Kyrenia Kyrenia ( el, Κερύνεια ; tr, Girne ) is a city on the northern coast of Cyprus, noted for its historic harbour and castle. It is under the ''de facto'' control of Northern Cyprus. While there is evidence showing that the wider region ...

Modern

U1. Borysthenes U2. Tyras U3.

U4.

Nikonion Nikonion ( grc, Νικώνιον; la, Niconium) and Nikonia ( grc, Νικωνία) was an ancient Greek city on the east bank of the Dniester estuary. Its ruins are located 300 meters to the northwest of the modern village Roksolany, in th ...

U5.

Modern

* Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and unofficially it is no longer part of Ukraine. CR1.

CR2. Nymphaion CR3. Tyritake CR4. Theodosia CR5. Chersonesus CR6.

Charax Charax (Χάραξ) may refer to: * Charax, alternate name of Acharaca, an ancient oracle site in Lydia, Anatolia * Charax, alternate name of Charakipolis, an ancient town in Lydia, Anatolia * Charax, alternate name of Tralles, an ancient city in Ly ...

CR7. Myrmekion CR8. Kerkinitis CR9. Kimmerikon CR10. Kalos Limen CR11. Yalita CR12. Akra Modern

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...

RU1. Tanais RU2.

Kepoi Kepoi or Cepoi ( Ancient Greek: Κῆποι, Russian: Кепы) was an ancient Greek colony situated on the Taman peninsula, three kilometres to the east of Phanagoria, in the present-day Krasnodar Krai of Russia. The colony was established by the ...

RU3. Phanagoria RU4. Bata RU5. Gorgippia RU6.

RU7. Korokondame RU8. Taganrog RU9. Tyramba RU10. Patraeus RU11. Toricos Modern

* Abkhazia is recognised only by Russia and a small number of other countries. G1. Bathys G2. Triglite G3. Pityus G4.

Dioscurias Sukhumi (russian: Суху́м(и), ) or Sokhumi ( ka, სოხუმი, ), also known by its Abkhaz name Aqwa ( ab, Аҟәа, ''Aqwa''), is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea's eastern coast. It is both the capital and largest city of ...

G5. Phasis G6. Gyenos Modern

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...

TR1. Selymbria TR2.

TR3.

Cius Cius (; grc-gre, Kίος or Κῖος ''Kios''), later renamed Prusias on the Sea (; la, Prusias ad Mare) after king Prusias I of Bithynia, was an ancient Greek city bordering the Propontis (now known as the Sea of Marmara), in Bithynia and i ...

TR4.

Ephesus Ephesus (; grc-gre, Ἔφεσος, Éphesos; tr, Efes; may ultimately derive from hit, 𒀀𒉺𒊭, Apaša) was a city in ancient Greece on the coast of Ionia, southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey. It was built i ...

TR5. Dios Hieron TR6. Iasos TR7. Myndus TR8. Selge TR9. Priene TR10.

Halicarnassus Halicarnassus (; grc, Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός ''Halikarnāssós'' or ''Alikarnāssós''; tr, Halikarnas; Carian: 𐊠𐊣𐊫𐊰 𐊴𐊠𐊥𐊵𐊫𐊰 ''alos k̂arnos'') was an ancient Greek city in Caria, in Anatolia. It was locate ...

TR11.

TR12. Tralles TR13.

Phaselis Phaselis ( grc, Φασηλίς) or Faselis ( tr, Faselis) was a Greek and Roman city on the coast of ancient Lycia. Its ruins are located north of the modern town Tekirova in the Kemer district of Antalya Province in Turkey. It lies between ...

TR14.

Aspendos Aspendos or Aspendus ( Pamphylian: ΕΣΤϜΕΔΥΣ; Attic: Ἄσπενδος) was an ancient Greco-Roman city in Antalya province of Turkey. The site is located 40 km east of the modern city of Antalya. It was situated on the Eurymedon ...

TR15.

Side Side or Sides may refer to: Geometry * Edge (geometry) of a polygon (two-dimensional shape) * Face (geometry) of a polyhedron (three-dimensional shape) Places * Side (Ainis), a town of Ainis, ancient Thessaly, Greece * Side (Caria), a town of a ...

TR16. Sillyon TR17. Zephyrion TR18. Kelenderis TR19. Mallus TR20. Amos TR21.

TR22. Amaseia TR23. Amastris TR24. Ainos TR25. Berge TR26. Perinthos TR27.

TR28.

Chalcedon Chalcedon ( or ; , sometimes transliterated as ''Chalkedon'') was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor. It was located almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar) and it is now a district of the cit ...

TR29.

Nicomedia Nicomedia (; el, Νικομήδεια, ''Nikomedeia''; modern İzmit) was an ancient Greek city located in what is now Turkey. In 286, Nicomedia became the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire (chosen by the emperor Diocle ...

TR30.

TR31.

Sestos Sestos ( el, Σηστός, la, Sestus) was an ancient city in Thrace. It was located at the Thracian Chersonese peninsula on the European coast of the Hellespont, opposite the ancient city of Abydos, and near the town of Eceabat in Turkey. In ...

TR32. Lampsacus TR33. Panormos TR34. Cyzicus TR35. Ilion TR36.

Sigeion Sigeion ( Ancient Greek: , ''Sigeion''; Latin: ''Sigeum'') was an ancient Greek city in the north-west of the Troad region of Anatolia located at the mouth of the Scamander (the modern Karamenderes River). Sigeion commanded a ridge between th ...

TR37.

TR38. Tirebolu TR39. Amisos TR40. Tripolis TR41.

TR42. Polemonion TR43. Pharnakia TR44. Kerasous TR45.

Trapezous Trabzon (; Ancient Greek: Tραπεζοῦς (''Trapezous''), Ophitic Pontic Greek: Τραπεζούντα (''Trapezounta''); Georgian: ტრაპიზონი (''Trapizoni'')), historically known as Trebizond in English, is a city on the ...

TR46. Themiscyra TR47. Astacus in Bithynia TR48.

Assos Assos (; grc-gre, Ἄσσος, la, Assus) is a beautiful small and historically important town on the Aegean coast in the Ayvacık district of Çanakkale province, Turkey. It is on the southern side of Biga Peninsula (better known by its anc ...

TR49. Pitane TR50.

TR51.

Smyrna Smyrna ( ; grc, Σμύρνη, Smýrnē, or , ) was a Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to prom ...

TR52. Pergamon TR53. Teos TR55. Colophon TR56. Patara TR57.

Canae Canae ( grc, Κάναι; tr, Kane) was, in classical antiquity, a city in ancient Aeolis, on the island of Argennusa in the Aegean Sea off the modern Dikili Peninsula on the coast of modern-day Turkey, near the modern village of Bademli. ...

TR58.

Bargylia Bargylia (; grc, Βαργυλία), was a city on the coast of ancient Caria in southwestern Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) between Iasos and Myndus. Bargylia's location corresponds to the modern Turkish town of Boğaziçi in Muğla Province. T ...

TR59.

Madytus Madytus or Madytos ( grc, Μάδυτος) was a Greek city and port of ancient Thrace, located in the region of the Thracian Chersonesos, nearly opposite to Abydos. The city was a colony of the Aeolians from Lesbos who, according to the ancient ...

TR60. Elaeus TR61. Tieion TR62.

Apamea Myrlea Apamea Myrlea (; grc, Απάμεια Μύρλεια) was an ancient city and bishopric (Apamea in Bithynia) on the Sea of Marmara, in Bithynia, Anatolia; its ruins are a few kilometers south of Mudanya, Bursa Province in the Marmara Region of ...

TR63. Klazomenai TR64. Notion TR65. Parion TR66. Heraion Teichos TR67.

Bisanthe Bisanthe ( grc, Βισάνθη) was a great city in ancient Thrace, on the coast of the Propontis, which had been founded by the Samians. About 400 BCE, Bisanthe belonged to the kingdom of the Thracian prince Seuthes II. At a later period its ...

TR68.

Erythrae Erythrae or Erythrai ( el, Ἐρυθραί) later Litri, was one of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia Minor, situated 22 km north-east of the port of Cyssus (modern name: Çeşme), on a small peninsula stretching into the Bay of Erythra ...

TR69.

Priapus In Greek mythology, Priapus (; grc, Πρίαπος, ) is a minor rustic fertility god, protector of livestock, fruit plants, gardens and male genitalia. Priapus is marked by his oversized, permanent erection, which gave rise to the medical ter ...

TR70. Alopeconnesus TR71. Limnae TR73. Crithote TR74. Pactya TR75. Perinthus TR76. Tium TR77. Teichiussa TR78.

Triopium Triopium or Triopion and Triopia ( grc, Τριόπιον and Τριοπία) was a town on the coast of ancient Caria, near ancient Cnidus. According to ancient writers Triopas was the founder of the city, and took its name after him. At Triopium ...

TR79.

Placia Placia or Plakia or Placie or Plakie ( grc, Πλακίη), also known as Placa or Plaka or Place or Plake (Πλάκη), was a town of ancient Mysia, on the coast of the Propontis, at the foot of the Mysian Olympus east of Cyzicus. It was a Pelasg ...

TR80.

Scylace Scylace or Skylake ( grc, Σκυλάκη), was a town of ancient Mysia, on the coast of the Propontis, east of Cyzicus. It was a Pelasgian town; in this place and the neighbouring Placia, the Pelasgians, according to Herodotus, had preserved thei ...

TR81.

Arisba Arisba or Arisbe ( grc, Ἀρίσβη; Eth. Ἀρισβαἰος), was a town of Mysia, mentioned by Homer in the same line with Sestos and Abydus. It was between Percote and Abydus,Stephanus of Byzantium, ''Ethnica'' Ἀρίσβη a colony of M ...

TR82. Apollonia TR83. Apollonia ad Rhyndacum TR84. Myrina TR85. Pythopolis TR86. Cytorus TR87.

Armene Armene ( grc, Ἀρμένη or Ἁρμένη or Ἀρμήνη) was an ancient Greek city on the Black Sea coast of ancient Paphlagonia. Xenophon in his ''Anabasis'' writes that the Ten Thousand on their return anchored their ships here, and stayed ...

TR88.

Kolonai Kolonai ( grc, αἱ Κολωναί, hai Kolōnai; la, Colonae) was an ancient Greek city in the south-west of the Troad region of Anatolia. It has been located on a hill by the coast known as Beşiktepe ('cradle hill'), about equidistant betwe ...

TR89.

Paesus Paesus or Paisos ( Hittite: Apaššawa, Ancient Greek: Παισός), in the Trojan Battle Order in Homer's ''Iliad'' called Apaesus or Apaisos (Ἀπαισός), was a town and '' polis'' (city-state) on the coast of the ancient Troad, at the e ...

TR90. Scepsis TR91.

Myus Myus ( grc, Μυοῦς), sometimes Myous or Myos, was an ancient Greek city in Caria. It was one of twelve major settlements of the Ionian League. The city was said to have been founded by Cyaretus ( grc, Κυάρητος) (sometimes called C ...

TR92. Mallus TR93. Mopsus TR94. Caryanda TR95. Athenae TR96.

Syrna Syrna ( el, Σύρνα) is a mountain village and a community in the municipal unit of Trikolonoi, western Arcadia, Greece. Syrna is situated on a mountain slope above the right bank of the river Alfeios, at about 800 m elevation. In 2011 Syrna h ...

TR97. Cyme TR98. Marathesium TR99. Chrysopolis TR100. Neonteikhos TR101. Artace TR102.

Semystra Semystra ( grc, Σημύστρα) was a town of ancient Thrace. Dionysius of Byzantium wrote that there was an altar of the nymph Semystra there, whence the name of the town. Semystra was a nymph, she nurtured the Keroessa, who was the daughter o ...

TR103.

Cobrys Cobrys or Kobrys ( grc, Κῶβρυς) was a coastal Greek town in ancient Thrace, on the Thracian Chersonesus. It is mentioned in the ''Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax'' It was an Emporium of the Cardia. There have been unconvincing attempts to iden ...

TR104. Cypasis TR105. Kydonies TR106.

Coryphas Coryphas or Koryphas ( grc, Κορυφάς), also known as Coryphantis or Koryphantis (Κορυφαντίς), was one of the settlements of the Mytilenaeans, on the coast of ancient Aeolis, opposite to Lesbos, and north of Atarneus. It is evidentl ...

TR107.

Heraclea (Aeolis) Heraclea or Herakleia ( grc, Ἡράκλεια), also transliterated as Heracleia, was a town of ancient Aeolis. It was opposite to Hecatonnesi. This town and the neighbouring Coryphantis are called villages of the Mytilenaeans. The town may als ...

TR108.

Gargara Gargara ( grc, Γάργαρα) was an ancient Greek city on the southern coast of the Troad region of Anatolia. It was initially located beneath Mount Gargaron, one of the three peaks of Mount Ida, today known as Koca Kaya (). At some point in ...

TR109.

Lamponeia Lamponeia ( grc, Λαμπώνεια) or Lamponia (Λαμπωνία), also known as Lamponium or Lamponion (Λαμπώνιον), was an Aetolian city on the southern coast of the Troad region of Anatolia. Its archaeological remains have been locate ...

TR110. Elaea TR111. Mariandyn TR112. Claros TR113.

Knidos Knidos or Cnidus (; grc-gre, Κνίδος, , , Knídos) was a Greek city in ancient Caria and part of the Dorian Hexapolis, in south-western Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey. It was situated on the Datça peninsula, which forms the southern side ...

TR114. Prusias ad Hypium TR115. Dardanus TR116.

Pygela Pygela ( grc, Πύγελα) or Phygela (Φύγελα) was a small town of ancient Ionia, on the coast of the Caystrian Bay, a little to the south of Ephesus. According to Greek mythology, it was said to have been founded by Agamemnon, and to ha ...

TR117. Temnos TR118.

Gryneium Gryneium or Gryneion ( grc, Γρύνειον), also Grynium or Grynion (Γρύνιον), Grynia or Gryneia (Γρύνεια) and Grynoi (Γρῦνοι), was a city of ancient Aeolis. It was located 40 stadia from Myrina and 70 from Elaea. In ear ...

TR119. 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{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.15 , lon_deg=16.57 , label= I58, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.22 , lon_deg=17.18 , label= I59, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.13 , lon_deg=16.40 , label= I60, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.48 , lon_deg=16.35 , label= I61, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.09 , lon_deg=14.44 , label= I62, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.40 , lon_deg=14.50 , label= I63, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.02 , lon_deg=14.41 , label= I64, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.04 , lon_deg=14.49 , label= I65, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.03 , lon_deg=14.53 , label= I66, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.47 , lon_deg=14.36 , label= I67, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.09 , 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, lat_deg=43.11 , lon_deg=16.35 , label= C7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.57 , lon_deg=17.07 , label= C8, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=18.13 , label= C9, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.02 , lon_deg=17.35 , label= C10, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.92 , lon_deg=17.17 , label=Lumbarda, C11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.17 , lon_deg=18.50 , label=Budva, M1, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.48 , lon_deg=19.35 , label=Nymphaeum (Illyria), AL1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.31 , lon_deg=19.45 , label=Epidamnos, AL2, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=19.28 , label=Apollonia (Illyria), AL3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=19.29 , label=Vlorë, AL4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.7 , lon_deg=19.44 , label=Chimara, AL5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.44 , lon_deg=20.01 , label=Buthrotum, AL6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=19.29 , label=Oricum, AL7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.34 , lon_deg=19.34 , label=Thronion (Illyria), AL8, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.33 , lon_deg=21.54 , label=Damastion, SE1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.26 , lon_deg=21.51 , label=Damastion, MA1, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=21.20 , label=Heraclea Lyncestis, MA2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.19 , lon_deg=23.33 , label=Potidaea, GR1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.35 , lon_deg=23.47 , label=Stagira (ancient city), GR2, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=23.52 , label=Akanthos (Greece), GR3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.96 , lon_deg=23.42 , label=Mende (Chalcidice), GR4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.90 , lon_deg=20.59 , label=Ambracia, GR5, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.35 , lon_deg=19.52 , label=Corfu, GR6, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=23.31 , label=Maroneia, GR7, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.1 , lon_deg=24.18 , label=Krinides, GR8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.29 , lon_deg=23.35 , label=Olynthus, GR9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.56 , lon_deg=24.58 , label=Abdera, Thrace, GR10, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.34 , lon_deg=22.56 , label=Therma, GR11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.39 , lon_deg=23.37 , label=Arethusa (Mygdonia), GR12, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.43 , lon_deg=20.39 , label=Lefkada, GR13, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.47 , lon_deg=23.53 , label=Eion, GR14, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=23.56 , label=Sane (Acte), GR15, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=23.50 , label=Amphipolis, GR16, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=23.48 , label=Argilus, GR17, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=23.56 , label=Sane (Acte), GR18, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=23.53 , label=Akanthos (Greece), GR19, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.33 , lon_deg=21.05 , label=Astacus (Acarnania), GR20, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.45 , lon_deg=23.59 , label=Galepsus (Thrace), GR21, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=24.19 , label=Oesyme, GR22, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=23.57 , label=Phagres, GR23, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=24.10 , label=Datus (Greece), GR24, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.56 , lon_deg=25.16 , label=Stryme, GR25, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=24.35 , label=Pistyrus, GR26, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.28 , lon_deg=22.51 , label=Rhaecelus, GR27, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=22.56 , label=Dicaea (Macedonia), GR28, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.26 , lon_deg=22.35 , label=Methoni, Pieria, GR29, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.47 , lon_deg=22.26 , label=Heraclea in Trachis, GR30, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.54 , lon_deg=20.56 , label=Heraclea (Acarnania), GR31, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.55 , lon_deg=20.50 , label=Anactorium, GR32, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=25.52 , label=Sale (Thrace), GR33, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.51 , lon_deg=25.40 , label=Drys (Thrace), GR34, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.59 , lon_deg=23.54 , label=Toroni, GR35, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.50 , lon_deg=25.54 , label=Amorgos, GR36, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.95 , lon_deg=20.76 , label=Actium, GR37, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.19 , lon_deg=23.35 , label=Scabala, GR38, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=24.17 , label=Philippi, GR39, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.10 , lon_deg=28.38 , label=Constanța, RO1, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.32 , lon_deg=28.46 , label=Histria (ancient city), RO2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.11 , lon_deg=28.48 , label=Tulcea, RO3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.00 , lon_deg=28.38 , label=Tuzla, Constanța, RO4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.20 , lon_deg=28.02 , label=Cernavodă, RO5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.49 , lon_deg=28.34 , label=Mangalia, RO6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=35.25 , lon_deg=33.49 , label=Chytri, CY1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=35.20 , lon_deg=33.19 , label=Kyrenia, CY2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.39 , lon_deg=27.44 , label=Nesebar, BUL1, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.13 , lon_deg=27.55 , label=Varna, Bulgaria, BUL2, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.25 , lon_deg=27.42 , label=Sozopol, BUL3, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.49 , lon_deg=28.34 , label=Callatis, BUL4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.60 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Ahtopol, BUL5, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.26 , lon_deg=28.20 , label=Kavarna, BUL6, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=27.37 , label=Pomorie, BUL7, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.49 , lon_deg=27.53 , label=Obzor, BUL8, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.25 , lon_deg=28.10 , label=Balchik, BUL9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.28 , lon_deg=24.04 , label=Pistiros, BUL10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=27.37 , label=Pomorie, BUL11, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.26 , lon_deg=28.20 , label=Kavarna, BUL12, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.23 , lon_deg=27.17 , label=Develtos, BUL13, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.23 , lon_deg=27.17 , label=Heraclea Sintica, BUL14, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.26 , lon_deg=25.39 , label=Stara Zagora, BUL15, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.36 , lon_deg=31.24 , label=Berezan Island, U1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.12 , lon_deg=30.21 , label=Tyras, U2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.41 , lon_deg=31.54 , label=Pontic Olbia (archaeological site), U3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.11 , lon_deg=30.26 , label=Nikonion, U4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.29 , lon_deg=30.44 , label=Odessa, U5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.21 , lon_deg=36.28 , label=Panticapaeum, CR1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.14 , lon_deg=36.25 , label=Nymphaion (Crimea), CR2, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=36.24 , label=Tyritake, CR3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.20 , lon_deg=35.22 , label=Feodosia, CR4, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.36 , lon_deg=33.29 , label=Chersonesus, CR5, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.42 , lon_deg=34.12 , label=Charax, Crimea, CR6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.21 , lon_deg=36.28 , label=Myrmekion, CR7, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.11 , lon_deg=33.22 , label=Yevpatoria, CR8, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.04 , lon_deg=36.23 , label=Kimmerikon, CR9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.30 , lon_deg=32.42 , label=Chornomorske, CR10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.29 , lon_deg=34.10 , label=Yalta, CR11, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.13 , lon_deg=36.41 , label= Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus), CR12, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=47.16 , lon_deg=39.20 , label=Tanais, RU1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.22 , lon_deg=39.26 , label=Kepoi, RU2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=36.57 , label=Phanagoria, RU3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.43 , lon_deg=37.45 , label=Novorossiysk, RU4, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.52 , lon_deg=37.22 , label=Anapa, RU5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.13 , lon_deg=36.42 , label=Tmutarakan, RU6, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.20 , lon_deg=36.61 , label= Korokondame, RU7, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=47.13 , lon_deg=38.55 , label= Taganrog, RU8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=37.22 , label= Tyramba, RU9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.31 , lon_deg=36.84 , label= RU10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.57 , lon_deg=37.99 , label= Toricos, RU11, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.38 , lon_deg=41.38 , label=Batumi, G1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.20 , lon_deg=40.13 , label=Gagra, G2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.10 , lon_deg=40.20 , label=Pitsunda, G3, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.00 , lon_deg=41.01 , label=Sukhumi, G4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.09 , lon_deg=41.40 , label=Phasis (town), G5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.42 , lon_deg=41.27 , label=Ochamchire, G6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.05 , lon_deg=28.15 , label=Silivri, TR1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.17 , lon_deg=31.24 , label=Heraclea Pontica, TR2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.91 , lon_deg=31.11 , label=Cius, TR3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.56 , lon_deg=27.20 , label=Ephesus, TR4, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.25 , lon_deg=28.05 , label=Birgi, TR5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.16 , lon_deg=27.35 , label=Iasos, TR6, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.03 , lon_deg=27.14 , label=Myndus, TR7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.13 , lon_deg=31.07 , label=Selge, Pisidia, TR8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.39 , lon_deg=27.17 , label=Priene, TR9, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.02 , lon_deg=27.25 , label=Halicarnassus, TR10, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.31 , lon_deg=27.16 , label=Miletus, TR11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.50 , lon_deg=27.50 , label=Aydın, TR12, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.31 , lon_deg=30.33 , label=Phaselis, TR13, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.56 , lon_deg=31.10 , label=Aspendos, TR14, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.46 , lon_deg=31.23 , label=Side, Turkey, TR15, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.59 , lon_deg=30.59 , label=Sillyon, TR16, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.48 , lon_deg=34.38 , label=Mersin, TR17, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.08 , lon_deg=33.19 , label=Kelenderis, TR18, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.75 , lon_deg=35.48 , label=Mallus (city), TR19, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.45 , lon_deg=28.16 , label=Amos (ancient city), TR20, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=28.57 , label=Byzantium, TR21, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.39 , lon_deg=35.49 , label=Amasya, TR22, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.45 , lon_deg=32.33 , label=Amasra, TR23, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.44 , lon_deg=26.04 , label=Enez, TR24, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.57 , lon_deg=23.23 , label=Berge (Bisaltia), TR25, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=26.57 , label=Marmara Ereğlisi, TR26, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.32 , lon_deg=26.44 , label=Cardia (Thrace), TR27, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.98 , lon_deg=29.03 , label=Chalcedon, TR28, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=29.56 , label=Nicomedia, TR29, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.11 , lon_deg=26.24 , label=Abydos (Hellespont), TR30, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.13 , lon_deg=26.23 , label=Sestos, TR31, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.20 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Lampsacus, TR32, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=27.58 , label=Bandırma, TR33, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.38 , lon_deg=27.89 , label=Cyzicus, TR34, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.57 , lon_deg=26.14 , label=Troy, TR35, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.58 , lon_deg=26.10 , label=Troy, TR36, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.02 , lon_deg=35.09 , label=Sinop, Turkey, TR37, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.0 , lon_deg=38.49 , label=Tirebolu, TR38, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.17 , lon_deg=35.19 , label=Samsun, TR39, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=38.49 , label=Tripolis (Pontus), TR40, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.59 , lon_deg=37.53 , label=Ordu, TR41, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.02 , lon_deg=37.30 , label=Fatsa, TR42, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.01 , lon_deg=39.33 , label=Akçaabat, TR43, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=38.23 , label=Giresun, TR44, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=39.44 , label=Trabzon, TR45, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.12 , lon_deg=36.43 , label=Themiscyra (Pontus), TR46, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.92 , lon_deg=29.99 , label=Astacus in Bithynia, TR 47, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.29 , lon_deg=26.20 , label=Assos, TR48, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.55 , lon_deg=26.56 , label=Pitane (Aeolis), TR49, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=26.45 , label=Phocaea, TR50, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.25 , lon_deg=27.08 , label=Smyrna, TR51, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.07 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Pergamon, TR52, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.10 , lon_deg=26.47 , label=Teos, TR53, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=27.08 , label=Colophon (city), TR55, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.15 , lon_deg=29.19 , label=Patara, Lycia, TR56, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.20 , lon_deg=26.48 , label=Canae, TR57, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.20 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Bargylia, TR58, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.18 , lon_deg=26.35 , label=Madytus, TR59, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.03 , lon_deg=26.13 , label=Elaeus, TR60, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.25 , lon_deg=32.04 , label=Tieion, TR61, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.22 , lon_deg=28.53 , label=Apamea Myrlea, TR62, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.21 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Klazomenai, TR63, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.59 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Notion (ancient city), TR64, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.41 , lon_deg=27.07 , label=Parium, TR65, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.02 , lon_deg=27.74 , label=Heraion (Thrace), TR66, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=27.30 , label=Bisanthe, TR67, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.22 , lon_deg=26.28 , label=Erythrae, TR68, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=27.18 , label=Karabiga, TR69, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.18 , lon_deg=26.14 , label=Alopeconnesus, TR70, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=29.30 , label=Limnae (Bithynia), TR71, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=26.39 , label=Crithote (Thrace), TR73, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.29 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Pactya, TR74, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Perinthus, TR75, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.33 , lon_deg=32.01 , label=Tium, TR76, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.21 , lon_deg=27.27 , label=Teichiussa, TR77, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.41 , lon_deg=27.29 , label=Triopium, TR78, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=28.16 , label=Placia, TR79, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=28.23 , label=Scylace, TR80, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.11 , lon_deg=26.32 , label=Arisba, TR81, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.12 , lon_deg=27.29 , label=Apollonia (Mysia), TR82, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.10 , lon_deg=28.36 , label=Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, TR83, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.50 , lon_deg=26.59 , label=Myrina (Aeolis), TR84, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=29.24 , label=Pythopolis (Mysia), TR85, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.51 , lon_deg=32.51 , label=Cytorus, TR86, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.02 , lon_deg=32.02 , label=Armene, TR87, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.41 , lon_deg=26.09 , label=Kolonai, TR88, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=26.47 , label=Paesus, TR89, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.48 , lon_deg=26.42 , label=Scepsis, TR90, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.35 , lon_deg=27.25 , label=Myus, TR91, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.75 , lon_deg=35.48 , label=Mallus (Cilicia), TR92, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.57 , lon_deg=35.37 , label=Mopsuestia, TR93, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.07 , lon_deg=27.22 , label=Caryanda, TR94, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.10 , lon_deg=40.53 , label=Athenae (Pontus), TR95, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.43 , lon_deg=28.11 , label=Syrna (Caria), TR96, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.86 , lon_deg=27.05 , label=Cyme (Aeolis), TR97, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.49 , lon_deg=27.15 , label=Marathesium, TR98, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.01 , lon_deg=29.02 , label=Üsküdar, TR99, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.39 , lon_deg=27.01 , label=Neonteikhos, TR100, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=27.47 , label=Artace (Mysia), TR101, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.03 , lon_deg=28.56 , label=Semystra, TR102, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.35 , lon_deg=26.50 , label=Cobrys, TR103, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.37 , lon_deg=26.50 , label=Cypasis, TR104, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.19 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Ayvalık, TR105, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.21 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Coryphas, TR106, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.18 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Heraclea (Aeolis), TR107, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.35 , lon_deg=26.32 , label=Gargara, TR108, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.32 , lon_deg=26.24 , label=Lamponeia, TR109, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.57 , lon_deg=27.02 , label=Elaea (Aeolis), TR110, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.27 , lon_deg=31.47 , label=Zonguldak, TR111, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.00 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Claros, TR112, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.41 , lon_deg=27.22 , label=Knidos, TR113, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=31.08 , label=Prusias ad Hypium, TR114, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.08 , lon_deg=26.36 , label=Dardanus (city), TR115, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.51 , lon_deg=27.15 , label=Pygela, TR116, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Temnos, TR117, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.49 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Gryneium, TR118, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.49 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Aigai (Aeolis), TR119, position=bottom , caption=Some of the Greek colonies Griechischen und phönizischen Kolonien

Notes

{{reflist, group=quotes

References

{{reflist, 30em

External links

Greek colonies to 500 BCE

* [https://topostext.org/the-places TOPOSTEXT: EDUCATION / REFERENCE TOOL FOR GREEK CIVILIZATION] {{Ancient Greece topics {{Hellenistic colonies Greek colonies Archaic Greece

Reasons for colonization

Characteristics of the colonization

Timing

Locations

Colonies in Macedonia and Thrace

Colonies in the Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea and Illyria

Magna Graecia: colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily

Colonies on the Black Sea and Propontis

Colonies in the rest of the Mediterranean

Notes

References

Further reading

External links