Greek colonization was an organised colonial expansion by the Archaic Greeks into the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on ...

and

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...

in the period of the 8th–6th centuries BC. This colonization differed from the migrations of the Greek Dark Ages in that it consisted of organised direction (see

Oikistes The ''oikistes'' ( gr, οἰκιστής), often anglicized Anglicisation is the process by which a place or person becomes influenced by English culture or British culture, or a process of cultural and/or linguistic change in which something ...

) by the originating

metropolis A metropolis () is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications. A big c ...

instead of the simple movement of tribes which characterized the earlier migrations. Many colonies () that were founded in this period evolved into strong city-states and became independent of their metropolis.

Reasons for colonization

Reasons for colonization had to do with the demographic explosion of this period, the development of the emporium, the need for a secure supply of raw materials, but also with the emerging politics of the period that drove sections of the population into exile. Population growth created a scarcity of farmland and a restriction of the ability of smallholders to farm it, which was similar in every city-state. In places with surplus population, this led to a demand for additional living space. The location of each colonial establishment was dictated by the supply of unexploited resources that would provide the metropolis, as well as the finished goods it would produce. The development of the emporium was among the more important motivations for the founding of a colony. The colonies created new markets, supplied the metropolis with significant raw materials and constituted important way stations on the long-distance trade journeys of the era. Finally, the troubled political situation in many cities, along with the establishment of

tyrannical A tyrant (), in the modern English usage of the word, is an absolute ruler who is unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped a legitimate ruler's sovereignty. Often portrayed as cruel, tyrants may defend their positions by resorting to r ...

government, drove the political opposition into exile and into a search for new places of residence.

Characteristics of the colonization

The founding of the colonies was consistently an organised enterprise. The launch was organized by the metropolis, although in many cases they collaborated with other cities. The place to be colonized was selected in advance with the goal of offering business advantages, but also security from raiders. In order to create a feeling of security and confidence in relation to the new colony, the choice of place was decided according to its usefulness. The mission always included a leader nominated by the colonists. In the new cities, the colonists parceled out the land, including farms. The system of governance usually took a form reminiscent of that which prevailed in the metropolis.

Timing

The first founders of colonies were the Euboeans, who founded colonies at the beginning of the 8th century B.C. in Southern Italy and Chalcidice. The two most powerful states on Euboea, Chalcis and Eretria founded numerous colonies in Chalcidice, the most important of which was Olynthus, and they were the first to found colonies in Southern Italy. The first colony that they founded there was

Pithecusae Ischia ( , , ) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about from Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures approximately east to west ...

on the Isle of Ischia. Subsequently, they founded the colonies of Cumae, Zancle,

Rhegium Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label=Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated popul ...

and Naxos. At the end of the 8th century, Euboea fell into decline with the outbreak of the Lelantine War and the baton of colonial foundation was passed to other Greek cities. In the 7th century, many colonies were founded in Ionia, Southern Italy,

Thrace Thrace (; el, Θράκη, Thráki; bg, Тракия, Trakiya; tr, Trakya) or Thrake is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe, now split among Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey, which is bounded by the Balkan Mountains to ...

and on the

. Other Greek colonies were founded on the coast of

Gaul Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during ...

, on the Cyrenaica peninsula in Africa and also in Egypt. In this burst of colonial expansion cities such as

Corinth Corinth ( ; el, Κόρινθος, Kórinthos, ) is the successor to an ancient city, and is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese, which is located in south-central Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it has been part ...

, Miletus, Megara and Phocaea took the lead.

Locations

Colonies in Macedonia and Thrace

Numerous colonies were founded in Northern Greece, chiefly in the region of Chalcidice but also in the region of

. Chalcidice was settled by Euboeans, chiefly from Chalcis, who lent their name to these colonies. The most important settlements of the Euboeans in Chalcidice were Olynthos (which colony was settled in collaboration with the

Athenians Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...

), Torone, Mende, Sermyle, Aphytis and Cleonae in the peninsula of Athos. Other important colonies in Chalcidice were Acanthus, a colony which was founded by colonists from Andros and

Potidaea __NOTOC__ Potidaea (; grc, Ποτίδαια, ''Potidaia'', also Ποτείδαια, ''Poteidaia'') was a colony founded by the Corinthians around 600 BC in the narrowest point of the peninsula of Pallene, the westernmost of three peninsulas a ...

, a colony of

Thasians Thasos or Thassos ( el, Θάσος, ''Thásos'') is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea. It is the northernmost major Greek island, and 12th largest by area. The island has an area of and a population of about 13,000. It forms a separate re ...

with the help of the Athenian Callistratus of Aphidnae founded the city of Datus. During the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians with the Hagnon, son of Nikias founded the city of Ennea Hodoi (Ἐννέα ὁδοὶ), meaning nine roads, at the place were now is the 'Hill 133' north of Amphipolis in Serres. Numerous other colonies were founded in the region of Thrace by the Ionians from the coast of

Asia Minor Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

. Important colonies were Maroneia, and Abdera. The Milesians also founded

Abydos Abydos may refer to: *Abydos, a progressive metal side project of German singer Andy Kuntz *Abydos (Hellespont), an ancient city in Mysia, Asia Minor * Abydos (''Stargate''), name of a fictional planet in the ''Stargate'' science fiction universe ...

and

Cardia The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the digestive system. The stomach is ...

on the Hellespont and

Rhaedestus Bisanthe ( grc, Βισάνθη) was a great city in ancient Thrace, on the coast of the Propontis, which had been founded by the Samians. About 400 BCE, Bisanthe belonged to the kingdom of the Thracian prince Seuthes II. At a later period its ...

in Propontis. The Samians colonised the island of

Samothrace Samothrace (also known as Samothraki, el, Σαμοθράκη, ) is a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea. It is a municipality within the Evros regional unit of Thrace. The island is long and is in size and has a population of 2,859 (2011 ...

, becoming the source of its name. Finally, the Parians colonized

Thasos Thasos or Thassos ( el, Θάσος, ''Thásos'') is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea. It is the northernmost major Greek island, and 12th largest by area. The island has an area of and a population of about 13,000. It forms a separate r ...

under the leadership of the

oecist The ''oikistes'' ( gr, οἰκιστής), often anglicized Anglicisation is the process by which a place or person becomes influenced by English culture or British culture, or a process of cultural and/or linguistic change in which something ...

and father of the poet Archilochus, Telesicles. In 340 BCE, while

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to ...

was regent of Macedon, he founded the city of Alexandropolis Maedica after defeating a local Thracian tribe.

Colonies in the Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea and Illyria

The region of the Ionian Sea and that of Illyria were colonized strictly by

. The Corinthians founded important overseas colonies on the sea lanes to Southern Italy and the west which succeeded in making them the foremost emporia of the western side of the Mediterranean. Important colonies of Corinth included Leucada,

Astacus ''Astacus'' (from the Greek , ', meaning "lobster" or "crayfish") is a genus of crayfish found in Europe and western Asia, comprising three extant (living) species and three extinct fossil species. Due to the crayfish plague, crayfish of th ...

, Anactoreum,

Actium Actium or Aktion ( grc, Ἄκτιον) was a town on a promontory in ancient Acarnania at the entrance of the Ambraciot Gulf, off which Octavian gained his celebrated victory, the Battle of Actium, over Antony and Cleopatra, on September 2, 31& ...

, Ambracia, and Corcyra. The Corinthians also founded important colonies in Illyria, which evolved into important cities, Apollonia and Epidamnus. The fact that about the 6th century BC the citizens of Epidamnus constructed a Doric-style treasury at Olympia confirms that the city was among the richest of the

Ancient Greek world Ancient Greece ( el, Ἑλλάς, Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity ( AD 600), that comprised a loose collection of cult ...

. An ancient account describes Epidamnos as ‘a great power and very populated’ city. Nymphaeum was another Greek colony in Illyria. The Abantes of

Euboea Evia (, ; el, Εύβοια ; grc, Εὔβοια ) or Euboia (, ) is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait (only at its narrowest poi ...

founded the city of Thronion at the Illyria. In 1877, archaeologists discovered in Lumbarda on the island of Korčula, in modern-day

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

, a Greek inscription which writes about the founding of an

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic pe ...

settlement on the island. The artifact is known as Lumbarda Psephisma.

Magna Graecia: colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily

The first to colonize Southern Italy were the Euboeans, who with the move to

(on the isle of

Ischia Ischia ( , , ) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about from Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures approximately east to ...

), founded a series of cities in that region. The second city that they founded was Cumae, nearly opposite Ischia. The colonists from Cumae founded Zancle in on Sicily, and nearby on the opposite coast,

. Further, the Euboeans founded Naxos, which became the base for the founding of the cities of Leontini, Tauromenion and Catania. In this effort they were accompanied by small numbers of Dorians and Ionians; the Athenians had notably refused to take part in the colonization. The strongest of the Sicilian colonies was Syracuse, an 8th-century B.C. colony of the Corinthians. Colonists of that same period from Achaea founded the cities of Sybaris and Croton in the Gulf of Taranto but also in the Metapontum in the same district. In the same area, refugees from

Sparta Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referr ...

founded

Taranto Taranto (, also ; ; nap, label=Tarantino, Tarde; Latin: Tarentum; Old Italian: ''Tarento''; Ancient Greek: Τάρᾱς) is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto, serving as an important comme ...

which evolved into one of the most powerful cities in the area. Other Greek states that founded cities in Southern Italy were Megara, which founded Megara Hyblaea, and Selinous; Phocaea, which founded Elea; Rhodes, which founded Gela together with the Cretans and

Lipari Lipari (; scn, Lìpari) is the largest of the Aeolian Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the northern coast of Sicily, southern Italy; it is also the name of the island's main town and ''comune'', which is administratively part of the Metropol ...

together with

Cnidus Knidos or Cnidus (; grc-gre, Κνίδος, , , Knídos) was a Greek city in ancient Caria and part of the Dorian Hexapolis, in south-western Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey. It was situated on the Datça peninsula, which forms the southern sid ...

, even as the Locrians founded

Epizephyrean Locris Locri is a town and '' comune'' (municipality) in the province of Reggio Calabria, Calabria, southern Italy. Its name derives from that of the ancient Greek region of Locris. Today it is an important administrative and cultural centre on the I ...

. According to legend,

Lagaria Lagaria (Greek: ), was an ancient town of Lucania, situated between Thurii and the river Siris (modern Sinni). According to legend, it was founded by a colony of Phocians under the command of Epeius, the architect of the Trojan Horse. Strabo an ...

which was between

Thurii Thurii (; grc-gre, Θούριοι, Thoúrioi), called also by some Latin writers Thurium (compare grc-gre, Θούριον in Ptolemy), for a time also Copia and Copiae, was a city of Magna Graecia, situated on the Tarentine gulf, within a s ...

and the river

Sinni River The Sinni (Latin: Siris or Semnus; Greek: or ) is a 94 km long river in the Basilicata region of southern Italy. In antiquity, the city of Siris lay at its mouth. Near the town of Senise, a dam on the river was built in 1970-1982, the lar ...

was founded by Phocians. Many cities in the region became in turn metropolis for new colonies such as the Syracusans, who founded the city of Camarina in the south of Sicily; or the Zancleans, who led the founding of the colony of

Himera Himera ( Greek: ), was a large and important ancient Greek city, situated on the north coast of Sicily at the mouth of the river of the same name (the modern Imera Settentrionale), between Panormus (modern Palermo) and Cephaloedium (modern Ce ...

. Likewise Naxos, which we see taking further part in the founding of many colonies while the city of Sybaris founded the colony of

Poseidonia Poseidonia ( el, Ποσειδωνία, Posidonía, named after Poseidon) is a village and a former municipality on the island of Syros, in the Cyclades, Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in ...

to its north. The city of Gela which was a colony of Rhodes and Crete founded its own colony, Acragas. The areas of settlement in Southern Italy became so thoroughly Hellenised that Roman writers such as

Ovid Pūblius Ovidius Nāsō (; 20 March 43 BC – 17/18 AD), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom ...

and Polybius referred to the region as '' Magna Graecia'' ("Great Greece"). To this day, some of the Griko people in Southern Italy still speak Griko and Calabrian Greek, Doric Greek-influenced dialects with a substantial

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

adstrate, and worship in the Greek Byzantine Catholic Church instead of the

Latin rite Latin liturgical rites, or Western liturgical rites, are Catholic rites of public worship employed by the Latin Church, the largest particular church '' sui iuris'' of the Catholic Church, that originated in Europe where the Latin language onc ...

more usual among other Italians. In

Modern Greek Modern Greek (, , or , ''Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa''), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (, ), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the ...

, Southern Italy is referred to as ''Kato Italia'' (lit. "Lower Italy") and the relict Greek dialects there as ''Katoitalika''.

Colonies on the Black Sea and Propontis

The Greeks had at one point called the Black Sea shore "inhospitable". According to ancient sources, they eventually created 70 to 90 colonies. The colonization of the Black Sea was led by the Megarans and some of the Ionian cities such as Miletus, Phocaea and Teos. The majority of colonies in the region of the Black Sea and Propontis were founded in the 7th century B.C. In the area of Propontis, the Megarans founded the cities of Astacus in Bithynia,

Chalcedonia Chalcedon ( or ; , sometimes transliterated as ''Chalkedon'') was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor. It was located almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar) and it is now a district of the city ...

and Byzantium in which they occupied a privileged position. Miletus founded Cyzicus and the Phocaeans Lampsacus.* On the western shore of the Black Sea region the Megarans founded the cities of Selymbria and a little later, Nesebar. A little farther north in the region of today's

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...

the Milesians founded the cities of Istria and Orgame. And Miletus also founded a city on the western shore of the Black Sea, Apollonia. In the south of the Black Sea the most important colony was

Sinope Sinope may refer to: *Sinop, Turkey, a city on the Black Sea, historically known as Sinope ** Battle of Sinop, 1853 naval battle in the Sinop port *Sinop Province * Sinope, Leicestershire, a hamlet in the Midlands of England *Sinope (mythology), in ...

which according to prevailing opinion was founded by Miletus. The precise chronology of its foundation is not known at present but it appears that it was founded some time around the middle of the 7th century B.C. Sinope was founded with a series of other colonies in the Pontic region: Trebizond, Cerasus, Cytorus,

Cotyora Ordu () or Altınordu is a port city on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, historically also known as Cotyora or Kotyora ( pnt, Κοτύωρα), and the capital of Ordu Province with a population of 229,214 in the city center. Name Kotyora, the o ...

, Cromne, Pteria, Tium, et al. The most important colony founded on the southern shore of the Black Sea was likewise a Megaran foundation: Heraclea Pontica, which was founded in the 6th century B.C. On the north shore of the Black Sea Miletus was the first to start. The colonies of Miletus in this region of the Black Sea were Pontic Olbia and

Panticapaeum Panticapaeum ( grc-gre, Παντικάπαιον , from Scythian , "fish-path") was an ancient Greek city on the eastern shore of Crimea, which the Greeks called Taurica. The city lay on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, and was foun ...

(modern Kerch.) Later in the 6th century B.C. the Milesians founded Odessa in the region of modern

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inva ...

. Further north from the Danube delta the Greeks colonized an islet, modern Berezan (probably then a peninsula). That location is found at the confluence of the Bug estuary (the River Hypanis to the Ancient Greeks) and the

Dnieper } The Dnieper () or Dnipro (); , ; . is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine an ...

(the Barysthenes to the Ancient Greeks) The islet or peninsula itself was called by the ancients ''Barythmenis''; across from this, they found the site that would be settled later as Olbia. Next to Olbia was another Greek colony which had Istria as its mother city. On the

Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a p ...

n peninsula (the Greeks then called it Tauric Chersonese or "Peninsula of the Bulls") they founded likewise the cities of Sympheropolis, and Nymphaeum and

Hermonassa Tmutarakan ( rus, Тмутарака́нь, p=tmʊtərɐˈkanʲ, ; uk, Тмуторокань, Tmutorokan) was a medieval Kievan Rus' principality and trading town that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Se ...

. On the Sea of Azov (Lake Maiotis to the ancients) they founded Tanais (in Rostov), Tyritace, Myrmeceum, Cecrine and Phanagoria—the last being a colony of the Teians. In 2018, archaeologists discovered a previously unknown ancient Greek settlement of the 4th-

3rd Third or 3rd may refer to: Numbers * 3rd, the ordinal form of the cardinal number 3 * , a fraction of one third * 1⁄60 of a ''second'', or 1⁄3600 of a ''minute'' Places * 3rd Street (disambiguation) * Third Avenue (disambiguation) * H ...

centuries BC near the town of

Baherove Baherove ( crh, Bagerovo, russian: Багерово, uk, Багерове) is an urban-type settlement in Lenine Raion of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and annexed by Russi ...

in Crimea. According to the researchers, the settlement was called Manitra. On the eastern shore, which was known in ancient times as Colchis and in which today for the greater part is in Georgia and the autonomous region of Abkhazia, the Greeks founded the cities of Phasis and Dioscouris. The latter was called ''Sebastopolis'' by the Romans and Byzantines and is known today as Sukhumi—the ruins of the ancient and Byzantine foundations are now found principally below the waterline.

Colonies in the rest of the Mediterranean

The Greek colonies expanded as far as the

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, def ...

and North Africa. In North Africa, on the peninsula of

Kyrenaika Cyrenaica ( ) or Kyrenaika ( ar, برقة, Barqah, grc-koi, Κυρηναϊκή ��παρχίαKurēnaïkḗ parkhíā}, after the city of Cyrene), is the eastern region of Libya. Cyrenaica includes all of the eastern part of Libya between ...

, colonists from Thera founded Kyrene, which evolved into a very powerful city in the region. Other colonies in Kyrenaika later included Barca,

Euesperides Libya's second largest city, Benghazi, has a history which extends from when the city was first inhabited in the 6th century BCE to the present day. Throughout its history, the city has been continuously conquered by different ancient and colonial f ...

(modern Benghazi),

Taucheira Tocra, Taucheira or Tukrah, is a town on the coast of the Marj District in the Cyrenaica region of northeastern Libya, founded by Cyrene. It lay 200 stadia west of Ptolemais. Today it is a coastal town west of Marj. History Founded by the Gr ...

, and Apollonia. On the north side of the Mediterranean the Phokaians founded Massalia on the coast of

. Massalia became the base for a series of further foundations farther away in the region of Spain. Phokaia also founded Alalia in Corsica and

Olbia Olbia (, ; sc, Terranoa; sdn, Tarranoa) is a city and commune of 60,346 inhabitants (May 2018) in the Italian insular province of Sassari in northeastern Sardinia, Italy, in the historical region of Gallura. Called ''Olbia'' in the Roman age ...

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label= Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, aft ...

. The Phokaians arrived next on the coast of the Iberian peninsula. As related by Herodotos, a local king summoned the Phokaians to found a colony in the region and rendered meaningful aid in the fortification of the city. The Phokaians founded Empuries in this region and later the even more distant Hemeroskopeion. By the middle of the 7th century the lone Greek colony in

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...

had been founded, Naukratis. The

pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian: '' pr ꜥꜣ''; cop, , Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until th ...

Psammitecus I gave a trade concession to Milesian merchants for one establishment on the banks of the

Nile The Nile, , Bohairic , lg, Kiira , Nobiin: Áman Dawū is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa and has historically been considered the longest riv ...

, founding a trading post which evolved into a prosperous city by the time of the Persian expedition to Egypt in 525 B.C. Similar to the emporion established in the Nile Delta it is possible there was a Greek trading colony established by the Euboians along the Syrian coast on the mouth of the Orontes river at the site Al-Mina in the early 8th century BC. The Greek colony of

Posideion Ras al-Bassit ( ar, رأس البسيط), the classical Posidium or Posideium ( grc-gre, Ποσιδήιον and Ποσείδιον, ''Posidḗion''), is a small town in Syria named for a nearby cape. It has been occupied since at least the late ...

on the promontory Ras al-Bassit was colonised just to the south of the Orontes estuary later in the 7th century BC.

Maps with some of the ancient Greek colonies before the death of
Philip II of Macedon Philip II of Macedon ( grc-gre, Φίλιππος ; 382 – 21 October 336 BC) was the king ('' basileus'') of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. He was a member of the Argead dynasty, founders of the ...
(336 BC)

Modern

E1. Naucratis Modern

Libya Libya (; ar, ليبيا, Lībiyā), officially the State of Libya ( ar, دولة ليبيا, Dawlat Lībiyā), is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Suda ...

L1. Barce L2. Cyrene L3. Balagrae L4.

L5. Ptolemais L6.

L7. Antipyrgus L8. Apollonia Modern

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...

S1. Portus Illicitanus S2.

Akra Leuke Lucentum ( grc-gre, Λούκεντον, ''Loúkenton''), called Lucentia by Pomponius Mela, is the Roman predecessor of the city of Alicante, Spain. Particularly, it refers to the archaeological site in which the remains of this ancient settlemen ...

S3. Alonis S4. Hemeroscopeum S5. Zakynthos S6. Salauris S7. Rhode S8. Emporion S9. Kalathousa S10. Mainake S11. Menestheus's Limin S12. Kypsela S13. Helike Modern

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

F1.

Agde Agde (; ) is a commune in the Hérault department in Southern France. It is the Mediterranean port of the Canal du Midi. Location Agde is located on the Hérault river, from the Mediterranean Sea, and from Paris. The Canal du Midi connec ...

F2. Massalia F3. Tauroention F4.

F5.

Nicaea Nicaea, also known as Nicea or Nikaia (; ; grc-gre, Νίκαια, ) was an ancient Greek city in Bithynia, where located in northwestern Anatolia and is primarily known as the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea (the first and s ...

F6.

Monoikos The early history of Monaco is primarily concerned with the protective and strategic value of the Rock of Monaco, the area's chief geological landmark, which served first as a shelter for ancient peoples and later as a fortress. Part of Liguri ...

F7. Antipolis F8. Alalia F9. Rhodanousia F10. Athenopolis Modern

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

* According to ancient writers Scylletium was a Greek colony, but there are no other evidence other than that. I1.

I2. Adria I3. Ancona I4. Castel dell'Ovo, Parthenope I5. Cumae I6. Procida I7. Pozzuoli, Dicaearchia I8. Naples, Neapolis I9. Paestum, Poseidonia I10. Metapontum I11. Sybaris I12.

I13. Taranto, Taras I14. Siris (Magna Graecia), Siris I15. Crotone, Crotona I16. Gallipoli, Apulia, Gallipoli I17. Elea I18. Messina I19. Caronia, Kale Akte I21. Syracuse I22. Salina, Sicily, Didyme I23. Basiluzzo, Hycesia I24. Filicudi, Phoenicusa I26. Vulcano, Therassía I27. Lipari, Lipara/Meligounis I28. Locri, Epizepherean Locris I29.

I30. Lentini I31. Selinunte, Selinountas I32. Megara Hyblaea I33. Naxos I34. Tauromenion I35. Acragas I36.

I37. Gela I38. Catania I39. Leontini I40. Alicudi, Ereikousa I41. Panarea, Euonymos I42. Kamarina, Sicily, Kamarina I43. Medma I44. Vibo Valentia, Hipponion I45. Heraclea Minoa I46. Caulonia (ancient city), Caulonia I47. Brucoli, Trotilon I48. Policastro Bussentino, Pyxous I49. Milazzo, Mylae I50. Laüs I51. Terina (ancient city), Terina I52. Reggio Calabria, Rhegion I53. Tindari I54. Macalla (ancient city), Macalla I55. Temesa (ancient city), Temesa I56. Gioia Tauro, Metauros I57. Krimisa I58. Casabona, Chone I59. Taras (mythology)#Taranto, Saturo I60. Heraclea Lucania, Siris, Magna Graecia, Siris I61. Scylletium * I62. Agathyrnum I63. Adranon I64. Akrillai I65. Casmenae I66. Akrai I67. Engyon I68. Thapsos I69. Pithekoussai I70. Castelmezzano I71. Licata I72. Avella Modern

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

C1. Salona C2. Trogir, Tragyrion C3. Split, Croatia, Aspálathos C4. Stobreč, Epidaurus C5. Vis (island), Issa C6. Hvar, Dimos C7. Stari Grad, Croatia, Pharos C8. Korčula, Kórkyra Mélaina C9. Epidaurum C10. Narona C11. Lumbarda Modern Montenegro M1. Budva, Bouthoe Modern Albania AL1. Nymphaeum AL2. Epidamnos AL3. Apollonia AL4. Vlorë, Aulon AL5. Chimara AL6. Buthrotum, Bouthroton AL7. Oricum AL8. Thronion (Illyria), Thronion Modern Serbia * Some historians believe that it was near the modern Resen, North Macedonia, Resen (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the modern Vranje (Serbia). SE1. Damastion * Modern North Macedonia * Some historians believe that it was near the modern Resen, North Macedonia, Resen (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the modern Vranje (Serbia). MA1. Damastion * MA2. Heraclea Lyncestis Modern Greece GR1.

GR2. Stagira (ancient city), Stageira GR3. Acanthus GR4. Mende GR5. Ambracia GR6. Corfu, Corcyra GR7. Maroneia GR8. Krinides GR9. Olynthus GR10. Abdera GR11. Therma GR12. Arethusa (Mygdonia), Arethusa GR13. Lefkada, Leucas GR14. Eion GR15. Sane (Acte), Sane GR16. Amphipolis GR17. Argilus GR18. Sane (Acte), Sane GR19. Akanthos (Greece), Akanthos GR20. Astacus (Acarnania), Astacus GR21. Galepsus (Thrace), Galepsus GR22. Oesyme GR23. Phagres GR24. Datus GR25. Stryme GR26. Pistyrus GR27. Rhaecelus GR28. Dicaea (Macedonia), Dicaea GR29. Methoni, Pieria, Methoni GR30. Heraclea in Trachis GR31. Heraclea (Acarnania), Heraclea in Acarnania GR32. Anactorium GR33. Sale (Thrace), Sale GR34. Drys (Thrace), Drys GR35. Toroni GR36. Amorgos GR37.

GR38. Scabala GR39. Philippi Modern Bulgaria * Pseudo-Scymnus writes that some say that the city of Bizone belongs to the barbarians, while others to be a Greek colony of Mesembria. BUL1. Nesebar, Mesembria BUL2. Varna, Bulgaria, Odessos BUL3. Apollonia / Antheia (Thrace), Antheia BUL4. Callatis BUL5. Ahtopol, Agathopolis BUL6. Kavarna BUL7. Pomorie BUL8. Obzor, Naulochos BUL9. Balchik, Krounoi BUL10. Pistiros BUL11. Pomorie, Anchialos BUL12. Kavarna, Bizone * BUL13. Develtos BUL14. Heraclea Sintica BUL15. Stara Zagora, Beroe Modern

RO1. Constanța, Tomis RO2. Histria (ancient city), Histria/Istros RO3. Tulcea, Aegyssus RO4. Tuzla, Constanța, Stratonis RO5. Cernavodă, Axiopolis RO6. Mangalia, Kallatis Modern Cyprus CY1. Chytri CY2. Kyrenia Modern

U1. Berezan Island, Borysthenes U2. Tyras U3. Pontic Olbia (archaeological site), Olbia U4. Nikonion U5. Odessa Modern

* Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and unofficially it is no longer part of Ukraine. CR1.

CR2. Nymphaion (Crimea), Nymphaion CR3. Tyritake CR4. Feodosia, Theodosia CR5. Chersonesus CR6. Charax, Crimea, Charax CR7. Myrmekion CR8. Yevpatoria, Kerkinitis CR9. Kimmerikon CR10. Chornomorske, Kalos Limen CR11. Yalta, Yalita CR12. Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus), Akra Modern Russia RU1. Tanais RU2. Kepoi RU3. Phanagoria RU4. Novorossiysk, Bata RU5. Anapa, Gorgippia RU6.

RU7. Korokondame RU8. Taganrog RU9. Tyramba RU10. Patraeus RU11. Toricos Modern Georgia/ Abkhazia * Abkhazia is recognised only by Russia and a International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, small number of other countries. G1. Batumi, Bathys G2. Gagra, Triglite G3. Pitsunda, Pityus G4. Sukhumi, Dioscurias G5. Phasis (town), Phasis G6. Ochamchire, Gyenos Modern Turkey TR1. Silivri, Selymbria TR2. Heraclea Pontica TR3. Cius TR4. Ephesus TR5. Birgi, Dios Hieron TR6. Iasos TR7. Myndus TR8. Selge, Pisidia, Selge TR9. Priene TR10. Halicarnassus TR11. Miletus TR12. Aydın, Tralles TR13. Phaselis TR14. Aspendos TR15. Side, Turkey, Side TR16. Sillyon TR17. Mersin, Zephyrion TR18. Kelenderis TR19. Mallus (city), Mallus TR20. Amos (ancient city), Amos TR21. Byzantium TR22. Amasya, Amaseia TR23. Amasra, Amastris TR24. Enez, Ainos TR25. Berge (Bisaltia), Berge TR26. Marmara Ereğlisi, Perinthos TR27.

TR28. Chalcedon TR29. Nicomedia TR30.

TR31. Sestos TR32. Lampsacus TR33. Bandırma, Panormos TR34. Cyzicus TR35. Troy, Ilion TR36. Troy, Sigeion TR37.

TR38. Tirebolu TR39. Samsun, Amisos TR40. Tripolis (Pontus), Tripolis TR41.

TR42. Fatsa, Polemonion TR43. Akçaabat, Pharnakia TR44. Giresun, Kerasous TR45. Trabzon, Trapezous TR46. Themiscyra (Pontus), Themiscyra TR47. Astacus in Bithynia TR48. Assos TR49. Pitane (Aeolis), Pitane TR50. Phocaea TR51. Smyrna TR52. Pergamon TR53. Teos TR55. Colophon (city), Colophon TR56. Patara, Lycia, Patara TR57. Canae TR58. Bargylia TR59. Madytus TR60. Elaeus TR61. Tieion TR62. Apamea Myrlea TR63. Klazomenai TR64. Notion (ancient city), Notion TR65. Parium, Parion TR66. Heraion (Thrace), Heraion Teichos TR67. Bisanthe TR68. Erythrae TR69. Karabiga, Priapus TR70. Alopeconnesus TR71. Limnae (Bithynia), Limnae TR73. Crithote (Thrace), Crithote TR74. Pactya TR75. Perinthus TR76. Tium TR77. Teichiussa TR78. Triopium TR79. Placia TR80. Scylace TR81. Arisba TR82. Apollonia (Mysia), Apollonia TR83. Apollonia ad Rhyndacum TR84. Myrina (Aeolis), Myrina TR85. Pythopolis (Mysia), Pythopolis TR86. Cytorus TR87. Armene TR88. Kolonai TR89. Paesus TR90. Scepsis TR91. Myus TR92. Mallus (Cilicia), Mallus TR93. Mopsuestia, Mopsus TR94. Caryanda TR95. Athenae (Pontus), Athenae TR96. Syrna (Caria), Syrna TR97. Cyme (Aeolis), Cyme TR98. Marathesium TR99. Üsküdar, Chrysopolis TR100. Neonteikhos TR101. Artace (Mysia), Artace TR102. Semystra TR103. Cobrys TR104. Cypasis TR105. Ayvalık, Kydonies TR106. Coryphas TR107. Heraclea (Aeolis) TR108. Gargara TR109. Lamponeia TR110. Elaea (Aeolis), Elaea TR111. Zonguldak, Mariandyn TR112. Claros TR113. Knidos TR114. Prusias ad Hypium TR115. Dardanus (city), Dardanus TR116. Pygela TR117. Temnos TR118. Gryneium TR119. Aigai (Aeolis), Aigai {{Location map+ , Mediterranean , width=800 , alt=Some of the Greek colonies map , float=center , relief=yes , places= {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=30.54 , lon_deg=30.35 , label=Naucratis, E1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=31.89 , lon_deg=22.37 , label=Barca (ancient city), L1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.49 , lon_deg=21.51 , label=Cyrene, Libya, L2, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.45 , lon_deg=21.44 , label=Bayda, Libya, L3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.31 , lon_deg=20.34 , label=Tocra, L4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.42 , lon_deg=20.57 , label=Ptolemais, Cyrenaica, L5, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=31.39 , lon_deg=21.46 , label=Benghazi#Ancient Greek colony, L6, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.04 , lon_deg=23.57 , label=Tobruk, L7, position=bottom 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lat_deg=43.44 , lon_deg=7.25 , label=Monaco, F6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.44 , lon_deg=7.07 , label=Antibes, F7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.06 , lon_deg=9.30 , label=Aléria, F8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.40 , lon_deg=4.37 , label=Trinquetaille, F9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.16 , lon_deg=6.38 , label=Saint-Tropez, F10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.55 , lon_deg=9.30 , label=Olbia, I1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.03 , lon_deg=12.03 , label=Adria, I2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.37 , lon_deg=13.31 , label=Ancona, I3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.82 , lon_deg=14.24 , label=Castel dell'Ovo, I4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=14.3 , label=Cumae, I5, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.45 , lon_deg=14.01 , label=Procida, I6, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=14.05 , label=Pozzuoli, I7, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=14.15 , label=Naples, I8, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.25 , lon_deg=15.0 , label=Paestum, I9, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=16.49 , label=Metapontum, I10, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.43 , lon_deg=16.29 , label=Sybaris, I11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.43 , lon_deg=16.29 , label=Thurii, I12, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.28 , lon_deg=17.14 , label=Taranto, I13, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.15 , lon_deg=16.69 , label=Siris (Magna Graecia), I14, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.05 , lon_deg=17.07 , label=Crotone, I15, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.03 , lon_deg=17.59 , label=Gallipoli, Apulia, I16, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.09 , lon_deg=15.09 , label=Velia, I17, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.11 , lon_deg=15.33 , label=Messina, I18, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.01 , lon_deg=14.26 , label=Caronia, I19, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.05 , lon_deg=15.17 , label=Syracuse, Sicily, I21, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.33 , lon_deg=14.50 , label=Salina, Sicily, I22, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.39 , lon_deg=15.06 , label=Basiluzzo, I23, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.34 , lon_deg=14.34 , label=Filicudi, I24, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.24 , lon_deg=14.57 , label=Vulcano, I26, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.28 , lon_deg=14.57 , label=Lipari, I27, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.14 , lon_deg=16.16 , label=Locri, I28, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=15.39 , label=Reggio Calabria, I29, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.17 , lon_deg=15.0 , label=Lentini, I30, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.39 , lon_deg=12.49 , label=Selinunte, I31, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.12 , lon_deg=15.10 , label=Megara Hyblaea, I32, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.49 , lon_deg=15.16 , label=Naxos (Sicily), I33, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.51 , lon_deg=15.17 , label=Taormina, I34, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.13 , lon_deg=13.35 , label=Agrigento, I35, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.58 , lon_deg=13.49 , label= Himera, I36, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.04 , 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{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.17 , lon_deg=15.11 , label=Brucoli, I47, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.04 , lon_deg=15.31 , label=Policastro Bussentino, I48, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.13 , lon_deg=15.14 , label=Milazzo, I49, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.46 , lon_deg=15.49 , label=Laüs, I50, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.56 , lon_deg=16.14 , label=Terina (ancient city), I51, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=15.39 , label=Reggio Calabria, I52, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.08 , lon_deg=15.02 , label=Tindari, I53, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.26 , lon_deg=15.54 , label=Gioia Tauro, I56, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.39 , lon_deg=17.14 , label=Krimisa, I57, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , 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Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=19.28 , label=Apollonia (Illyria), AL3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=19.29 , label=Vlorë, AL4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.7 , lon_deg=19.44 , label=Chimara, AL5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.44 , lon_deg=20.01 , label=Buthrotum, AL6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=19.29 , label=Oricum, AL7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.34 , lon_deg=19.34 , label=Thronion (Illyria), AL8, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.33 , lon_deg=21.54 , label=Damastion, SE1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.26 , lon_deg=21.51 , label=Damastion, MA1, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=21.20 , label=Heraclea Lyncestis, MA2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.19 , lon_deg=23.33 , label=Potidaea, GR1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.35 , lon_deg=23.47 , label=Stagira (ancient city), GR2, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=23.52 , label=Akanthos (Greece), GR3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.96 , lon_deg=23.42 , label=Mende (Chalcidice), GR4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.90 , lon_deg=20.59 , label=Ambracia, GR5, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.35 , lon_deg=19.52 , label=Corfu, GR6, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=23.31 , label=Maroneia, GR7, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.1 , lon_deg=24.18 , label=Krinides, GR8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.29 , lon_deg=23.35 , label=Olynthus, GR9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.56 , lon_deg=24.58 , label=Abdera, Thrace, GR10, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.34 , lon_deg=22.56 , label=Therma, GR11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.39 , lon_deg=23.37 , label=Arethusa (Mygdonia), GR12, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.43 , lon_deg=20.39 , label=Lefkada, GR13, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.47 , lon_deg=23.53 , label=Eion, GR14, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=23.56 , label=Sane (Acte), GR15, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=23.50 , label=Amphipolis, GR16, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=23.48 , label=Argilus, GR17, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=23.56 , label=Sane (Acte), GR18, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=23.53 , label=Akanthos (Greece), GR19, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.33 , lon_deg=21.05 , label=Astacus (Acarnania), GR20, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.45 , lon_deg=23.59 , label=Galepsus (Thrace), GR21, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=24.19 , label=Oesyme, GR22, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=23.57 , label=Phagres, GR23, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=24.10 , label=Datus (Greece), GR24, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.56 , lon_deg=25.16 , label=Stryme, GR25, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=24.35 , label=Pistyrus, GR26, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.28 , lon_deg=22.51 , label=Rhaecelus, GR27, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=22.56 , label=Dicaea (Macedonia), GR28, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.26 , lon_deg=22.35 , label=Methoni, Pieria, GR29, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.47 , lon_deg=22.26 , label=Heraclea in Trachis, GR30, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.54 , lon_deg=20.56 , label=Heraclea (Acarnania), GR31, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.55 , lon_deg=20.50 , label=Anactorium, GR32, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=25.52 , label=Sale (Thrace), GR33, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.51 , lon_deg=25.40 , label=Drys (Thrace), GR34, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.59 , lon_deg=23.54 , label=Toroni, GR35, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.50 , lon_deg=25.54 , label=Amorgos, GR36, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.95 , lon_deg=20.76 , label=Actium, GR37, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.19 , lon_deg=23.35 , label=Scabala, GR38, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=24.17 , label=Philippi, GR39, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.10 , lon_deg=28.38 , label=Constanța, RO1, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.32 , lon_deg=28.46 , label=Histria (ancient city), RO2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.11 , lon_deg=28.48 , label=Tulcea, RO3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.00 , lon_deg=28.38 , label=Tuzla, Constanța, RO4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.20 , lon_deg=28.02 , label=Cernavodă, RO5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.49 , lon_deg=28.34 , label=Mangalia, RO6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=35.25 , lon_deg=33.49 , label=Chytri, CY1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=35.20 , lon_deg=33.19 , label=Kyrenia, CY2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.39 , lon_deg=27.44 , label=Nesebar, BUL1, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.13 , lon_deg=27.55 , label=Varna, Bulgaria, BUL2, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.25 , lon_deg=27.42 , label=Sozopol, BUL3, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.49 , lon_deg=28.34 , label=Callatis, BUL4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.60 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Ahtopol, BUL5, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.26 , lon_deg=28.20 , label=Kavarna, BUL6, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=27.37 , label=Pomorie, BUL7, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.49 , lon_deg=27.53 , label=Obzor, BUL8, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.25 , lon_deg=28.10 , label=Balchik, BUL9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.28 , lon_deg=24.04 , label=Pistiros, BUL10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=27.37 , label=Pomorie, BUL11, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.26 , lon_deg=28.20 , label=Kavarna, BUL12, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.23 , lon_deg=27.17 , label=Develtos, BUL13, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.23 , lon_deg=27.17 , label=Heraclea Sintica, BUL14, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.26 , lon_deg=25.39 , label=Stara Zagora, BUL15, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.36 , lon_deg=31.24 , label=Berezan Island, U1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.12 , lon_deg=30.21 , label=Tyras, U2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.41 , lon_deg=31.54 , label=Pontic Olbia (archaeological site), U3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.11 , lon_deg=30.26 , label=Nikonion, U4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.29 , lon_deg=30.44 , label=Odessa, U5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.21 , lon_deg=36.28 , label=Panticapaeum, CR1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.14 , lon_deg=36.25 , label=Nymphaion (Crimea), CR2, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=36.24 , label=Tyritake, CR3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.20 , lon_deg=35.22 , label=Feodosia, CR4, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.36 , lon_deg=33.29 , label=Chersonesus, CR5, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.42 , lon_deg=34.12 , label=Charax, Crimea, CR6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.21 , lon_deg=36.28 , label=Myrmekion, CR7, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.11 , lon_deg=33.22 , label=Yevpatoria, CR8, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.04 , lon_deg=36.23 , label=Kimmerikon, CR9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.30 , lon_deg=32.42 , label=Chornomorske, CR10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.29 , lon_deg=34.10 , label=Yalta, CR11, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.13 , lon_deg=36.41 , label= Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus), CR12, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=47.16 , lon_deg=39.20 , label=Tanais, RU1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.22 , lon_deg=39.26 , label=Kepoi, RU2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=36.57 , label=Phanagoria, RU3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.43 , lon_deg=37.45 , label=Novorossiysk, RU4, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.52 , lon_deg=37.22 , label=Anapa, RU5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.13 , lon_deg=36.42 , label=Tmutarakan, RU6, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.20 , lon_deg=36.61 , label= Korokondame, RU7, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=47.13 , lon_deg=38.55 , label= Taganrog, RU8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=37.22 , label= Tyramba, RU9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.31 , lon_deg=36.84 , label= RU10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.57 , lon_deg=37.99 , label= Toricos, RU11, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.38 , lon_deg=41.38 , label=Batumi, G1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.20 , lon_deg=40.13 , label=Gagra, G2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.10 , lon_deg=40.20 , label=Pitsunda, G3, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.00 , lon_deg=41.01 , label=Sukhumi, G4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.09 , lon_deg=41.40 , label=Phasis (town), G5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.42 , lon_deg=41.27 , label=Ochamchire, G6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.05 , lon_deg=28.15 , label=Silivri, TR1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.17 , lon_deg=31.24 , label=Heraclea Pontica, TR2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.91 , lon_deg=31.11 , label=Cius, TR3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.56 , lon_deg=27.20 , label=Ephesus, TR4, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.25 , lon_deg=28.05 , label=Birgi, TR5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.16 , lon_deg=27.35 , label=Iasos, TR6, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.03 , lon_deg=27.14 , label=Myndus, TR7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.13 , lon_deg=31.07 , label=Selge, Pisidia, TR8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.39 , lon_deg=27.17 , label=Priene, TR9, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.02 , lon_deg=27.25 , label=Halicarnassus, TR10, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.31 , lon_deg=27.16 , label=Miletus, TR11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.50 , lon_deg=27.50 , label=Aydın, TR12, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.31 , lon_deg=30.33 , label=Phaselis, TR13, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.56 , lon_deg=31.10 , label=Aspendos, TR14, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.46 , lon_deg=31.23 , label=Side, Turkey, TR15, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.59 , lon_deg=30.59 , label=Sillyon, TR16, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.48 , lon_deg=34.38 , label=Mersin, TR17, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.08 , lon_deg=33.19 , label=Kelenderis, TR18, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.75 , lon_deg=35.48 , label=Mallus (city), TR19, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.45 , lon_deg=28.16 , label=Amos (ancient city), TR20, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=28.57 , label=Byzantium, TR21, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.39 , lon_deg=35.49 , label=Amasya, TR22, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.45 , lon_deg=32.33 , label=Amasra, TR23, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.44 , lon_deg=26.04 , label=Enez, TR24, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.57 , lon_deg=23.23 , label=Berge (Bisaltia), TR25, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=26.57 , label=Marmara Ereğlisi, TR26, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.32 , lon_deg=26.44 , label=Cardia (Thrace), TR27, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.98 , lon_deg=29.03 , label=Chalcedon, TR28, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=29.56 , label=Nicomedia, TR29, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.11 , lon_deg=26.24 , label=Abydos (Hellespont), TR30, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.13 , lon_deg=26.23 , label=Sestos, TR31, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.20 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Lampsacus, TR32, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=27.58 , label=Bandırma, TR33, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.38 , lon_deg=27.89 , label=Cyzicus, TR34, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.57 , lon_deg=26.14 , label=Troy, TR35, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.58 , lon_deg=26.10 , label=Troy, TR36, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.02 , lon_deg=35.09 , label=Sinop, Turkey, TR37, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.0 , lon_deg=38.49 , label=Tirebolu, TR38, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.17 , lon_deg=35.19 , label=Samsun, TR39, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=38.49 , label=Tripolis (Pontus), TR40, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.59 , lon_deg=37.53 , label=Ordu, TR41, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.02 , lon_deg=37.30 , label=Fatsa, TR42, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.01 , lon_deg=39.33 , label=Akçaabat, TR43, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=38.23 , label=Giresun, TR44, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=39.44 , label=Trabzon, TR45, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.12 , lon_deg=36.43 , label=Themiscyra (Pontus), TR46, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.92 , lon_deg=29.99 , label=Astacus in Bithynia, TR 47, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.29 , lon_deg=26.20 , label=Assos, TR48, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.55 , lon_deg=26.56 , label=Pitane (Aeolis), TR49, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=26.45 , label=Phocaea, TR50, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.25 , lon_deg=27.08 , label=Smyrna, TR51, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.07 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Pergamon, TR52, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.10 , lon_deg=26.47 , label=Teos, TR53, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=27.08 , label=Colophon (city), TR55, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.15 , lon_deg=29.19 , label=Patara, Lycia, TR56, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.20 , lon_deg=26.48 , label=Canae, TR57, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.20 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Bargylia, TR58, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.18 , lon_deg=26.35 , label=Madytus, TR59, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.03 , lon_deg=26.13 , label=Elaeus, TR60, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.25 , lon_deg=32.04 , label=Tieion, TR61, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.22 , lon_deg=28.53 , label=Apamea Myrlea, TR62, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.21 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Klazomenai, TR63, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.59 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Notion (ancient city), TR64, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.41 , lon_deg=27.07 , label=Parium, TR65, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.02 , lon_deg=27.74 , label=Heraion (Thrace), TR66, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=27.30 , label=Bisanthe, TR67, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.22 , lon_deg=26.28 , label=Erythrae, TR68, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=27.18 , label=Karabiga, TR69, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.18 , lon_deg=26.14 , label=Alopeconnesus, TR70, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=29.30 , label=Limnae (Bithynia), TR71, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=26.39 , label=Crithote (Thrace), TR73, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.29 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Pactya, TR74, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Perinthus, TR75, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.33 , lon_deg=32.01 , label=Tium, TR76, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.21 , lon_deg=27.27 , label=Teichiussa, TR77, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.41 , lon_deg=27.29 , label=Triopium, TR78, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=28.16 , label=Placia, TR79, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=28.23 , label=Scylace, TR80, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.11 , lon_deg=26.32 , label=Arisba, TR81, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.12 , lon_deg=27.29 , label=Apollonia (Mysia), TR82, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.10 , lon_deg=28.36 , label=Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, TR83, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.50 , lon_deg=26.59 , label=Myrina (Aeolis), TR84, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=29.24 , label=Pythopolis (Mysia), TR85, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.51 , lon_deg=32.51 , label=Cytorus, TR86, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.02 , lon_deg=32.02 , label=Armene, TR87, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.41 , lon_deg=26.09 , label=Kolonai, TR88, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=26.47 , label=Paesus, TR89, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.48 , lon_deg=26.42 , label=Scepsis, TR90, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.35 , lon_deg=27.25 , label=Myus, TR91, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.75 , lon_deg=35.48 , label=Mallus (Cilicia), TR92, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.57 , lon_deg=35.37 , label=Mopsuestia, TR93, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.07 , lon_deg=27.22 , label=Caryanda, TR94, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.10 , lon_deg=40.53 , label=Athenae (Pontus), TR95, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.43 , lon_deg=28.11 , label=Syrna (Caria), TR96, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.86 , lon_deg=27.05 , label=Cyme (Aeolis), TR97, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.49 , lon_deg=27.15 , label=Marathesium, TR98, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.01 , lon_deg=29.02 , label=Üsküdar, TR99, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.39 , lon_deg=27.01 , label=Neonteikhos, TR100, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=27.47 , label=Artace (Mysia), TR101, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.03 , lon_deg=28.56 , label=Semystra, TR102, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.35 , lon_deg=26.50 , label=Cobrys, TR103, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.37 , lon_deg=26.50 , label=Cypasis, TR104, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.19 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Ayvalık, TR105, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.21 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Coryphas, TR106, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.18 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Heraclea (Aeolis), TR107, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.35 , lon_deg=26.32 , label=Gargara, TR108, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.32 , lon_deg=26.24 , label=Lamponeia, TR109, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.57 , lon_deg=27.02 , label=Elaea (Aeolis), TR110, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.27 , lon_deg=31.47 , label=Zonguldak, TR111, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.00 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Claros, TR112, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.41 , lon_deg=27.22 , label=Knidos, TR113, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=31.08 , label=Prusias ad Hypium, TR114, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.08 , lon_deg=26.36 , label=Dardanus (city), TR115, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.51 , lon_deg=27.15 , label=Pygela, TR116, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Temnos, TR117, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.49 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Gryneium, TR118, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.49 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Aigai (Aeolis), TR119, position=bottom , caption=Some of the Greek colonies Griechischen und phönizischen Kolonien

Notes

{{reflist, group=quotes

References

{{reflist, 30em

External links

Greek colonies to 500 BCE

* [https://topostext.org/the-places TOPOSTEXT: EDUCATION / REFERENCE TOOL FOR GREEK CIVILIZATION] {{Ancient Greece topics {{Hellenistic colonies Greek colonies Archaic Greece