Great tinamou

The great tinamou (''Tinamus major'') is a species of tinamou ground bird native to Central and South America. There are several subspecies, mostly differentiated by their coloration.

Taxonomy

The great tinamou was described and illustrated in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in his '' Historia Naturalis Brasiliae''. Marcgrave used the name ''Macucagua''. The French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon described and illustrated the great tinamou in 1778 in his ''Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux'' from specimens collected in Cayenne, French Guiana. He simplified Marcgrave's name to ''Magoua''. When in 1788 the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin revised and expanded Carl Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturae'', he included the great tinamou and placed it with all the grouse like birds in the genus ''Tetrao''. He coined the binomial name ''Tetrao major'' and cited the earlier authors. The great tinamou is now placed with four other species in the genus ''Tinamus'' that was introduced in 1783 by the French naturalist Johann Hermann. Hermann based his name on "Les Tinamous" used by Buffon. The word "Tinamú" in the Carib language of French Guiana was used for the tinamous.

All tinamous are from the family Tinamidae, and are the closest living relatives of the ratites. Unlike ratites, tinamous can fly, although in general, they are not strong fliers. All ratites evolved from prehistoric flying birds.

Twelve subspecies are recognised:
* ''T. m. robustus'' Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1868 – southeast Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras
* ''T. m. percautus'' Van Tyne, 1935 – south Mexico, north Guatemala and Belize
* ''T. m. fuscipennis'' Salvadori, 1895 – north Nicaragua to west Panama
* ''T. m. brunneiventris'' Aldrich, 1937 – south-central Panama
* ''T. m. castaneiceps'' Salvadori, 1895 – southwest Costa Rica and west Panama
* ''T. m. saturatus'' Griscom, 1929 – east Panama and northwest Colombia
* ''T. m. zuliensis'' Osgood & Conover, 1922 – northeast Colombia and north Venezuela
* ''T. m. latifrons'' Salvadori, 1895 – southwest Colombia and west Ecuador
* ''T. m. major'' ( Gmelin, JF, 1789) – east Venezuela to northeast Brazil
* ''T. m. serratus'' (Spix, 1825) – northwest Brazil
* ''T. m. olivascens'' Conover, 1937 – Amazonian Brazil
* ''T. m. peruvianus'' Bonaparte, 1856 – southeast Colombia to Bolivia and west Brazil

Description

The great tinamou is a large species of tinamou, measuring in total length at approximately , with a mean of , and weighing from in males, with a mean of , and from in females, with a mean of . Despite its name and large size and shape, which may be suggestive of a large pheasant or a small turkey, it is not necessarily the largest species of tinamou, as it is rivaled or exceeded by other species in the ''Tinamus''. It ranges from light to dark olive-green in color with a whitish throat and belly,Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003) flanks barred black, and undertail cinnamon. Crown and neck rufous, occipital crest and supercilium blackish. Its legs are blue-grey in color. All these features enable great tinamou to be well-camouflaged in the rainforest understory.

The great tinamou has a distinctive call, three short, tremulous but powerful piping notes which can be heard in its rainforest habitat in the early evenings.

The great tinamous has the highest percentage of skeletal muscle devoted to locomotion among all birds, with 56.9% of its total body weight (43.74% of its body weight is skeletal muscle devoted to flight), at the same time, its heart is the smallest of all birds, in relative comparison (0.19%).

Habitat

Great tinamou lives in subtropical and tropical forest such as rainforest, lowland evergreen forest, river-edge forest,American Ornithologists' Union (1998) swamp forest and cloud forest at altitudes from . Unlike some other tinamous, the great tinamou isn't as affected by forest fragmentation. Its nest can be found at the base of a tree.

Breeding

The great tinamou is a polygynandrous species, and one that features exclusive male parental care. A female will mate with a male and lay an average of four eggs which he then incubates until hatching. He cares for the chicks for approximately 3 weeks before moving on to find another female. Meanwhile, the female has left clutches of eggs with other males. She may start nests with five or six males during each breeding season, leaving all parental care to the males. The breeding season is long, lasting from mid-winter to late summer. The eggs are large, shiny, and bright blue or violet in color, and the nests are usually rudimentary scrapings in the buttress roots of trees.

Except during mating, when a pair stay together until the eggs are laid, great tinamous are solitary and roam the dark understory alone, seeking seeds, fruit, and small animals such as insects, spiders, frogs and small lizards in the leaf litter. They are especially fond of Lauraceae, annonaceae, myrtaceae, sapotaceae.

Conservation

This species is widespread throughout its large range (),BirdLife International (2008) and it is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. They are hunted with no major effect on their population.

References

Sources

*
*
*
*Brennan, P. T. R. (2004). Techniques for studying the behavioral ecology of forest-dwelling tinamous (Tinamidae). ''Ornitologia Neotropical'' 15(Suppl.) 329–337.
*
*Stiles, & Skutch, ''A guide to the birds of Costa Rica''

External links

Great Tinamou videos, photos & sounds
on the Internet Bird Collection


* ttp://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/600400.htm Stamps(for Honduras, Panama) with RangeMap
Great Tinamou photo gallery
VIREO

{{Taxonbar, from=Q852723

Tinamus
Birds of Nicaragua
Birds of Costa Rica
Birds of Mexico
Birds of Panama
Birds of Central America
Tinamous of South America
Birds of Colombia
Birds of Ecuador
Birds of Venezuela
Birds of Brazil
Birds of Peru
Birds of the Guianas
Birds of the Amazon Basin
Birds described in 1789
Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin